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Note :* Be going to +Vo dùng để diễn tả 1 hành động sắp xảy ra mà hiện tượng của nó đã xuất hiện hoặc 1 hành động tương lai có dự định trước.. Làm tính từ → mang nghĩa chủ động active m

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Mục lục

I Tóm tắt lý thuyết, bài tập và các đề ôn luyện:

1 Theories and exercises (Lí thuyết và bài tập) 3

The comparison of adjectives and adverbs 68

Key-The comparison of adjectives and adverbs

PART I: THEORIES AND EXERCISES

A PHONETICS (NGỮ ÂM)

1 SOUNDS

• CÁCH PHÁT ÂM "S" CUỐI : trong trường hợp danh từ số nhiều nhiều hoặc động từ

số ít.

/ s / Khi đi sau các phụ âm điếc (voiceless consonants): /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/ ,/θ/,/h/

Ex: laughs, walks, cups, cats, tenths; books

/ iz / Khi đi sau một phụ âm rít : /z/, /s/, /dz/, / t∫ /, / ∫ /, /z/ Hoặc các chữ cái: s, x,

z, ch, sh, ce, ge.

Ex: washes , kisses , oranges…

/ z / Không thuộc hai loại trên Ex: bags , kids , days …

Ngọai lệ: bình thường chữ s phát âm /s/, nhưng có những ngoại lệ cần nhớ:

- Chữ s đọc /z /sau các từ :busy, please, easy, present, desire, music, pleasant, desert, choose, reason, preserve, poison

-Chữ s đọc /'∫/ sau các từ sugar,sure

Exercise:

16 A resources B stages C preserves D focuses

17 A carriages B whistles C assures D costumes

• CÁCH PHÁT ÂM “ –ED” CUỐI : Đây là hình thức Past tensen và Past participle:

1 “-ed ” pronounced as / id /: sau / t, d / : Thường sau chữ t, d : Ex: wanted; decided

2 “-ed ” pronounced as / t /: sau / k, f, p, s, ∫ , t∫ , h ,θ/ hoặc chữ p, k, f, th, s, sh, ch :

Ex: asked; stopped; laughed

3 “-ed ” pronounced as / d / : Trừ 2 trường hợp trên : Ex: moved; played; raised.

Ngọai lệ: Đuôi -ed trong các tính từ sau được phát âm /id/: aged, learned, beloved, blessed, naked.

Exercise :

2 A kissed B helped C forced D raised

BÀI TẬP VỀ CÁC NGUYÊN ÂM VÀ CÁC PHỤ ÂM KHÁC:

2 A breakfast B teacher C east D please

3 A thrilling B other C through D something

4 A idea B going C will D trip

5 A face B place C prepared D days

6 A Germany B garden C gate D gas

7 A scholarship B Christ C school D chicken

8 A house B harm C hour D husband

9 A hundred B exhausted C however D heat

10 A head B ready C mean D weather

11 A choir B cheap C child D chair

12 A charge B child C teacher D champagne

13 A reason B clear C mean D each

14 A motion B question C mention D fiction

15 A gather B good C large D again

16 A change B children C machine D church

17 A write B writer C writing D written

18 A share B rare C are D declare

19 A apply B university C identity D early

20 A choice B achieve C each D chemistry

2 STRESS - Một số quy tắc cơ bản để nhận biết trọng âm:

1/ Trọng âm thường ít rơi vào các tiền tố (prefix) và hậu tố (suffix):

 ví dụ: dislike, unhappy, uncertain, disappointed, unashamed, forefather

* Ngoại lệ: 'foresight , 'forecast , 'unkeep , 'upland , 'surname , 'subway

Dưới đây là vài hậu tố không thay đổi dấu nhấn của từ gốc

V + ment: ag'ree (thoả thuận) =>ag'reement

V + ance: re'sist (chống cự) =>re'sistance (sự

chống cự)

V + er: em'ploy (thuê làm) => em'ployer

(chủ lao động)

V + al: ap'prove (chấp thuận) => ap'proval

V + y: de'liver (giao hàng)=> de'livery (sự giao hàng).

V + age: pack (đóng gói) => 'package (bưu kiện)

V + or: in'vent (phát minh) => in'ventor

V + ar: beg (van xin) => 'beggar (người ăn

xin)

V + ing: under'stand (hiểu) => under'standing adj + ness: 'bitter (đắng) => 'bitterness (nỗi cay đắng)

2/ Nói chung, trọng âm thường rơi vào nguyên âm kép hoặc dài, ít rơi vào nguyên âm ngắn như /∂/ hay /i/

* EX:a'bandon , 'pleasure , a'ttract , co'rrect , per'fect , in'side , 'sorry , 'rather , pro'duct , for'get , de'sign , en'joy.

3/ Một từ hai vần vừa là động từ vừa là danh từ thì:

Động từ : trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2

Danh từ : trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 1.

EX: 'rebell(n), re'bell(v), export, import, increase, object, perfect, permit, present, produce, record, refuse

* Ngoại lệ : 'promise (n), (v)

4/ Trọng âm thường rơi vào trước các hậu tố (suffixes ) sau đây một vần : -ION, -IC, -IAL ,

-ICAL, -UAL, -ITY, -IA, -LOGY, -IAN, -IOUS, -EOUS , -IENCE, -IENT, -GRAPHY ,

-NOMY , -METRY.

EX: 'vision, uni'versity, phy'sician, li'brarian, Ca'nadian, Au'stralian, ex'perience,

im'patience, edu'cation, a'bility, elec'tricity, bi'ology, psy'chology, Au'stralia, 'Austria, 'Asia, ge'ography, pho'tography, e'ssential, ha'bitual, me'chanical, mathe'matical, po'litical,

de'licious, pho'netics, scien'tific, ge'ometry, a'stronomy

Ngoại Trừ (exceptions): 'lunatic, a'rithmetic, 'politics, 'Arabic, 'television

5) Trọng âm rơi vào các vần cuối sau đây: -ADE, -OO, -OON, -EE, -EEN, -EER, -ESE, -AIRE,

-SELF, -ETTE, -ESQUE Ex: bamboo, millionaire, engineer, themselves, saloon, balloon, thirteen, Vietnamese, employee, agree, picturesque, Cartoon, guarantee, kangaroo, typhoon *Ngoại lệ : 'centigrade , 'coffee , co'mmittee , 'cukoo , 'teaspoon…

Exercise:

2 A mechanic B military C apologize D miraculous

3 A compulsory B intensity C kidding D invaluable

5 A curriculum B kindergarten C contaminate D conventional

6 A apology B industrial C industry D disaster

7 A interview B certificate C applicant D primary

8 A certificate B apartment C individual D biology

9 A scientific B availlable C suspicious D supportive

10 A especially B comfortably C carefully D possibly

11 A importance B subtraction C algebra D example

13 A terrific B applicant C banking D ignorant

14 A recognize B challenge C symbolize D continue

16 A appalling B ashamed C November D architect

18 A competition B intelligent C automation D information

20 A Attention B interesting C influence D television

- Diễn tả một chân lí, một sự thật hiển nhiên.

Ex : The Earth goes round the sun - He is a doctor

- Tom comes from England.

- Diễn tả 1 thói quen hoặc 1 việc xảy ra thường xuyên ở hiện tại (để nhận biết, câu thường có: always, often, usually, sometimes, now and then, seldom, rarely, never, every )

Ex : He often goes to class late / My mother gets up early every morning.

Note : Thêm – es vào sau những động từ tận cùng : o , s , x ,z ,sh , ch.

2 The Present Continuous (Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)

a Form : - Khẳng định : S + am / is / are + V –ing

- Phủ định : S + am / is / are ( not ) + V -ing

- Nghi vấn : Are / Is + S + V-ing … ?

