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Tony England, Apollo Astronaut, Dean of the College of Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Dearborn 9:55 Aerospace, Space, and Beyond for the State of Michigan Forum

MICHIGAN SPACE GRANT CONSORTIUM

Fall Conference October 12, 2019

University of Michigan Palmer Commons, 4th floor

100 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109

Participant Packet

Table of Contents

Presenter Instructions 2

Schedule at a Glance 2

Diagram of Palmer Commons, 4th Floor 3

Program Schedule 4

Poster Sessions and Presenters 6

Oral Presentation Abstracts 11

Poster Presentation Abstracts 21

Presenter Instructions Speakers

• Talks are scheduled 10 minutes apart A 6-7 minute talk with ~3 minutes Q&A isrecommended

• Before the conference, each speaker will be provided with a link to a Box folder in thecloud Speakers should upload their Powerpoint presentation to that folder by Friday night

• On the day of the conference, speakers should come to the podium before their talk tofamiliarize themselves with accessing their file

o Presenting in Session 1 – come to the podium during Poster Session A

o Presenting in Session 2 – come to the podium during lunch

o Presenting in Session 3 – come to the podium during Poster Session B

• Take the presentation PowerPoint file on a flash drive as a back-up

Poster presenters

• Posters have been assigned a specific location See the diagram in this packet to identifythe location that corresponds with the number assigned to your poster

• Tacks will be supplied

• Presenters must attend the duration of the Poster Session in which they are scheduled(see Poster Sessions - Summary)

• Presenters in Poster Session A (morning) should have their posters up before 9:00am andtaken down by 1:15pm

• Presenters in Poster Session B (afternoon) should put up their posters between 1:15 and1:45pm

• Posters must be removed by 5:45pm

• Posters not removed by 5:45pm may be subject to damage or loss

Schedule at a Glance

7:30 am Registration open 8:00 am Breakfast begins 9:00 am Keynote Session 10:55 am Poster Session A 11:45 am Oral Presentation Session I 12:45 pm Lunch

1:50 pm Oral Presentation Session II 2:55 pm Poster Session B

3:45 pm Oral Presentation Session III

2019 MSGC Fall Conference PROGRAM SCHEDULE

Saturday, October 12, 2019 Palmer Commons, 100 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI

4 th Floor – Forum Hall, Great Lakes Rooms, and Atrium 4

University of Michigan, Central Campus

7:30 Registration and poster set-up

8:00 Breakfast (Great Lakes Room)

9:00 Welcome (Forum Hall)

Prof Mark Moldwin, Executive Director, MSGC

9:10 Lessons on Mission Success from the Apollo and Space Shuttle Programs

Keynote Address (Forum Hall)

Dr Tony England, Apollo Astronaut, Dean of the College of Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Dearborn

9:55 Aerospace, Space, and Beyond for the State of Michigan (Forum Hall)

Gavin Brown, Executive Director, Michigan Aerospace Manufacturers Association

10:35 A Collaboration – Michigan Launch Initiative and the AFA-Michigan (Forum Hall)

Randy Whitmire, President, Air Force Association - Michigan

10:55 Poster Session A (Great Lakes Room and Atrium 4)

11:45 Oral Presentations Session 1 (Forum Hall)

Improved Modeling of the Thermospheric Density via CubeSat Ephemeris Assimilation

Daniel A Brandt|Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering|UM|Ann Arbor, Michigan

A More Comprehensive Theory of Contact Binary Star Evolution

Michaela Blain|Physics & Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan

Testing Contact Binary Star Evolution with the Extensive OGLE Archive

Sarah Whitten|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI

Charge-Sign-Dependence of Solar Modulation at the AMS, BESS and PAMELA

observations of cycle 23

Ilias Cholis|Physics|Oakland University|Rochester, MI

Understanding the Regions Around Supermassive Black Holes at the Centers of Galaxies

Jake Miller|Physics|Wayne State University|Detroit, MI

12:45 Lunch (Great Lakes Room and Atrium 4)

1:50 Oral Presentations Session 2 (Forum Hall)

From STEM to STEAM: Incorporating Art into the Roger That! Symposium

Karen Gipson|Brookes College|GVSU|Allendale, MI

Inspiring Future STEM Teachers through Engineering the Future Academies

Carley Laird|Hope College|Holland MI

Physiological Responses to Upper Body Aerobic Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction

Benjamin Cockfield|Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology|Michigan Technological

University|Houghton, MI

Intracellular Electrometer Used for Electrophysiology Experiments in Biological Neurons

Lucas Essenburg|Electrical & Computer Engineering|Western Michigan University|Kalamazoo,

MI

Impact of Microgravity on the accumulation of DNA damage in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells

Ann J Fuelle|Chemistry|Oakland University|Rochester, MI

Initial Photochemical Transformation of Dissolved Free Amino Acids under Sunlit

Irradiation in Water

Ryan Kibler|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Michigan Technological University|Houghton,

MI

2:55 Poster Session B (Great Lakes Room and Atrium 4)

3:45 Oral Presentations Session 3 (Forum Hall)

Developing a General Compton Scattering Cross-Section in Strong Magnetic Fields

Meredith Bomers|Physics|Hope College|Holland, MI

Setting Foot on Mars - A Big Step & Even Greater Leap for Undergraduate and Graduate Students to Achieve

Joshua Gonzalez|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech University|Houghton, MI (et al.)

