Types-of-Morphemes.-23 pdf

Morphemes Our morphological knowledge has two components: knowledge of the individual morphemes, and knowledge of the rules that combine them... 3.1.2.Bound morphemes Bound morphemes a

Types of morphemes

Lec 2

Morphemes

Our morphological knowledge has two

components: knowledge of the individual

morphemes, and knowledge of the rules that combine them

Morphology = morph + ology (science of

word forms)

3.1 Roots

Root:

A morpheme which is the basic part of a word and which may, in many languages, occur on

its own (man, hold, book)

Roots may be joined to other roots (house

+hold = household), and/ or take affixes

(manly, coldness)

ROOT word-forms

walk walks, walking,

walked,

3.1 Roots

Roots may be joined to other roots

(house + hold= household), and/ or take

affixes

(man + ly = manly)

(cold +ness = coldness)

3.2 Stem

That part of a word that occurs before an

inflectional affix is or can be added For

example, (book + s = books)

The stem of a word may be:

1. A simple stem consisting of only one

morpheme (a root), e.g work

2. A root plus a derivational affix, e.g work +

er =worker

3. Two or more roots, e.g work + shop =

workshop.

3.3 Base

A base is any unit to which affixes of any kind can be added:

1. inflectional affixes (syntactic reasons)

2. derivational affixes (meaning and/ or

grammatical category)

All ROOTS are BASES

Free & bound

Roots can be either free morphemes or bound morphemes

3.1.1.Free morphemes

*Content words

Lexical morphemes Function words

 Nouns (frog– man-John)

 Adjectives (good – kind )

 Verbs (walk- write)

 Adverbs (very – well)

 Prepositions (with – to –

in )

 Articles (the – a – an)

 Demonstratives (this – that )

 Pronouns (I– she – it – they)

 Conjunctions (and – but)

3.1.2.Bound morphemes

Bound morphemes are roots which cannot stand on their own They always occur as being attached to other morphemes

-mit permit – commit – admit

-ceive perceive – receive – conceive –

deceive

-ology biology – psychology - pathology

3.2 Affixes

An affix is abound morpheme that can be added to a word (root), and which changes the meaning or function of the word There are 3 types of affixes:

1. a prefix is attached before a root (re-, un-,

s prefi

friendship enlarge

abstraction darken

Morphological Morphemes

morphologic

al information

derivational morphemes

AFFIXES

Inflectional morphemes

Inflectional morphemes

 Inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes that have a strictly grammatical function Inflectional morphemes never change the syntactic category of the words or morphemes to which they are attached

 E.g.

 I sail the ocean blue

 He sails the ocean blue

 John sailed the ocean blue

 John has sailed the ocean blue

 John is sailing the ocean blue

Inflectional morphemes

Unlike derivational morphemes,

inflectional morphemes:

1. don’t change the part of speech

2. don’t pile up, only one ends a word

English Inflectional Morphemes

1. -s (third-person singular plural)

2. -ed (past tense)

Derivational Morphemes

 Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes that are added to a root morpheme or stem to derive a new word with a new meaning Derivational morphemes sometimes change the word-class that a base belongs to, and/ or change the meaning of the base to which they are attached Derivational morphemes have clear semantic content, and some

DA can be treated as independent words (e.g full)

 E.g.

 Pure (n)  purify (v)

 Logic (n)  logical (adj)

Derivational morphemes

Unlike inflectional morphemes,

inflectional morphemes:

sometimes change the word-class

they way they combine with base is mainly arbitrary

more than one DA can be added to the base

E.g

antidisestablishment

English Derivational Morphemes

class-changing

1 Nouns  Adjective 2 Verbs  Noun

 health + full = healthful

 boy + ish = boyish

 confer + ence = conference

 free + dom = freedom

 sing + er = singer

 predict + ion = prediction

English Derivational Morphemes

class-changing

3 Adjective  adverb Nouns  verbs

 exact + ly = exactly

 quiet + ly = quietly

 moral + ize = moralize

 vaccine + ate = vaccinate

 brand + ish = brandish

 haste + n = hasten

English Derivational Morphemes

class-changing

Adjectives  Noun Verb  Adjective

 tall + ness = tallness

 specific + ity = specificity

 feudal + ism = feudalism

 abstract + ion =

abstraction

 true + th = truth

 read + able = readable

 create + ive = creative

 run + y = runny

 migrat + ory = migratory

English Derivational Morphemes

class-maintaining

 friend + ship = friendship

 human + ity = humanity

 man + hood = manhood

 king + dom = kingdom

 un + do = undo

 re + cover = recover

English Derivational Morphemes

English Derivational Morphemes

class-changing

1. N  V joy-enjoy

2. V  N motivate - motivation

3. N  Adj care - careful

4. Adj  N true - truth

5. Adj V soft –soften / wide - widen

6. Adj  Adv careful - carefully

English Derivational Morphemes

Exercise

Identify the inflectional affixes,

derivational affixes, roots, bases, & stems