Ex: We are studying English now

b Usage ( Cách dùng) :

- Diễn tả một hành động đang tiếp diễn ở thời điểm nói (ở hiện tại)

* Dấu hiệu nhận biết : now , right now = at once , at ( the / this / present ) time, at the moment, ra lệnh ( Look ! Listen ! ) Ex : - She is listening to his teacher now

- Diễn tả 1 hành động sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai (có kế hoạch từ trước)

Ex : She is getting married next year.

Note :* Be going to +Vo dùng để diễn tả 1 hành động sắp xảy ra mà hiện tượng của nó đã xuất hiện hoặc 1 hành động tương lai có dự định trước

Ex: The grey dark appears It is going to rain

3 The Present Perfect (Thì hiện tại hòan thành)

a Form : - Khẳng định : S + has / have + V3 , ed

- Phủ định : S + has / have ( not ) V3 , ed

- Nghi vấn : Has / Have + S + V3 , ed?

b Usage (Cách dùng ):

* Diễn tả một hành động vừa mới xảy ra hoặc xảy ra không rõ thời gian (thường đi kèm với các

từ just, recently = lately, not yet, ever, never, aleady )

Ex : We haven’t finished our homework yet

* Diễn tả 1 hành động bắt đầu từ quá khứ kéo dài đến hiện tại có khả năng tiếp tục ở tương lai

(thường đi với các từ since , for)

Ex : - They have lived here for ten years

* Ngòai ra còn có một số cụm từ chỉ thời gian như : so far = until now = up to now ,how

long ? It is the first / second / third … time, twice / many / three… times.

Note : For ( many, several, 2, 3 / + times, years, months or a long time = ages ) # since ( last week )

4 The Simple Past (Thì quá khứ đơn )

a Form : - Khẳng định : S + V2, ed … ( To be : was / were )

- Phủ định : S + did not Vo …

- Nghi vấn : Did + S + Vo … ?

b Usage : Diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra, chấm dứt trong quá khứ ( đôi khi biết rõ thời gian ) thường có các từ đi kèm : yesterday ,ago , last ( week /night … ) , in 1990 ( thời gian ở quá khứ )

5 The Past Continuous (Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn )

a Form : S + was / were + V - ing

Ex: We were studying Maths at this time yesterday.

b Usage :

- Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra vào 1 thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ

Ex : - What were you doing at 4 p.m yesterday?

- Diễn tả 1 hành động đang xảy ra vào 1 thời điểm xác định ở quá khứ hoặc 1 hành động đang xảy ra ( hành động này kéo dài hơn ) thì có hành động khác xen vào

Ex: a What were you doing at 4 p.m yesterday?

b We were watching television when he came

- Diễn tả 2 hành động đang xảy ra cùng lúc ở quá khứ

Ex: Yesterday , while I was reading a book , my sister was watching T.V

* Dấu hiệu nhận biết : at ( the / this / that ) time, at the moment, at 4p.m + thời gian ở quá khứ ( yesterday, last )

Ex : He was watching film at the moment yesterday.

6 The Past perfect (Thì quá khứ hòan thành )

a Form : S + had V3 , ed

b Usage : Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước 1 hành động khác trong quá khứ hoặc trước 1 thời điểm ở quá khứ

Ex : When I got up this morning, my mother had already left

* Dấu hiệu nhận biết : before , after

7 The simple future : (Thì tương lai đơn )

a Form : S + shall / will Vo

b Usage : Diễn tả hành động sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai : tomorrow , next ( week / month ) … , in

2020

8 The Perfect Future : ( Tương lai hòan thành )

Form S + will have V 3,ed

Dấu hiệu nhận biết : By the end of …

Ex : By the end of this year, I will have had a new bike.

Note : Sau when , while , before , after , until, by the time, as , as soon as, if ……… không dùng thì tương lai mà chỉ dùng thì hiện tại đơn

Ex : She will phone her parents when she comes here next week.

EXERCISES: I Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1 She (not work)………., she (swim) ……….in the river.

2 Why Ann (not wear) ……… her new dress?

3 You can't see Tom now: he (have) ……… a bath.

4 He usually (drink) ……… coffee but today he (drink) ……… tea.

5 – What she (do) ………… in the evenings?

– She usually (play) ………cards or (watch)……… TV.

6 She (stand) … at the bus stop I asked her what bus she (wait) …… for.

7 When I arrived , the lecture had already started and the professor (write) ……… on the overhead projector.

8 I didn't want to meet Paul , so when he entered the room I (leave) ……….

9 He (watch) ……… TV when the phone rang Very unwillingly he (turn) ………… down the sound and (go) ……… to answer it.

10 – This is my house

– How long you (live)……… here?

– I (live) ………here since 1970.

11 He (live) …… in London for two years and then (go) … to Edinburgh.

12 I (not see) ……… him for three years I wonder where he is.

13 I can't go out because I (not finish) ……… my work.

14 Here are your shoes; I just (clean) ……… them.

15 You (have) …… breakfast yet? – Yes, I (have) ……… it at 8.00.

16 – You (be) ……… here before?

– Yes, I (spend) ……… my holidays here last year

– You (have) ……… a good time?

– No, it never (stop) ……… raining.

17 – Where you (go) …… for your holidays this year? – I (go)… to Holland.

18 They (get) ……… married next week.

19 – You (do) … anything tonight? – Yes, I (go) … to my carpentry class.

20 Look at those clouds It (rain)………

21 You (have) ……… time to help me tomorrow?

22 – Did you remember to book seats? – Oh no, I forgot I (telephone) ……… for them now.

23 – He has just been taken to hospital with a broken leg

– I'm sorry to hear that I (send) ……… him some grapes.

24 I've hired a typewriter and I (learn) ……… to type.

25 I see that you have got a loom You (do) ………… some weaving?

II Multiple choices

1 She Hanoi last year.

A went B go C goes D is going

2 Now you from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.

A are flying B would fly C will fly D can fly

3 When Carol last night, I my favorite show on television.

A was calling- watched B called- have watched

C called- was watching D had called- watched

4 By the time next summer, you your studies.

A completes B will complete

have completed

5 Right now, Jim the newspaper and Kathy dinner.

A reads- has cooked B is reading- is cooking

C has read- was cooking D read- will be cooking

6 Last night at this time, they the same thing She and he the

newspaper.

A are doing- is cooking- is reading B were doing- was cooking- was reading

C was doing- has cooked- is reading D had done- was cooking- read

7 – Hurry up! We’re waiting for you What’s taking you so long? – I ……… for an important phone call Go ahead and leave without me.

a wait b will wait c am waiting d have waited

8 – Robert is going to be famous someday He ……… in three movies already – I’m sure he’ll be a star.

a has been appearing b has appeared c had appeared d appeared

9 – Hello? Alice? This is Jeff How are you? – Jeff? What a coincidence! I ………… about you when the phone rang.

c have just been thinking d was just thought

10 – What …… about the new simplified tax law? – It’s more confusing than the old one.

c have you thought d have you been thinking

11 – Why did you buy all this sugar and chocolate?

– I ……… a delicious dessert for dinner tonight.

a make b will make c am going to make d will have made

12 – Let’s go! What’s taking you so long? – I’ll be there as soon as I …… my keys.

a found b will find c find d am finding

13 While I ……… TV last night, a mouse ran across the floor.

a watch b watched c was watching d am watching

14 The earth ……… on the sun for its heat and light.

a is depend b depending c has depend d depends

15 I don’t feel good I ……… home from work tomorrow.

a am staying b stay c will have stayed d stayed

16 I’ve been in this city for a long time I ……… here sixteen years ago.

a have come b was coming c came d had come

17 – May I speak to Dr Paine, please?

– I’m sorry, he ………… a patient at the moment Can I help you?

a is seeing b sees c has been seeing d was seeing

18 – Paul, could you please turn off the stove? The potatoes …… for at least 30 minutes.

a are boiling b have been boiling c boiling d were boiling

19 My family loves this house It ……….the family home ever since my grandfather built

it 60 years ago.