Heavy Equipment Tracking: Estimote Beacon Implementation

Trent Bekker|Mechanical Engineering|University of Michigan – Dearborn|Dearborn, MI

Excavation Hardware Experimentation

Amber George|Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering|UM |Ann Arbor, MI

Multi-fluid MHD Modeling of Europa's Plasma Interaction: Effects of Asymmetric Density in the Neutral Atmosphere

Camilla Harris|Climate and Space Sciences and Engr.|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI

Exploring the Geochemical Characteristics of the SW Ethiopian Flood Basalts

R Alex Steiner|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University|Lansing, MI

4:50 Closing Comments

5:00 Adjourn

POSTER SESSIONS AND PRESENTERS

Poster Session A

1 Investigating Multiple Stellar Populations in M13

Willem Hoogendam – Calvin University

2 Development of a Flexible Battery Using Printed Electronic Technology on Paper Substrates

JustOne Crosby – Western Michigan University

3 Navigation & Orientation for Returning a Launched Rocket/Payload by Parafoil

Oscar Schott – Calvin University

4 Using the OGLE Archive to Understand Two Subclasses of Contact Binary Systems

Lauren Henderson – Calvin University

5 An Improved Habitability Index for Mars Exploration

Brian D Wade – Michigan State University

6 Improved Robotic Software in Unexpected Environmental Scenarios Using AI

Katherine G Skocelas – Grand Valley State University

7 Basic Comparison of High-Level Programming Languages

Alexander Medema – Hope College

8 Generalized Antoine and Wagner equations consistent with the predictions of the Kwong equation of state using similarity variables

Soave-Redlich-Armandine Uwimana – Hope College

9 Investigation of Pressure Effects on Plume Properties of a Low-Cost Hall Effect Thruster

Thomas V Kerber – Western Michigan University

10 The Identification of Cloud Forest Landslides in Monteverde, Costa Rica, Using High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and Machine Learning

Eric Leu – Hope College

11 Investigation of strontium-doped hydroxyapatite coating methods for iron oxide nanoparticles

12 Effect of Bacterium Redox Activity on Current Transients in Single Bacteria–Electrode Collisions

Anna Tarach – Grand Valley State University

13 Local Air Quality Data Categorization to Improve Environmental Science Education

Baylee Kurzynski – Hope College

14 Energizing our World - Innovating with Renewable Energy

Chelsea Ridge – Grand Valley State University

15 Oakland University MSGC Pathway to External Grants

Laila Guessous – Oakland University

16 2019 STEPS Camp

Sara Maas – Grand Valley State University

17 Extended Radiometric Age Signatures in Relation to Southern Patagonian Magmitism

Madison Kortas – Michigan State University

18 Extreme Life: Exploring Photosynthetic and Chemosynthetic Microbial Mats in Lake Huron's Submerged Sinkholes

Bopi Biddanda – Grand Valley State University

19 Understanding the Impact of Chronic Low Dose Radiation on Mental Health and Behavior in Mice

Victoria Parker|Corine LaFrenier – Hope College

20 Anthropogenic Noise does not Impact Nestling Health in Eastern Bluebirds

Hyeryeong Choi|Dena Baker – Calvin University

21 Demonstration of Single Ion Channel Activity in Lipid Bilayers with Temperature Control

Alex Van Kooten|Brian Seper – Calvin University

22 Do bacteriophages with gene-dense genomes have a reproductive advantage?

Angela Vito – Hope College

23 Temperature and Bilayer Composition Effects on Gramicidin A Ion ChannelsUn

Brian Seper|Alex VanKooten – Calvin University

24 Old and Deer: A Study of Peridotites in Michigan's Upper Peninsula

25 Cenozoic Magmatism in East Africa: A Mineral Analysis of the Lokitaung Basalts

Rayn Phillips – Michigan State University

26 Geochemical and Spatial Variability at a Microscopic Scale

Erika Miciuda – Michigan State University

27 Mapping Sand Dune Complexes Using Drones and Ground-Based Imagery

Paul Pearson – Hope College

Poster Session B

1 Designing Self-Adaptive Algorithms for Cognitive Spacecraft

Nasim Nezamoddini – Oakland University

2 Evaluating a Virtual Reality-based Interface for Teaching Humanoids

Wing-Yue G Louie – Oakland University

3 Propulsion System Optimization for a Gas-Electric Hybrid Drone

Alyssa Lalko– Oakland University

4 Analyzing the relationship between rotation measurements obtained from radio sources and total electron content (TEC) obtained from GNSS stations in Africa

Serenity Monroe – University of Michigan

5 Mapleseed Project

Jason Figueroa – University of Michigan

6 DUST: Spaceborne Mesh Network Communications

Taylor Sun – University of Michigan

7 Simultaneous Optical and Electrical Spin-Torque Magnetometry at the GHz frequencies

Mouhamad Hammami – Oakland University

8 Quantifying the existence and preferred direction of propagation of ionospheric structures

Letty Loeza – University of Michigan

9 Search for L5 Earth Trojans with DECam

10 Featherweight Heaterless Hollow Cathode Characterization

Margaret Mooney – Western Michigan University

11 Open-Source Hardware Implementation of a SpaceWire Router

Kristi Stefa – Oakland University

12 Miniature Tether Electrodynamics Experiment: Propellantless Propulsion for Small Satellites

Geoffrey Jenkins – University of Michigan

13 GSFC's Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Units and their Impact on Outdoor Air Quality

Sheyenne Harris – University of Michigan

14 Analysis on San Francisco Fire Department Dispatch Calls and their relationship to the Elevation of the Call Source

Abdulrahman Zaiter – Saginaw Valley State University

15 Reaching Students with Science at a Strategic Moment: The Appeal of Earth Science Research on Lake Michigan Dunes

Katherine Benedict | Paul Duimstra – Calvin University

16 Keeping Young Math and Science Enthusiasts Hooked

Feryal Alayont – Grand Valley State University

17 A 3D Physical Model to Experience how the Human Body Works First Hand

Jana Hendrickson – Michigan Technological University

18 Processing of Porcine Internal Mammary Arteries for Human Bypass Graft Applications

Kelsey LeMay – Michigan Technological University

19 Evaluations of Microgravity on DNA Repair

Kaitlin Lowran – Oakland University

20 Prebiotic synthesis of amides in hydrothermal environments

Ziming Yang – Oakland University

21 Analysis of immunity and symbiosis of the Northern Star Coral from future climate impacts

Tyler E Harman – Grand Valley State University

22 Competitive interactions between native Brook Trout and introduced Brown Trout: an exploration of niche partitioning using temporal and spatial diet analyses

Frederick Jack Glassen - Grand Valley State University

23 On the Brink of Extinction: An Analysis of Temperature Resistance in Staghorn coral

Cassidy Rae Gilmore – Grand Valley State University, Annis Water Resources Institute

24 Geochemical Comparison of Lake Superior Dikes and Micro Mapping of Geological Thin Sections

Erik Eikey – Michigan State University

25 Mountains out of Molehills: Probing the Plumbing of Incipient Volcanic Edifices

Christopher Svoboda – Michigan State University

26 La Angelita Basalts: Chemical Signatures in Patagonian Melts

Sydney Lauren Gable – Michigan State University

27 Exploring factors that affect the dynamics of cyanobacterial blooms in Muskegon Lake, Michigan, a model Great Lakes Estuary

Jasmine Mancuso - Grand Valley State University, Annis Water Resources Institute

Oral Presentation Abstracts Session 1

Improved Modeling of the Thermospheric Density via CubeSat Ephemeris Assimilation

Daniel A Brandt|Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering|University of Michgian|Ann Arbor,

to estimate the time and location of satellite reentry, and jeopardizing our ability to perform accurate spacecraft collision avoidance The storm-time inaccuracy of these models reflects a major gap in our understanding of how the thermosphere responds to intense geomagnetic energy influx on short timescales We present a method for addressing NRLMSISE-00 density under-prediction during geomagnetic storms using satellite two-line element sets (TLEs), and an in-house orbital propagator, the Spacecraft Orbital Characterization Kit (SpOCK), as the components of a calibration routine that minimizes orbit error This method will sever to improve our capabilities of space situational awareness, serving the needs of science, industry, and national defense, as well as enable us to gather more insight into the nature of the thermospheric reaction to enhanced geomagnetic and solar activity

A More Comprehensive Theory of Contact Binary Star Evolution

Michaela Blain|Physics & Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan

Lauren Henderson|Physics & Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan

Sarah Whitten|Physics & Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan

Lawrence Molnar|Physics & Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan

A contact binary star system consists of two stars orbiting each other so closely that they share a common atmosphere While these objects are the most common type of eclipsing binary star, there is little consensus about how they form, live, and die Last year, we presented a preliminary framework for the later stages of contact binary evolution First, the two stars evolve off the main sequence conserving mass and angular momentum, gradually increasing in orbital period and becoming more extreme in mass ratio Second, a critical mass ratio is eventually reached at which

a tidal instability causes the orbital period to rapidly decrease Finally, overflow of the shared Roche Lobe causes an exponential decrease in orbital period and merger We now add to this the physical mechanisms of formation First, interaction with a third body brings the initially wide binary closer together Second, angular momentum loss through magnetic breaking completes

the process of bringing the two into contact Each stage of our evolutionary theory can be tested with observations or numerical simulations In this presentation, we present two such tests Timing updates on the set of seven systems we identified last year with large orbital period time derivatives test our hypothesis that these stars are in the late tidal instability stage Numerical estimations of apsidal precession rates can be used to determine the short period cutoff, thereby testing our formation hypothesis

Testing Contact Binary Star Evolution with the Extensive OGLE Archive

Sarah Whitten|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI

Michaela Blain|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI

Lauren Henderson|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI

Lawrence Molnar|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI

A contact binary star system consists of two stars orbiting each other so closely that they share a common atmosphere Soszynski et al (2016) presented 425,000 eclipsing binary stars from the OGLE brightness variability survey of the galactic bulge, the most extensive archive of eclipsing binary stars in existence We classified these systems based on the shape of their light curves Analyzing those systems with the most complete data, we identified 184,000 as contact binaries and 96,000 as detached binaries We corrected the period distribution of contact binary stars for systematics caused by the limiting magnitude of the survey, yielding the first reliable estimate of the long period tail of this distribution Less than 1% of contact binary stars have periods as long

as the high period derivative binaries we have identified as late evolutionary stage systems We used the Phoebe software package to interpret the contact binary light curve shapes in terms of mass ratio and other parameters The relation between mass ratio and orbital period that we found was consistent with our simple evolutionary theory based on conservative mass transfer