20 I know you feel bad now, Tommy, but try to put it out of your mind By the time you’re an adult, you ……… all about it.

a forget b will have forgotten c will forget d forgot

21 The little girl started to cry She ……… her doll, and no one was able to find it for her.

a has lost b had lost c was losing d was lost

22 I much of you lately We three months ago

A haven’t seen- last meet B didn’t see- met

C haven’t seen- have meet D didn’t see- have met

23 The Chinese spaghetti dishes for a long time before Marco Polo back to Italy

C made- had brought D had been making- brought

24 When I arrived at the meeting the first speaker speaking and the

audience

A just finished- were clapping B had just finished- had clapped

C had just finished- were clapping D just finished- had clapped

25 He his job last month and then he out of work

26 Jane’s eyes burned and her shoulders ached She ……… at the computer for five straight hours Finally, she took a break.

a is sitting b has been sitting c was sitting d had been sitting

27 In the last hundred years, travelling much easier and more comfortable

A become B has become C became D will became

28 In the 19 th century, it two or three months to across North America by covered wagon

A took B had taken C had been taken D was taking

29 Sam to change a light bulb when he and

A was trying -slipped- fell B tried- was slipping- falling

C had been trying- slipped- was falling D has tried- slips- falls

30 In the past, the trip very rough and often dangerous, but things a great deal

in the last hundred and fifty years

A was- have changed B is- change

C had been- will change D has been- changed

2 Verb forms

• Để dễ nhớ, ta chia hình thức động từ loại động từ :

+ Bare infinitive(động từ nguyên mẫu không To) >Vo + To infinitive (động từ nguyên mẫu có To) > V1 + Simple past( qúa khứ đơn) Vo-ED/ V2 > V2 + Past participle: qúa khứ phân từ : V3/ Vo-ED -> V3 + Present participle Hiện tại phân tư :Vo+ing -> V4

( chức năng như tính từ hay dùng trong thì tiếp diễn) + Gerund Danh động từ:(Vo+ing)

(chức năng như danh từ hoặc động từ) > V4

* Động từ chia theo ý nghĩa có động từ đặc biệt và động từ thường, chia theo dạng có 3 dạng chính như sau:

Bare infinitive (V0) Infinitive :

To infinitive (V1) Gerund (V0 + ing )

Past Participle → Vo ed/V3 ( V3 ) Participle :

Present Participle - Vo + ing(V4 )

I Bare infinitive : (bare) động từ nguyên mẫu khơng to

1 Sau modal verbs ( động từ khiếm khuyết )

2 Sau auxilary verbs : do, does, did

3 Sau make, let, help ( sau help có thể có To inf )

Passive voice → dùng to inf theo sau Trừ let

4 Sau động từ chỉ giác quan:(verbs of perception ) : see, hear, smell, feel, taste, watch, notice …

Vo ( bare ) → hành động đã xong

S + V + object

Vo ( ing ) → hành động đang diễn ra

5 Sau had better ( tốt hơn ) would rather ( thà thì hơn ), had sooner

6 Sau thành ngữ : to do nothing but + Vo ( bare ) : không làm gì cả mà chỉ

Can not but + Vo(bare): không còn cách nào khác

7 Causative form (Thể sai khiến):

S + have + object ( chỉ người ) + Vo (bare)

8 Simple present tense : I, you, we, they +Vo (bare)

9 Bắt đầu câu mệnh lệnh: ( imprative )

II To infinitive (V1) động từ nguyên mẫu có To)

1 Làm subject → V(sing) (review formal subject)

2 Làm object of verb : S + V + to inf (as an object )

3 Làm bổ ngữ cho tân ngữ ( object complement ) ;

S + V + obj + to infinitive

4 Làm adjective → rút gọn adjective clause ( relative clause ) đứng sau danh từ →

review how to reduce relative clause

5 Làm adverb ⇒ rút gọn : adverbbial clause of result : đứng sau adj

Rút gọn: adverbial clause of purpose: chỉ mục đích

5a Rút gọn clause of result theo công thức sau ( phrase of result )

S + V + too adj/adv ( for object )+ to inf

S + V + adj/adv enough (for object )+to inf

5b Rút gọn : clause of purpose theo mẫu sau ( phrase of purpose )

to inf

S + V + in order for object to inf

so as to inf

6 It + take+ (object) + time + to inf

7 Causative form: S+ get + object ( chỉ người ) + to inf

8 Sau một số động từ sau đây:

8.a Những động từ sau đây, theo sau là to infinitive : S + V + to inf

8 care : quan tâm

9 claim : cho là, tuyên bố

30 regret : tiếc ( tương lai )

31 remember : nhớ (tương lai )

32 seem : dường như

33 struggle : đấu tranh, cố gắng

34 swear : thề

35 threaten : dọa

36 tend : có khuynh hướng

37 volunteer : tình nguyện, xung phong

3 ask : hỏi, đòi hỏi

4 beg : năn nỉ, xin

38 desire : ao ước, thèm thuồng

39 direct : hướng dẫn, chỉ huy

40 implore : yêu cầu

19 order : ra lệnh

20 permit : cho phép

21 persuade : thuyết phục

22 remind : nhắc lại

41 provoke : xúi giục

42 Teach, explain, know, understand, discover, consider, think, believe + how + to inf :Chỉ cách thức

III Gerund : Danh động từ:

A Gerund as a noun ( subj , obj, complement & appositive)

1 Làm chủ ngữ → V(sing) → ( real subject & informal subject )

2 Làm tân ngữ

Object of verb : S + V + V- ing ( gerund )

Object of preposition → sau preposition + V-ing

3 Làm subject complement:

Ex: My hobby is swimming ( gerund )

4 Làm appositive (ngữ đồng vị )

Ex: My hobby, swimming makes me healthy

5 Đứng sau thành ngữ : it is no use, it is no good :

there is no use, there is no good: vô ích can’t stand / bear / help : không thể chịu được

6 Sau hai tính từ : busy, worth

7 Thành lập noun compound ( danh từ kép )

N + gerund →child bearing

Gerund + N → flying machine

B Gerund as a verb : có object hoặc được bổ nghĩa bởi một trạng từ

1 admit : thừa nhận

2 advise : khuyên ( không object )

3 anticipate : tham gia

4 appreciate : đánh giá cao

19 fancy : tưởng tượng

20 imagine : tưởng tượng

21 involve : làm liên lụy

33 recall : gợi lại, nhớ lại

34 recollect : gợi lại

46 restrict : hạn chế, giảm bớt, ngăn ngừa

* can’t bear, can’t stand, can’t help

* it is no use, it is no good, there is no use

* look forward to

* busy, worth

IV Past participle : quá khứ phân từ – VoED/V3

1 Thêm trợ từ have+Vo-ED/V3 ( past participle )→ perfect tense

2.Thêm trợ từ Be +VoED/V3(past participle)→ passive voice.

3 Làm chức năng như adjective ⇒ passive meaning ⇒ có thể rút gọn mệnh đề tính từ (adjective clauses or relative clauses )

+ Có thể rút gọn mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian

+ Có thể rút gọn câu khi một chủ ngữ thực hiện hai hành động

4 Thành lập adjective compound: tính từ kép

Adj + V ( PP – VoED/V3 ) → new – born

6 Thêm “the” để thành lập danh từ tập hợp → V(plural )

educated(adj)→ the educated:những người có giáo dục

7 Thành lập causative form : thể truyền khuyến

S +have/get +object (chỉ vật)+ V ( PP – Vo ED/V3 )

V Present participle ( Vo + ing) hiện tại phân từ.

1 Thêm trợ từ Be + Vo-ing để thành lập thì continuous tense

2 Làm tính từ → mang nghĩa chủ động ( active meaning )

→ có thể rút gọn mệnh đề tính từ ( adjective clause or relative clause )

→ có thể rút gọn mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian, nhượng bộ, lý do và điều kiện

→ một chủ ngữ thực hiện 2 hành động có thể dùng present participle để rút gọn.

3 Thêm mạo từ “the” để thành lập danh từ tập hợp :

Ex: to live → the living : những người đang sống

4 Thành lập tính từ kép ( adjective compound )

Adj Vo + ing → good – loking

VI Vo + ing or to infinitive

1 Recommend, begin, start, continue + To inf /Vo – ing

2 Forget, remember, regret: +to inf → chỉ tương lai

+Vo – ing → chỉ quá khứ

3 Stop to infinitive → ngừng việc đang làm để làm việc khác

Vo – ing : → ngừng việc đang làm

4 Try to infinitive : cố gắng

Vo – ing : thử

5 Need, want, require

To inf : mang nghĩa chủ động

Vo+ ing : mang nghĩa bị động (need: tobe + V (PP)

6 Would you mind + Vo- ing?

Would you mind if + S + past Subjunctive …?

7 Advise, allow, permit obj + to infi

I Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund , infinitive, participle).

1 I caught him (climb) _ over my wall I asked him (explain) _ but he refused (say) _ anything, so in the end I had (let) _ him (go) _.

2 When at last I succeeded in (convince) _ him that I wanted (get) _ home quickly

he put his foot on the accelerator and I felt the car (leap) _ forward.

3 I'm not used to (drive) _on the left

When you see everyone else (do) it you'll find it quite easy (do) _yourself.

4 It is pleasant (sit) _by the fire at night and (hear) _the wind (howl) _outside.

5 There was no way of (get) _out of the building except by (climb) _down a rope and Ann was too terrified (do) _this.

6 We heard the engines (roar) _as the plane began (move) _ and we saw the people

on the ground (wave) _good-bye.

7 It's no good (write) _ to him; he never answers letters The only thing (do) _ is (go) _ and (see) _him.

8 Why did you go all round the field instead of (walk) _ across it?

I didn't like (cross) _it because of the bull I never see a bull without (think) _that

it wants (chase) _ me.

9 The people in the flat below seem (be) _ having a party You can hear the champagne corks (thud) _ against their ceiling.

10 I don't like (get) _bills but when I do get them I like (pay) _them promptly.

11 Ask him (come) _in Don't keep him (stand) _at the door.

12 The boys next door used (like) _(make) _ and (fly) _ model aero planes, but they seem to have stopped (do) _ that now.

13 I knew I wasn't the first (arrive) _, for I saw smoke (rise) _from the chimney.

14 We watched the men (saw) _the tree and as we were walking away heard it (fall) _with a tremendous crash.

15 I hate (see) _a child (cry) _.

16 We watched the children (jump) _from a window and (fall) _into a blanket held

by the people below.

17 It is very unpleasant (wake) _ up and (hear) _ the rain (beat) _on the

20 I prefer (drive) _ to (be driven) _.

II Multiple choices

1 All the passengers were made their seat belts during the turbulence

a buckle b to buckle c buckling d for buckling.

2 good ice cream, you need to use a lot of cream.

3 I got my friend her car for the weekend

a to let me to borrow b to let me borrow

4 How can you let such a silly incident your friendship?

a wreck b to wreck c wrecking d that wrecks

5 ‘How about going to the theater?' 'OK,' but I would rather a concert.'

a attend b to attend c attending d have attended

6 The skiers would rather through the mountains than go by bus.

a to travel on train b traveled by train

c travel by train d traveling by the train

7 If we leave now for our trip, we can drive half the distance before we stop _ lunch.

a having b to have c having had d for having

8 The examiner made us _ our identification in order to be admitted to the test center.

9 As we entered the room, we saw a rat towards a hole in the skirting board.

a scamper b to scamper c scampering d was scampering

10 I remember to Paris when I was a very small child.

a to be taken b to take c being taken d taking

11 My parents wouldn't _ to the party.

a allow me go b allow me to go c allow me going d allow to go

12 We are going to have my house _ tomorrow morning.

a paint b painting c painted d to be painted

13 We hope that the students themselves will enjoy part in the projects.

a to take b taking c to be taken d being taken

14 Sally's low test scores kept her from _ to the university.

a admitting b to admit c to be admitted d being admitted

15 Are you sure you told me about the party? I don't recall _ about it.

a having told b to have told c having been told d to have been told

16 I meant to get up early but I forgot _ up my alarm clock.

17 Look at the state of the gate It needs as soon as possible.

a to repair b repairing c being repaired d be repaired

18 Alice didn't expect to Bill's party

a asking b being asked c to ask d to be asked

19 We asked the piano so early in the morning, but she won't.

a Marie to stop playing b Marie stop to play

c that Marie stops playing d Marie to stop to play

20 A good teacher makes her students the world from new perspectives.

a to view b view c to be viewed d viewing

3 Passive voice

I Form:

Active: S + V + O + ……

Passive: S + be + V3/ed + (by O) + ……

Ex: Active: She arranges the books on the shelves every weekend.

S V O

Passive: The books are arranged on the shelves (by her) every weekend.

S be V3/ed by O

II CÁCH ĐỔI ACTIVE VOICE SANG PASSIVE VOICE:

Ex: Active sentence: Peter took this book yesterday

Passive sentence: This book was taken by Peter yesterday

Trong câu chủ động:

- Peter → Subj ; took → động từ chính (Past simple)

- this book → Obj; yesterday → trạng từ chỉ thời gian

Trong câu bi động:

- Obj ( this book) → Subj ; Subj ( Peter) →by Obj

- took (động từ chính) → taken (V3 / VoED - Past participle)

- thêm was vì động từ chính (took) đang chia thì Past simple

A Tổng quát:

A Tổng quát: active sentence: Subject + V + Obj

Passive sentence: Subject + BE + V3 / VoED (động từ chính) + by Obj

1- Chuyển: Obj -> Subj; Subj > by Obj (Có thể bỏ nếu by Obj không cần thiết)

2-Thêm BE và chia thì tương ứng với thì câu chủ động

Nghĩa là: Động từ chính của câu chủ động ở thì nào thì “ To Be” phải chia ở thì đó ) Như vậy: trong câu bị động “ To Be” có vai trò chia thì, Động từ chính có chức năng như một tính từ

mang nghĩa bị động (không chia thì)

3- Chuyển động từ chính sang -> V3 hoặc Vo ED

Ex: Moss is covering this wall -> This wall is being covered with moss.

- Nếu Subj của câu chủ động là: nothing, no one, nobody -> câu bị động bỏ by Obj và ở thể phủ định.

Ex: No one helps me -> I am not helped.

3 Chuyển động từ chính sang -> V3 hoặc Vo ED

(Động từ chính có chức năng như một tính từ mang nghĩa bị động-không chia thì)

4 Thêm BE và chia tương ứng với thì của câu chủ động (Động từ chính của câu chủ động ở thì nào thì To be phải chia ở thì đó )

5 Giữ lại động từ khiếm khuyết (Modal verb) trong câu bị động nếu có.

Will/ would, shall/ should, can/ could, may/might must, have to, be going to, used to, Active: S+ will/would, shall/ should + Vo + object

→Passive: S + will/would, shall/should + be + V3 / Vo ED (+ by object).

Ex: Police will destroy these drugs → These drugs will be destroyed by police.

6 Đặt trạng từ chỉ thể cách (adj + ly) trước Past Participle (V3 / Vo ED) nếu có

Ex: People use English widely → English is widely used

7 Giữ nguyên giới từ sau Past Participle (V3 / Vo ED) nếu có.

8 Đặt trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn trước BY, trạng từ chỉ thời gian sau BY nếu có Place + by Obj + Time

Ex: Mr Pike built this school in my village last year.