Charge-Sign-Dependence of Solar Modulation at the AMS, BESS and PAMELA observations of cycle 23

Ilias Cholis|Physics|Oakland University|Rochester, MI

Our basic theoretical understanding of the sources of cosmic rays and their propagation through the interstellar medium is hindered by the Sun, that through the solar wind affects the observed cosmic-ray spectra.This effect is known as solar modulation However recently released cosmic-ray data and publicly available measurements of the solar wind properties allow us to test the analytical modeling of the time-, charge- and energy-dependence of solar modulation Using the well established time-dependence of solar modulation we will show clear evidence for its charge and energy dependence

Understanding the Regions Around Supermassive Black Holes at the Centers of Galaxies

Jake Miller|Physics|Wayne State University|Detroit, MI

Edward Cackett|Physics|Wayne State University|Detroit, MI

Reverberation mapping is a technique that allows for the measurement of the sizes of accretion disks around supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei (AGN) Several reverberation mapping campaigns find disk sizes three times larger than predicted by standard disk models This may be due to continuum emission from the broad line region (BLR) clouds orbiting AGN and not the accretion disk, or challenge our understanding of the structure of accretion disks To better understand this, a three year monitoring campaign of nearby AGN will take place using the Wayne State University Zowada Observatory Zowada Observatory will perform reverberation mapping of ~10 AGN a year, monitoring the AGN for at least 90 days consecutively, with a cadence of at most 2 days between observations These data will test the structure nearby

to supermassive black holes and will be used to search for correlations between observed time lags and black hole mass, disk size, mass accretion rate, and other properties of AGN I will present an overview of this project including some initial results

Compact Localized Augmented Work-Station (CLAWS)

Sahil Farishta|Computer Science Engr and Aerospace Engr.|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Chenyang Lyu|School of Information|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI

Cesar Mu|Computer Science Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI

Rupal Nigam|Computer Science Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI

Emily Rassel|Aerospace Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI

Riley Schnee|Computer Science Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI

The Compact Localized Augmented Work-Station (CLAWS) team from the University of Michigan works to design and develop augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) systems for space exploration applications Last year, CLAWS was 1 of 12 teams accepted to the 2019 NASA SUITS challenge For this challenge, the team designed and developed an augmented reality system on the Microsoft Hololens to provide an astronaut with seamless access to pertinent EVA information, without unwanted intrusions The user interface includes mission instructions, astronaut health data, spacesuit status, and warnings A key feature of the system is the capability to scan QR codes and pull up relevant information, such as how to open an airlock Everything is displayed

on a single screen in a minimalist manner and can be accessed through voice commands for hands-free access In April 2019, the CLAWS team traveled to Houston, TX to test their prototype

at Johnson Space Center with NASA engineers The team received valuable feedback from experienced professionals and incorporated that into their final design

Session 2

From STEM to STEAM: Incorporating Art into the Roger That! Symposium

Karen Gipson|Brookes College|GVSU|Allendale, MI

Samhita Rhodes|Engineering|GVSU|Allendale, MI

Deana Weibel|Anthropology & IRIS|GVSU|Allendale, MI

The “Roger That!” symposium is a two-day celebration of space exploration, named in honor of astronaut Roger B Chaffee, a native Grand Rapidian who lost his life in the Apollo 1 fire Since its inception, “Roger That!” has been a collaboration between Grand Valley State University (GVSU) and the Grand Rapids Public Museum (GRPM), offered in downtown Grand Rapids The third iteration of the “Roger That!” symposium, held in February 2019, expanded upon past offerings with an extensive and intentional incorporation of art into the offerings, truly transforming the event from S-T-E-M into S-T-E-A-M The activities began with artist J Brett Grill describing the creation of his statue of Roger B Chaffee that now resides in front of the Grand Rapids Children’s Museum The art theme continued throughout the day with a much greater diversity of projects

in the design competition for 4th -6th grade students and GVSU art students displaying commemorative artwork they had created for the symposium The plenary session on the role of planetariums in communities also combined art and science, as one of the planetarium directors had been trained as an artist and the other as a scientist This year’s evening keynote presentation was delivered by astronaut Nicole Stott, the first person to create a watercolor painting in space; she inspired audiences including hundreds Girl Scouts at GVSU on Friday evening and at GRPM Saturday morning with her message to “Dream Big!”