→ This school was built in my village by Mr Pike last year

9 Past Participle (V3 / Vo ED) as an Adjective, do đó động từ theo sau hầu hết là To infinitive.

Ex: She makes me cry → I am made to cry

III NHỮNG TRƯỜNG HỢP PASSIVE VOICE ĐẶC BIỆT:

1-Causative form (thể truyền khuyến):

a/ Active voice: -S + Have + Obj(chỉ người) + Vo

Ex: I have him repair my bicycle.

-S + Get + Obj (chỉ người) + to infi

Ex: I get him to repair my bicycle.

b/ Passive voice: -S + Have/Get + Obj (chỉ vật) + V3 / Vo ED

Ex: I have/get my bicycle repaired by him.

2 Sau những động từ chỉ ý kiến (verb of opinion): say, think , believe, report, rumour, know, consider, claim

Active: S1+ verb1 ( say/ believe/ think ) (that) +S2+ verb2

Passive:

Cách 1: It + be + V3 / Vo ED (verb1) + S2 + verb 2

Cách 2: S2 + be + V3 / Vo ED (verb1) + to-infinitive (verb 2) /

+ to have + V3 / Vo ED (verb 2) nếu V1 khác thì V2

Ex: People say that he was crazy

→ Cách 1: It is said that he was crazy Or

→ Cách 2: He is said to have been crazy ( to have been vì say và was khác thì).

Ex: People say that money brings happiness

→ Cách 1: It is said that money brings happiness

→ Cách 2: Money is said to bring happiness.( Dùng to bring vì say và bring cùng thì)

3 Sau những động từ chỉ giác quan(verb of perception): see, hear, smell, feel, taste, watch,

notice, make, help, bid.

Ex: I hear him come in -> He is heard to come in (nếu câu chủ động là coming thì giữ nguyên trong câu bị động).

4 Imperative(câu mệnh lệnh):

Ex: a Open the door -> Let the door be opened

b They let him go out -> He was allowed to go out / He was let to go out

5 Sau những động từ: like, hate, love, want, wish, prefer, hope.

Ex: He wants KHA to take photographs→ He wants photographs to be taken by KHA

Ex: He does not like people laughing at him > He does not like being laughed at.

6 Các động từ: advise, agree, insist, arrange, suggest, propose, recommend, determine, decide, demand, beg, urge, order, request

Ex: He advised me to accept this job

→ Cách 1: He advised me this job should be accepted.

→ Cách 2: I was advised to accept this job.

7- Need + to be + V3 / Vo ED = Need + Voing

Ex: Your shirt needs to be ironed / Your shirt needs ironing.

8- It + be + adjective + to-infinitive + sth

Passive: It + be + adjective + for sth + to be + V3 / Vo ED

Ex: - It is important to finish this exercise

=>It is important for this exercise to be finished

- It is necessary to copy this lesson

=> It is necessary for this lesson to be copied.

- It is time to feed the chicken => It is time for the chicken to be fed

9- Các trường hợp khác:

Ex Please enter this way -> You are requested to enter this way.

Dưới đây là vài v í dụ về cách thêm BE và chia tương ứng với thì của câu chủ động

a.The simple present: S + Vo/Ve/es → S + am/is/are/ +V3 / Vo ED

Ex: She cleans the floor everyday → Passive: The floor is cleaned everyday.

b.The present continuous: S + am/ is/ are + Vo + ing

→ S + am/ is/ are + being + V3 / Vo ED

Ex: Mr.Baker is repairing the car →Passive: the car is being repaired by Mr Baker

c.The present perfect: S+ has/have + V3 / Vo ED

→ S+ has/have + been + V3 / Vo ED

Ex: Someone has stolen the bicycles → Passive: The bicycles have been stolen

d.The simple past: S + Vo ED/ V2 → S + was/ were + V3 / Vo ED.

Ex: Where did they find the drugs ? ( S + V2/ V-ed)

→Passive: Where were the drugs found ?

e.The past continuous: (S + was/ were + V-ing )

→ S + was / were + being + V3 / Vo ED

Ex: They were preparing lunch when I came there yesterday

→ Lunch was being prepared when I came there yesterday.

f The past perfect: S+ had + V3 / Vo ED → S+ had been + V3 / Vo ED

Ex: She had written almost ten pages by 3:00 pm

→ Almost ten pages had been written by 3:00 p.m

g- Who + V + object ? Passive: - By whom ? - Who by ?

Ex: Who wrote this novel ?

→ Passive: - By whom was this novel written ?

hoặc: Who was this novel written by ?

Exercise 1 : Passive and Active voice:

1 People drink a great deal of tea in England.

2 Tom was writing two poems.

3 She often takes her dog for a walk.

4 People speak English all over the world.

5 A group of students have met their friends at the railway station.

6 They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home.

7 The teacher won’t correct exercises tomorrow.

8 How many trees did they cut down to build that fence?

9 This well-known library attracts many people.

10 My mother used to make us clean the house.

11 He likes people to call him “Sir”.

12 They are going to have someone repair their car

13 People say that he is intelligent.

14 He can’t repair my bike.

15 Mary has operated Tom since 10 o’clock.

16 Mr Smith has taught us French for 2 years.

17 They didn’t look after the children properly.

18 Nobody swept this street last week.

19 How many lessons are you going to learn next month?

20 You need to do this work.

Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences in the passive:

1 They will construct some new airports on islands.

Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with the given words, active or passive :

1 Chris has good news The engineering firm where she had an interview yesterday (may + offer) ……… her a job soon.

2 Good news! I (may + offer) ……… a job soon I had an interview at an engineering firm yesterday.

3 You (should + open) ……… the wine about three hours before you use it.

4 You (mustn’t + move) ……… this man; he is too ill He (will + have to + leave) ……… here.

5 You (must + take) ……… those books back to the library yesterday.

6 We tried, but the window (couldn’t + open) ………

7 You (must + keep) ……… meat in a refrigerator or it will spoil.

8 I (had better + wash) ……… my clothes today, or they will be very smelly.

9 Someone (should + tell) ……… James the news immediately.

10 This application (be supposed to + send) ………… to the personnel department soon Exercise 4: Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete the sentence.

1 I shouldn’t ……… so much coffee last night I was wide awake till four in the morning.

2 The profits are supposed ……… among the shareholders.

A to divide B to be divided C dividing D being divided

3 When you are on duty, your uniform must ……… at all times

4 You promised her a letter; you ought to ……… days ago.

A write B be writing C have written D be written

5 After the test papers ……… to the students in class tomorrow, the students

……… their next assignment.

A will return – will be given B will be returned – are given

C are returning – are giving D are returned – will be given

6 The class for next semester is too large It ought to ……… in half.

A be divided B divide C have divided D have been divided

7 The entire valley can ……… from their mountain home.

8 He is wearing a gold ring on his fourth finger He must……….

A have been married B be married C marry D have married

9 A child should ……… everything he or she wants.

10 Your daughter has a good voice Her interest in singing ……… encouraged.

11 I found this book on my desk when I came to class It must …… by one of the students

in earlier class.

A be left B have been left C leave D have left

12 You had better ……….your chores before Mom gets home.

A be finished B have finished C have been finished D finish

13 These books will have to ……… to the library tomorrow.

A return B have returned C being returned D be returned

14 Ann’s birthday was on the 5 th , and now it’s already the 8 th Her birthday card … a week ago.

C should have been sent D should have sent

15 You ……… me to Dr Gray We’ve already met.

A don’t have to introduce B mustn’t be introduced

C shouldn’t introduce D mustn’t introduce

16 Bill ……….Ann to the party tomorrow.

C will have invited D will have been invited.

17 A new hospital ……….in this area.

A are going to be built B builds C is going to be built D is going to build

18 Mike ……… What’s going on in his English class.

C could have understood D could have been understood

19 Our test papers ……….by our teachers now.

A are marking B are being marked C will mark D will be marked

20 ……….the birds in your garden at three o’clock yesterday afternoon?

A Did you feed B Were you fed C Were you being fed D Were you feeding Exercise 5: Multiple choices

1 Many U.S automobiles - in Detroit, Michigan.

C are manufactured D are manufacturing

2 I still can’t believe it! My bicycle - last night.

3 Let’s go ahead and do it now Nothing - by waiting.

A will be accomplished B accomplished

C has accomplished D accomplishes

4.” When -? “ - In 1928

A penicillin was discovered B did penicillin discovered

C was penicillin discovered D did penicillin discover

5 The rescuers - for their bravery and fortitude in locating the lost mountain climbers.

6 Vitamin C - by the human body It gets into the bloods stream quickly.

A absorbs easily B is easily absorbing

C is easily absorbed D absorbed easily

7 Renoir is one of the most popular French impressionist painters His paintings - masterpieces all over the world.

A had considered B are considering

8 We can’t go along here because the road is -.

A been repaired B being repaired

9 More than 50 films - in HCMC since June.

C have been shown D have shown

10 George is - Lisa.

11 Somebody cleans the room every day.

a The room every day is cleaned

b The room is every day cleaned

c The room is cleaned every day

d The room is cleaned by somebody every day

12 They cancelled all flights because of fog.

a All flights because of fog were cancelled.

b All flights were cancelled because of fog.

c All flights were because of fog cancelled

d All flights were cancelled by them because of fog

13 People don't use this road very often.

a This road is not used very often b Not very often this road is not used

c This road very often is not used d This road not very often is used

14 Somebody accused me of stealing money.

a I was accused by somebody of stealing money.

b I was accused of stealing money

c I was accused of stealing money by somebody

d I was accused stealing money.

15 How do people learn languages?

a How are languages learned? b How are languages learned by people?

c How languages are learned? d Languages are learned how?

16 People warned us not to go out alone.

a We were warned not going out alone

b We were warned not to go out alone by people.

c We weren't warned to go out alone.

d We were warned not to go out alone.

17 Somebody is using the computer at the moment.

a The computer is being used at the moment.

b The computer at the moment is being used.

c The computer is being used by somebody at the moment.

d The computer is used at the moment.

18 I didn't realize that somebody was recording our conversation.

a I didn’t realize that our conversation was recorded.

b I didn't realize that our conversation was being recorded.

c I didn't realize that our conversation was being recorded by someone.

d Our conversation wasn't realized to be recorded.

19 We found that they had cancelled the game.

a We found that the fame had been cancelled.

b The game had been cancelled.

c We found that the game had been cancelled by them.

d The game were found to be cancelled.

20 They are building a new highway around the city.

a A new highway is being built around the city.

b A new highway is being built around the city by them

c A new highway around the city is being built.

d Around the city a new highway is being built.

4 Relative clauses

RELATIVE CLAUSES & REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

A RELATIVE CLAUSES

- Mệnh đề quan hệ (hay mệnh đề tính ngữ) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.

- Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng các đại

từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, và trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN.

Danh từ đứng trước

(Antecedent)

Chủ ngữ (Subject)

Tân ngữ (Object)

Sở hữu cách (Possesive Case)

Người (person) Who/That Whom/That Whose

Vật (Thing) Which/That Which/That Of which/ whose

1 Đại từ quan hệ (Relative Clauses)

a WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ từ trong MĐQH.

Ex: - I need to meet the boy The boy is my friend’s son.

 I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son.

- The woman is standing over there She is my sister.

The woman who is standing over there is my sister.

b WHO/ WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm túc từ trong MĐQH.

Ex:- I know the girl I spoke to this girl.

 I know the girl who/ whom I spoke to.

- The man is my teacher Your father is talking to him.

 The man who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.

c WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ từ, túc từ trong MĐQH.

Ex: - She works for a company It makes cars

 She works for a company which makes cars.

- The elephants are big People keep the elephants in iron cages.

 The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big.

- Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó

Ex: He passed his exam This pleased his parents.

He passed his exam, which pleased his parents (dùng dấu phẩy trước đại từ quan hệ)

d THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH hạn định

Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son.

- The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister.

- I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to.

- The man that/ who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.

- She works for a company that/ which makes cars.

- The elephants that/ which people keep in iron cages are big.

* Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:

- Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật:

Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.

- Sau đại từ bất định: something, aynyone, nobody, all, much

Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.

All that is mine is yours.

- Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, only, first, last

Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have.

- You are the only person that can help us.

- Trong cấu trúc It + be + … + that … (chính là …)

Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.

(Chính là bạn tôi đã viết câu này.)

* Những trường hợp không dùng THAT:

- Trong mệnh đề tính từ không hạn định.

Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.

- Sau giới từ

Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale.

e WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật (his-, her-, its-, their-).

Ex: - John found the cat Its leg was broken.

 John found the cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken.

- This is the student I borrowed his book.

This is the student whose book I borrowed.

f OF WHICH / OF WHOM:

Ex: - Daisy has three brothers All of them are teachers.

 Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.

- He asked me a lot of questions I couldn’t answer most of them.

 He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.

g Giới từ đặt trước mệnh đề tính ngữ: (WHOM/WHICH)

Ex: - The man speaks English very fast I talked to him last night.

 The man to whom I talked last night speaks English very fast.

- The house is for sale I was born in it.

 The house in which I was born is for sale.

* LƯU Ý: KHÔNG dùng THAT sau giới từ.

2 Trạng từ quan hệ (Relative Adverbs)

a WHERE (in/ on/ at which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn

Ex: - The movie theater is the place We can see films at that place.

 The movie theater is the place where we can see films.

b WHEN (in/ on which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian

Ex: - Do you remember the day We first met on that day.

 Do you remember the day when we first met?

c WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do

Ex: - Tell me the reason You are so sad for that reason.

 Tell me the reason why you are so sad.

CÓ 2 LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ LIÊN HỆ:

RESTRICTIVE & NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES

I Restrictive Relative Clauses:

- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính sẽ không rõ nghĩa.

Ex: - I saw the girl She helped us last week.

 I saw the girl who/that helped us last week.

* LƯU Ý: Ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm tân ngữ trong MĐQH hạn định.

II Non-restritive Relative Clauses:

- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa

- Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy.

- Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định khi:

+ Trước đại từ quan hệ có: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/…

+ Từ trước đại từ quan hệ là tên riêng, danh từ riêng, vật duy nhất, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn

Ex: - My father is a doctor He is fifty years old.

 My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor.

- Mr Brown is a very nice teacher We studied English with him.

 Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.

- The sun made the traveller thirsty It was hot at midday.

 The sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveller thirsty

- The boys in the next room are my students They are making noise.

 The boys in the next room, who are making noise, are my students

* LƯU Ý: + KHÔNG được bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong MĐQH không hạn định.

EXERCISE 1 : Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun.

1 The girl is my cousin She chatted with you yesterday

19 Mr Pike is excellent I am taking his course.

Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa bị động

a I like books which were written by Nguyen Du.

b I like books written by Nguyen Du.

2) Dùng cụm to inf : ( Noun/ Pronoun + to infinitive / to be + P.P )

-Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các từ sau đây :

ONLY, LAST, FIRST, SECOND

Ex: This is the only student who can do the problem (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động) This is the only student to do the problem.

-Động từ là HAVE

Ex: I have something that I must do now (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)

I have something to do now.

-Câu bắt đầu bằng: HERE (BE), THERE (BE)

Ex: There are six letters which have to be written today (động từ mang nghĩa bị động) There are six letters to be written today.

GHI NHỚ :

Trong phần to inf này cần nhớ 2 điều sau:

- Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm for sb trước to inf.

Ex: We have some picture books that children can read.

We have some picture books for children to read.

Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như: we, you, everyone thì

có thể không cần ghi ra.

Ex: Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about

Studying abroad is the wonderful (for us ) to think about.

- Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ thì phải đem xuống cuối câu.