Inspiring Future STEM Teachers through Engineering the Future Academies

Carley Laird|Undergraduate|Hope College|Holland MI

Susan Ipri Brown|Engineer|Hope College|Holland MI

Carrie Dummer|Education|Hope College|Holland MI

Participating in the development and instruction of hands-on STEM camps significantly impacts upcoming teachers’ educational experiences In the summer of 2019, Holland Public Schools (HPS) sent 60 fifth and sixth graders to attend an inquiry-based STEM camp at Hope College through the Engineering the Future Academies funded by the Michigan Space Grant Consortium Two teachers from the HPS STEM program and one undergraduate education major came together to create and pursue two separate weeks of the camp The undergraduate student was provided the unique opportunity to serve as the lead curriculum developer under the mentorship

of the in-service teachers, and to lead additional undergraduate science and education majors providing assistance with camp preparation and classroom management The opportunity to develop and lead project-based, hands-on lessons in a camp environment provided a unique learning opportunity for the pre-service teacher with positive ramifications for her future educational roles

Physiological Responses to Upper Body Aerobic Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction

Benjamin Cockfield|Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology|Michigan Technological

of its use as a mode of exercise training We hypothesized that BFR will elicit greater cardiorespiratory strain, metabolite build-up, and pain compared to exercise without BFR Healthy adults (N=3) completed 3 arm-cranking conditions: low-load (LL, 40% VO2max), low-load with BFR (LLBFR, 40% VO2max), and high-load (HL, 80% VO¬2max) During LLBFR, blood flow was restricted using a cuff (5cm) inflated to 70% of limb occlusion pressure Heart rate, oxygen consumption, deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) and pain were recorded Compared to LL, heart rate tended to increase during LLBFR (13±3%) and increased further during HL (48±6%) Oxygen consumption tended to be greater in HL (2.0±0.8) compared to LL (1.0±0.4) and LLBFR (1.1±0.5) HHb rose to a similar extent during HL (9.3±8.3) and LLBFR (9.1±4.6) compared to LL (3.1±3.2) Pain tended to be higher in LLBFR (3.1±1.3) than HL (1.1±1.2) and not present in LL Results indicate LLBFR has lower cardiovascular demand with similar muscular stress as HL but with more pain LLBFR may therefore elicit similar muscular improvements seen in HL but at LL intensity Continued data collection will assist in developing an effective arm cranking BFR training program

Intracellular Electrometer Used for Electrophysiology Experiments in Biological Neurons

Lucas Essenburg|Western Michigan University|Kalamazoo, MI

The Western Michigan University Neurobiology Engineering Laboratory conducts research in energy-efficient electrical stimulation of biological neurons Experimental work requires an intracellular electrometer to inject nanoamp-level currents into a biological neuron and to measure its membrane voltage response In order to fully understand the generation of such minute currents, an `in-house' electrometer was designed, constructed, and validated This required exploration of various design trade-offs including precision of generated

nanoamp-level currents vs susceptibility to noise, portability vs functionality, and cost vs functionality The electrometer was successfully used to stimulate and measure responses of neurons from the medicinal leech Hirudo Verbana

Impact of Microgravity on the accumulation of DNA damage in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells

Ann J Fuelle|Chemistry|Oakland University|Rochester, MI

Kaitlin Lowran|Chemistry|Oakland University|Rochester, MI

Colin G Wu|Chemistry|Oakland University|Rochester, MI

In outer space, astronauts undergo direct exposure to oxidative stress and UV radiation due to a low-oxygen environment and the absence of an ozone layer Although prolonged oxidative stress and UV radiation damages genomic DNA and requires repair mechanisms, the long-term effects

of microgravity on these cellular repair mechanisms are not fully understood The purpose of this study is to determine how microgravity impacts the proliferation and DNA repair pathways of Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK293) cells We measured the effects of hydrogen peroxide, bleomycin, and camptothecin on HEK293 cells under normal gravitational conditions and microgravity simulation Hydrogen peroxide (oxidative stress) elicits damage that mimics the conditions of outer space, while bleomycin and camptothecin caused double-stranded and single-stranded breaks respectively Treatment occurred at timed increments while the cell viability, physical morphology, and nucleic DNA damage were monitored using a variety of biochemical assays We found that all reagents induced concentration-dependent DNA damage

in normal gravitational conditions while damage was variable under microgravity simulation Furthermore, DNA damage increased under microgravity simulation alone We conclude the extent of mutagenic damage observed is specific to HEK293 cells and plan to replicate these studies in cardiomyocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and retinal cells The experimental outcomes seek

to increase the safety of space travel

Initial Photochemical Transformation of Dissolved Free Amino Acids under Sunlit Irradiation

Session 3

Developing a General Compton Scattering Cross-Section in Strong Magnetic Fields

Meredith Bomers|Hope College|Holland, MI

Various X-ray space telescopes have detected steady soft X-ray emission originating from highly magnetized neutron stars called magnetars Within their magnetospheres, accelerated electrons interact with and boost X-ray photons through the quantum electrodynamic process known as Compton scattering This is the preferred mechanism for the production of the high-energy tails observed in magnetar thermal X-ray spectra Through the implementation of Sokolov & Ternov (S&T) spin states, there exist analytic expressions for the spin-dependent lifetimes of excited-state charged particles in magnetospheres These expressions are required to determine the spin-dependent Compton scattering cross section We are developing correct, spin-dependent compact analytic expressions for the Compton cross section to eventually be used in Monte Carlo simulations of magnetars’ X-ray emission These expressions enable the graphical analysis of the specific effects of intermediate and final charged particle spin states as well as the role of linear polarization modes in photon intensities This will allow for more accurate and efficient modeling

of magnetars and may help in understanding distinct features between highly magnetized and conventional gamma-ray pulsars This research is made possible by the generous support of a Clare Boothe Luce Research Scholars grant to Hope College from the Luce Foundation, the Michigan Space Grant Consortium, and the Hope College Department of Physics

Setting Foot on Mars - A Big Step and Even Greater Leap for Undergraduate and Graduate Students to Achieve

Joshua Gonzalez|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI

Jessica Bruning|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI

Isaac Wedig|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI

Andrea Serrano|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI

Benjamin Cockfield|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI

Sarah LewAllen|Biology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI

Nehemiah McIntyre|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI

Jessica Pitts|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI

Jana Hendrickson|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI

Fifty years ago, the United States did the impossible by sending humans to the Moon A human mission to Mars now looms on the horizon Sending astronauts deep into space presents a “big step” and even “greater leap” for humankind A major limiting factor is the human body Understanding how microgravity affects the human body is paramount for astronaut health and mission success The project objective is to establish how humans would physically move on Mars and survive the three-year trip Our team consists of 9 undergraduate and graduate students with backgrounds in biomedical engineering, biological sciences, and exercise physiology How will astronauts physically move on the Martian surface? To simulate human movement on Mars,

we are using a treadmill and mechanical system to partially unload body weight to achieve 38%

of Earth’s gravity We are performing brief walking and running trials (5min, 0.5-5.0m/s) while oxygen consumption is measured Data are used to calculate the energy cost of movement (kcal/kg/km) and determine the optimal movement strategy How can exercise be used to maintain astronaut health during the three-year journey? We are also developing a three-year exercise plan for astronauts to carry out before, during, and after the journey to Mars Through integration of engineering, experimental design, human subject data collection, and professional development opportunities, our team will achieve the project objective and share these findings with NASA

Heavy Equipment Tracking: Estimote Beacon Implementation

Trent Bekker|Mechanical Engineering|University of Michigan – Dearborn|Dearborn, MI

In an effort to understand the usage of heavy equipment at Stennis Space Center, tracking unit projects have been researched and developed This information is key to helping SSC understand how to redistribute heavy equipment so that they are used more effectively and efficiently The location data collected is also desired to feed into the Stennis Geographic Information System (GIS) Having location data uploaded to the GIS will allow operators to know where they are in real time which will reduce the time it may take to find them To track heavy equipment LoRa GPS units and Estimote asset tracking beacons were researched over the last year by Center Operations interns Ultimately, Estimote tracking beacons were selected and implemented in the form of two case studies on forklifts at SSC while people at Johnson Space Center (JSC) looked at testing the LoRa system for their bicycle tracking project To accurately set up beacons in areas that best tested the equipment, case studies were developed Information regarding where forklifts travelled to and the frequency at which they did so was collected to form the case studies Estimote’s proximity beacons which communicate via Bluetooth were selected for a case study involving one forklift travelling inside and outside Estimote LTE beacons were selected for

a second case study tracking a forklift travelling only outside In the Summer of 2019 the beacons are scheduled to be implemented onto units with the data collected used to

Excavation Hardware Experimentation

Amber George|Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering|University of Michigan |Ann Arbor, MI

There are limited resources on extraterrestrial bodies and current launch vehicles can only send finite resources on deep space missions That being said, transporting resources needed for deep space missions is extremely expensive, it can cost tens of thousands of dollars per pound to send items into orbit In order to sustain life and establish outposts on other celestial bodies, we need

to find a way to utilize the resources that are readily available in these environments This process

is called In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), which is comprised of prospecting for, collecting, processing, and storing materials found on other celestial bodies, then using them for

construction, science applications, propulsion, and other purposes ISRU is a major focus of Swamp Works in the Engineering Development Lab Swamp Works has developed an excavation robot, Regolith Advanced Surface Systems Operations Robot (RASSOR), that specializes in excavating regolith from the lunar surface RASSOR has a novel set of digging and collecting tools known as bucket drums My project was to create RASSOR bucket drums that were scaled to fit into the system used in a parabolic flight experiment I used CAD to design and 3D print a scaled down version of the RASSOR bucket drums to be used in this experiment Our experiment was focused on the flow of regolith through the scaled bucket drum geometry in simulated lunar gravity

Multi-fluid MHD Modeling of Europa's Plasma Interaction: Effects of Asymmetric Density in the Neutral Atmosphere

Camilla Harris|Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Xianzhe Jia|Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI

James A Slavin|Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Gabor Toth|Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI

Martin Rubin|Physikalisches Institut|University of Bern|Bern, Switzerland

Europa orbits Jupiter within Jupiter’s magnetosphere, that region of space which is dominated

by the planetary magnetic field and by plasma originating from Jupiter’s moon Io Europa’s subsurface ocean and weak atmosphere interact with Jupiter’s magnetic field and magnetospheric plasma to form the plasma interaction We have developed a 3D multi-fluid magnetohydrodynamic model for Europa’s plasma environment that solves for the bulk properties of 3 ion fluids (magnetospheric O+, ionospheric O+ and O2+), an electron fluid, and the electromagnetic fields near the moon We include a distribution of neutral O2 that represents Europa’s atmosphere and provides the neutral source for ionization and charge exchange mass-loading in our simulation Here we investigate how variations in the density of Europa’s atmosphere affect the interaction We find that we can explain the magnetic field observations

of the Galileo mission’s (1995-2003) E15 flyby by incorporating the effects of solar illumination

on Europa’s atmosphere NASA’s upcoming Europa Clipper mission will sound Europa’s subsurface ocean using the magnetic field; models for Europa’s plasma interaction will be critical for interpreting this magnetic field, because the plasma interaction generates magnetic signatures that can obscure the signal Our work demonstrates that the state of Europa’s neutral atmosphere is a crucial factor in the magnetic signatures of the plasma interaction