Ex: We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.

We have a peg to hang our coat on.

Ex: a Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.

 Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.

 Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.

Ex: b Do you like the book which is on the table?

Do you like the book on the table?

PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN:

B

ước 1 : - Tìm xem mệnh đề tính từ nằm chổ nào

Bước này dễ vì mệnh đề tính từ thường bắt đầu bằng WHO,WHICH,THAT B

ước 2 :

Bước này chủ yếu là rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm từ

1 Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không ? Nếu có áp dụng công thức 3

2 Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trứoc who which có các dấu hiệu first ,only v v không ,nếu có thì áp dụng công thức 2 (to inf ) lưu ý thêm xem 2 chủ từ có khác nhau không ( để dùng for sb )

3 Nếu không có 2 trừong hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng V-NG hay P.P

EXERCISE 2: Use reduced relative clauses in place of the relative clauses

1 The child is lonely, he would be happier if he had someone that he could play with.

EXERCISE 3: CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER:

1 That’s my friend, _ comes from Japan.

2 The plants which in the living room need a lot of water.

3 She’s the woman _ sister looks after the baby for us.

4 That’s the doctor for Cliff works.

5 Marie, I met at the party, called me last night.

6 I remember Alice, rode the bus to school with.

7 I used to enjoy the summer, we had a big family picnic.

8 Tell me about the city you grew up.

9 Anna found the book that wanted at the bookshop.

10 Please remember to take back to the library all the books are due this week.

11 He likes the dress Huong is wearing it

A He likes the dress which Huong is wearing it

B He likes the dress Huong is wearing it

C He likes the dress who Huong is wearing

D He likes the dress Huong is wearing

12 Most of the classmates couldn't come He invited them to the birthday party

A Most of the classmates he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.

B Most of the classmates he was invited to the birthday party couldn't come.

C Most of the classmates that he invited them to the birthday party couldn't come.

D Most of the classmates which he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.

13 What was the name of the man? You met and talked to him this morning.

A What was the name of the man who you met and talked to him this morning?

B What was the name of the man you met and talked to this morning?

C What was the name of the man you met and talked to whom this morning?

D What was the name of the man whose you met and talked to this morning?

14 The church is over 500 years old Our class visited it last summer.

A The church which our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old.

B The church that our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old.

C The church which our class visited last summer is over 500 years old.

D The church our class visit last summer is over 500 years old.

15 The song says about the love of two young stdents She is singing the song.

A The song which she is singing it says about the love of two young stdents.

B The song she is singing says about the love of two young stdents.

C The song says about the love of two young stdents which she is singing.

D The song says about the love of two young stdents that she is singing it.

Famous people One evening, Mrs Alda asked her husband to

take her to a very expensive restaurant in the

city, because a lot of movie starts and other

famous people ate there, and she was curious to

see some of them.

Soon after Mr and Mrs Alda had ordered their

meal, a very attractive man and a woman came

into the restaurant and sat down at a table

nearby They were beautifully dressed, and Mrs

Alda said to her husband, “Look at those people,

George! I’m sure I’ve seen their pictures

somewhere.”

The man and the woman gave their order to the

waiter, and when he brought Mr and Mrs Alda

their soup, Mrs Alda said to him,

“Who are those people? Do you know them?”

“Oh, they’re nobody famous,” he answered at

once.

“Really?” Mrs Alda asked with surprise “How

do you know that?”

“Because they asked me who you were,” he

answered.

Những người nổi tiếng Một tối, bà Alda nói chồng đưa bà tới một nhà hàng rất sang trọng trong thành phố vì có nhiều minh tinh màn bạc cùng những nhân vật nổi tiếng đến ăn ở đó và bà tò mò muốn trông thấy họ.

Chẳng bao lâu sau khi ông bà Alda gọi thức ăn thì có một người đàn ông và một người đàn bà quyến rũ bước vào nhà hàng, họ ngồi xuống một bàn gần bàn của bà Alda Họ ăn mặc rất đẹp và

bà Alda nói với chồng:

-“Anh George, nhìn họ kìa! Em chắc đã thấy hình của họ ở đâu đó rồi.”

Người đàn ông và người đàn bà kia kêu món ăn

họ muốn và khi anh hầu bàn đưa món súp cho ông bà Alda, bà Alda hỏi anh:

-“Những người đó là ai thế? Anh có biết họ không?”

-“À, họ không phải là những người nổi tiếng đâu,” anh hầu bàn trả lời ngay.

“Thật không? Làm sao anh biết được điều đó?

Bà Alda ngạc nhiên hỏi.

-“Vì họ cũng hỏi tôi xem ông bà là ai,” anh hầu bàn trả lời.

5 Word form Word form s

A- MỘT SỐ CÁCH THÀNH LẬP LOẠI TỪ:

I- DANH TỪ:

1) Tiền tố: super-/under-/sur-/sub-/over- + N -> N

supermarket siêu thị underachievement đạt dưới mức surface bề mặt

superman siêu nhân subway tàu điện ngầm overexpenditure chi tiêu quá

physicist nhà vật lý American người Mỹ librarian thủ thư

actress nữ diễn viên musician nhạc sĩ scientist nhà khoa học

e) Adj + -y/-ity/-ness/-ism/-dom/ -ship -> N

difficulty khó khăn responsibility trách nhiệm happiness sự hạnh phúc capitalism chủ nghĩa tư bản freedom sự tự do friendship tình bạn

3) THE + ADJ -> NOUN

the poor, the blind, the deaf, the old, the sick, the weak,

the unemployed, the disabled, the dead, the young…

II- ĐỘNG TỪ:

1) Tiền tố:

a) dis-/mis-/re-/over-/under-/out- + V -> V

disagree khơng đồng ý misunderstand hiểu nhầm redo làm lại

overcook nấu quá chín undersell bán rẻ hơn outweigh nặng hơn

beautify làm đẹp lighten làm nhẹ đi modernize hiện đại hóa

III- TÍNH TỪ:

1) Tiền tố: un-/in-/im-/ir-/il-/dis- + Adj -> Adj

unlucky không may inexact không chính xác impossible không thể

irregular không có qui tắc illogical không hợp lý dishonest không trung thực

2) Hậu tố:

a) N + -ly/-like/-less/-ish/-y/-ful/-al/-ic/ -> Adj

daily hằng ngày childlike như con nít treeless không có cây

agricultural nông nghiệp scientific khoa học successful thành công

b) V/N + -ive/-able/-ible -> Adj

attractive hấp dẫn acceptable có thể chấp nhận defensible có thể bảo vệ eatable có thể ăn được active năng động comprehensible có thể hiểu

IV- TRẠNG TỪ: Phần lớn: Adj + -ly -> Adv

Slowly một cách chậm chạp carefully một cách cẩn thận safely một cách an tòan

B- MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC NHẬN DIỆN LOẠI TỪ THƯỜNG GẶP:

1 a/ an/ the/ this/ that…

many/ some/ a lot of…

Ex: She is a beautiful girl

2 danh từ chỉ sự đo lường, tuổi tác + (adj)

Ex: This table is two meters long He’s twenty years old

3 V (MAKE, KEEP, FIND…) + O ADJ

Ex: We should keep our room clean

4 Linking verbs (be, become, feel, look, taste, sound, smell, seem, get, appear…) + ADJ

5 đại từ bất định (something, someone, anything, anybody, everything, nobody…) +

ADJ

Ex: Do you have anything important to tell me?

Ex: Your story is very interesting

7 Hình thức hiện tại phân từ (-ING): Diễn tả nhận thức của người nói về người/việc gì đó Ex: That film is interesting (Bộ phim đó hay.) (Người xem nhận thấy bộ phim hay.)

Hình thức quá khứ phân từ (-ED): Diễn tả cảm giác của người nói do người/việc gì đó đem lại

Ex: I am confused about the question (Tôi bị bối rối về câu hỏi.) (Câu hỏi làm tôi bối rối.)