Exploring the Geochemical Characteristics of the SW Ethiopian Flood Basalts

R Alex Steiner|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University|Lansing, MI

T O Rooney|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University|Lansing, MI

Rayn Phillips|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University|Lansing, MI

Liam Peterson|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University|Lansing, MI

The largest structures of planet Earth are regions termed large low-shear velocity provinces (LLSVP) These enigmatic structures are found deep in the mantle beneath the Pacific and African plates and appear to be closely associated with mantle plumes generating large igneous provinces (LIP) The East African LIP was formed by a series of magmatic pulses, generating two temporally distinct flood basalt provinces; the first in the Omo and Turkana basins of Ethiopia and Kenya at ca.45-34 m.y.a., the second on the NW Ethiopian plateau at ca 31-28 m.y.a The presence of these two events raises questions about the thermochemical state of the

mantle: are the two events are caused by a single plume moving to the north; or are two

distinct plume heads interacting with the lithosphere? To test this concept, we use trace

element compositions from basalt samples within each province and attempt to generate a comparable composition using mantle melting model HAMMS1 We found that the lava suites

of the two flood basalt provinces are generated from two difference source compositions Therefore, we conclude that lavas from the two provinces are generated from distinct mantle sources that may be a function of multiple compositionally variable plume heads, instead of a single migrating plume An important implication of this is that the LLSVP generating the mantle plumes is heterogeneous in composition, spawning many plumes with similarly heterogeneous characteristics

Poster Presentation Abstracts Session A

1 Investigating Multiple Stellar Populations in M13

Willem Hoogendam|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan

Jason Smolinski|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan

Globular clusters were once the archetype of a simple, homogeneous stellar population However, in recent decades more observations have revealed the existence of two different stellar populations in globular clusters distinguished by elemental differences Our research is a continuation of last summer’s research on a new method of identifying multiple stellar populations in globular clusters through color photometry We utilized a different color index, U-

B, to separate the different populations and investigate a reported radial segregation among the two populations within M13, with the chemically-enriched group being more centrally concentrated and the unenriched being more uniform throughout the cluster, as described in the literature However, our result did not match the literature we were expecting to match However, a more recent study reported a lack of radial segregation in this cluster Our results are consistent with no radial segregation among the two populations in M13

2 Development of a Flexible Battery Using Printed Electronic Technology on Paper

Substrates

JustOne Crosby|Chemical and Paper Engineering|Western Michigan University|Kalamazoo, MI

Since the dawn of civilization, humans have attempted to push the boundaries of dimensional limitations From the invention of the wheel for vast applications of motion to the creation of the space shuttle to access the worlds beyond our own, humans have used technology to access a freer quality of life Today, electronics are a primary tool used in many capacities daily for communication, movement, sensory, etc Batteries enable these electronics to perform in many capacities, yet their conventional state is stiff and bulky, preventing elastic movement and innovative design Flexible batteries could bring electronics into a new age of dimensional freedom Using printed electronic technology on flexible substrates would allow cost-effective commercial manufacturing of thinner electrical components Incorporating paper substrates brings recyclable or biodegradable properties to this innovative design, bringing a more environmentally friendly device to the electronic industry

During this study, we conduct a literature review of past and present technology related to flexible battery design, fiber based insulating solutions, and printed active components, to develop a battery that combines these elements into one printed-flexible cost effective, paper-based cell In conjunction with this review, we are establishing a plan for design and fabrication that is feasible for large-scale manufacturing Results from this review and the products of this research will be presented

3 Navigation & Orientation for Returning a Launched Rocket/Payload by Parafoil

Oscar Schott|Space Systems Academic Group|Naval Postgraduate School|Monterey, CA

Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI

My goal during my summer’s research was to create a viable form of navigation intended for use with a parafoil-guided payload from rocket launches or high altitude balloons The largest challenge I met in completing my goal was finding a suitable method for correcting the payload’s course without the use of a magnetometer (aka a compass), as we cannot rely on the magnetometer because magnetic interference generated by the payload renders it a very light paperweight, and without the ability to reference bearing, it is very difficult to complete the course corrections needed to navigate to a specified target My initial use of GPS failed Additionally, I coded, and engineered a gyro/accelerometer combination which will be able to detect turbulence, something the magnetometer is not capable of Accuracy, on the other hand,

is something the two sensors cannot achieve without further perfection of my algorithm, which

is a work in progress

4 Using the OGLE Archive to Understand Two Subclasses of Contact Binary Systems

Lauren Henderson|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI

Michaela Blain|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI

Sarah Whitten|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI

Lawrence Molnar|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI

A contact binary star system consists of two stars orbiting each other so closely that they share a common atmosphere We have identified 184,000 contact binary stars from the OGLE archive

We used the Phoebe software package to interpret the contact binary light curve shapes in terms

of mass ratio, orbital inclination, the ratio of stellar temperatures, and fillout factor Fillout factor

is the extent to which two stars are sharing their atmospheres, ranging from 0 for minimal contact

to 1 for maximum contact We used our fits to characterize the dependence of these four parameters on orbital period Contact binaries have traditionally been subdivided into W and A-types W-types generally have orbital periods less than ~0.4 days and show a shallower eclipse when the small star is in front of the larger, indicating the smaller star is slightly warmer Conversely, A-types generally have longer periods and deeper primary eclipses, indicating the larger star is warmer Our analysis of the OGLE data confirms the temperature dependence on orbital period, extending this out to periods of 1.4 days Furthermore, it shows the A-types also have much greater fillout factors By correcting for a nuance in how Phoebe defines temperature ratio, we establish that the A-type systems in fact have equal temperatures Temperature equality makes sense given the deep contact indicated by large fillout factors

5 An Improved Habitability Index for Mars Exploration

Brian D Wade|Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences|Michigan State University|East

to evaluate relative habitability One approach that could meet this need is the use of a habitability index (HI) Such an index exists, Stoker’s HI, which consists of several factors, each one an environmental variable assigned a value from 0 to 1, for determining the probability of there having been liquid water, energy sources, essential chemical elements, and physicochemical conditions suitable for life We have improved Stoker’s HI by adding factors for determining the probability of biosignature preservation, which MEPAG considers a key criterion

in selecting sites for life detection missions, and thus crucial for selecting Earth-return samples

6 Improved Robotic Software in Unexpected Environmental Scenarios Using AI

Katherine G Skocelas|Computing & Information Systems|Grand Valley State University|Allendale, MI Byron DeVries|Computing & Information Systems|Grand Valley State University|Allendale, MI

Unexpected environmental scenarios are capable of causing even the most well-thought-out software systems to behave undesirably Identifying and mitigating these scenarios is critical to the development of autonomous software systems that necessitate a high level of assurance of success Our research leveraged search-based artificial intelligence techniques to automatically generate executable models of software systems based on those models’ behavior in the face of unexpected environmental scenarios (also identified via search-based techniques) We illustrated our methods by automatically generating an executable model for a LIDAR-equipped robot capable of autonomous navigation in pedestrian environments and comparing it to a manually defined solution We found that the AI-generated model was better suited to both foreseen and unforeseen environmental conditions due to optimization within the simulated environment Additional comparison between the simulated and real-world results are necessary

to truly compare the manually defined and automatically defined software due to the reality gap This comparison, and a theoretical basis for the comparison, has been identified as future work

7 Basic Comparison of High-Level Programming Languages

Alexander Medema|Physics|Hope College|Holland, MI

Jules Kouatchou|Computational and Information Sciences and Technology Office|NASA Goddard Space Flight Center|Greenbelt, MD

Fourteen simple test cases were used to compare Python, Julia, Java, Scala, IDL, R, and Matlab, with Fortran and C included as a baseline The test cases were implemented from the angle of a novice programmer who is not familiar with the optimization techniques available in the languages The tests aimed to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each language rather than to claim one language’s superiority to the others Measurements recorded the elapsed time

to complete the same test case operation with each of the different languages The performance was investigated in four main categories: loops and vectorization, string manipulations, numerical calculations, and input/output Specific measurements tested the speed of memory access, recursion, file processing, matrix calculations, iterative solvers, and other common applications in scientific computing No single language outperformed the others in all of the tests Expected trends were demonstrated, such as which languages offer faster performance when using iteration versus vectorization, and that intrinsic functions operate more quickly than equivalent inline code The performance of numerical calculations in each language was found to significantly depend on the specific task Performance of I/O operations was found to depend more strongly on hardware resources than the language used

8 Generalized Antoine and Wagner equations consistent with the predictions of the Redlich-Kwong equation of state using similarity variables

Soave-Armandine Uwimana|Engineering|Hope College|Holland, Michigan

Michael Misovich|Engineering|Hope College|Holland, Michigan

Chemical engineers use the Wagner and Antoine equations to correlate vapor pressure as a function of temperature for various substances; however, they do not describe the entire vapor pressure curve from the triple point to the critical point Methods of finding generalized Antoine and Wagner equation constants consistent with the predictions of the Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) equation of state were studied Calculations were simplified using two similarity variables Common adjusted temperature, η*, combined reduced temperature and acentric factor, and common adjusted pressure, ψ*, combined reduced pressure and reduced temperature Results

of an iterative SRK vapor pressure algorithm were transformed into a data set of the new similarity variables Antoine and Wagner constants were empirically determined by nonlinear least squares to achieve less than 0.05 percent relative deviation from SRK predictions Three common adjusted temperature subranges, from the critical point down to 0.23, were needed for the Wagner equation Only the C constant was fitted by least squares for the Antoine equation, with the A and B constants determined by exact calculation at the endpoints of common adjusted temperature ranges Five common adjusted temperature subranges, from the critical point down

to 0.18, were needed for the Antoine equation