8 Trạng từ thể cách bổ nghĩa cho động từ

Ex: She drives carefully LƯU Ý:

- fast (nhanh), early (sớm), late (trễ), hard (chăm chỉ) vừa là tính từ vừa là trạng từ

Ex: Jack is a very fast runner Jack can run very fast

- Phân biệt: late (trễ) lately (gần đây) (= recently)

hard (chăm chỉ) hardly (hầu như không)

- Một số tính từ tận cùng –LY: friendly (thân thiện), lovely (dễ thương), lively (sống động),

- Trạng từ tần suất đứng trước động từ thường, sau BE, trợ động từ và modals

Ex: She doesn’t often go with him He can seldom find time for reading

Exercise: Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets

1 Your new dress makes you more _ (beauty)

2 You should do these exercises _ (quick)

3 The industrial will lead to the country’s prosperity (develop)

4 Some large cities have had measures to minimize air (pollute)

5 I will come to the party because I accept the _ (invite)

6 The _ of the Hollywood actor, Jimmy Halton, was announced last night (die)

7 This company offered a lot of jobs (attract)

8 We often go to the theater at weekends for (entertain)

9 He is a famous……… (act)

10 You must the answer you choose (dark)

11 We have a lot of ………… ……….……… in learning English (difficult)

12 I felt very ………… ……… when I was a member of our school team (excite)

13 He speaks English (fluency)

14 We are very proud of our……… ……… (friend)

15 He does exercise every morning, so he is very………… ……….……… (health)

16 Her parents’ ………… ……….……… makes her very sad (ill)

17 News on TV is very (inform)

18 What is his ? (nation)

19 Everybody loves beauty (nature)

20 It is cloudy and today (rain)

Multiple choice

1 He has been very interested in doing research on _ since he was at high school.

a biology b biological c biologist d biologically

2 You are old enough to take _ for what you have done.

a responsible b responsibility c responsibly d irresponsible

3 Many Vietnamese people their lives for the revolutionary cause of the nation

a sacrifice b sacrificed c sacrificial d sacrificially

4 They had a candlelit dinner last night and she accepted his proposal of marriage.

a romance b romantic c romantically d romanticize

5 She sent me a _ letter thanking me for my invitation.

a polite b politely c politeness d impoliteness

6 As an _, Mr Pike is very worried about the increasing of juvenile delinquency.

a educate b education c educator d educative

7 He was the only _ that was offered the job.

a apply b application c applicant d applying

8 Many people have objected to the use of animals in _ experiments.

a science b scientist c scientific d scientifically

9 _ is increasing, which results from economic crisis.

a Employment b Unemployment c Employ d Unemployed

10 _! I have heard of your success in the new project.

a Congratulate b Congratulating c Congratulation d Congratulations

11 A / an _ species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct.

a dangerous b endanger c endangered d endangerment

12 Almost half of turtles and tortoises are known to be threatened with .

a extinct b extinction c extinctive d extinctly

13 They are going to _ the pool to 1.8 meter

a deep b depth c deepen

15 The referee's _ is the most important in any sport competition.

d decider

16 Johnny used to be one of the most _ athletes in my country.

a succeed b success c successful

d successfully

17 The success of the 22nd SEA Games had a great contribution of many _ volunteers.

a support b supporter c supportive d supportively

18 He was so _ that he could not even say a word.

19 I am really _ in the way he talks, but the way he behaves.

a interest b interested c interesting d interestingly

20 Thanks to labor-saving devices, women have more time to take part in _ activities.

1 Câu hỏi đuôi gồm có: chủ ngữ (phải là đại từ nhân xưng) và trợ động từ hay động từ đặc biệc.

2 Nếu câu phát biểu ở thể xác định thì câu hỏi đuôi ở thể phủ định và ngược lại.

3 Nếu câu hỏi đuôi ở thể phủ định thì phải dùng hình thức tĩnh lược (contractive form).

Ex

:

He is a good boy,

The girl didn't come here yesterday,

They will go away,

She hasn't left,

a Phần đu ôi của “ I am” là “ aren’t I “

Eg: I’m going to do it again, aren’t I?

b Imperatives and Requests ( Câu mệnh lệnh và câu yêu cầu):

+ Có phần đuôi là “won’t you?” khi câu phát biểu diễn tả lời mời:

Eg: Take your seat, won’t you? (Mời ông ngồi)

+ Có phần đuôi là “will you?” khi câu phát biểu diễn tả lời yêu cầu hoặc mệnh lệnh phủ định.

Eg: Open the door, will you? ( Xin vui lòng mở cửa)

Don’t be late, will you? (Đừng đi trễ nha.)

c Phần đuôi của câu bắt đầu bằng “ Let’s ” : là “shall we ?”

Eg: Let’s go swimming, shall we?

Nhưng phần đuôi của “Let us / Let me” là “will you”

d Nothing, anything, something, everything được thay là thế bằng “ It” ở câu hỏi đuôi:

Eg : Everything will be all right, won’t it?

No one, Nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everybody, everyone được thay thế bằng “They” trong câu hỏi đuôi.

Eg: Someone remembered to leave the messages, didn’t they?

Lưu ý: Nothing, Nobody, No one được dùng trong mệnh đề chính, động từ ở câu hỏi đuôi sẽ phải ở dạng thức xác định (Vì Nothing, Nobody, No one có nghĩa phủ định)

Eg: Nothing gives you more pleasure than listening to music, does it ?

e This/ That được thay thế là “It”. Eg: This won’t take long, will it?

f These/ Those được thay thế là “They”.

Eg: Those are nice, aren’t they?

g Khi trong câu nói có từ phủ định như: seldom, rarely, hardly, no, without, never, few, little… phần đuôi phải ở dạng khẳng định.

Eg: He seldom goes to the movies, does he?

h Nếu câu phát biểu có dạng : You ‘d better → câu hỏi đuôi sẽ là : hadn’t you ?

You’d rather → câu hỏi đuôi sẽ là : wouldn’t you ?

You used to → câu hỏi đuôi sẽ là : didn’t you ?

III Ý nghĩa của câu hỏi đuôi:

Ý nghĩa của câu hỏi đuôi phụ thuộc vào ngữ điệu diễn đạt nó:

- Nếu ta hạ giọng, có nghĩa là ta thực sự đặt câu hỏi cho người đối thoại và ta muốn người nghe đồng tình với mình

- Nếu ta lên giọng câu hỏi đuôi thì ta muốn hỏi lại người nghe

EXERCISE : Add tag questions to the following.

1/ They want to come,……….?

2/ Elizabeth is a dentist, ……… ?

3/ They won’t be here, ………?

4/ That is your umbrella, ……….?

5/ There aren’t many people here yet, ……… ?

6/ He has a bicycle,………?

7/ Peter would like to come with us to the party, ……… ?

8/ Those aren’t Fred’s books, ………?

9/ You have never been to Paris,…………?

10/ Something is wrong with Jane today, ………… ?

11/ Everyone can learn how to swim, ……… ?

12/ Nobody cheated in the exam, ……… ?

13/ Nothing went wrong while I was gone, ………… ?

14/ I am invited, ……….?

15/ This bridge is not very safe,……… ?

16/ These sausages are delicious, ……….?

17/ You haven’t lived here long, …………?

18/ The weather forecast wasn’t very good, ……… ?

19/ He ’ d better come to see me, ?

20/ You need to stay longer, ?

7 Subject and verb Agreement

Có nhiều nguyên tắc hòa hợp trong điểm ngữ pháp này, tuy nhiên chúng tôi chỉ chọn lựa một số nguyên tắc cơ bản và phổ biến nhất để các em học sinh dễ nắm bắt và vận dụng.

A Nguyên tắc chung:

He, she, it và các danh từ số ít Động từ số ít

You, we, they và các danh từ số nhiều Động từ số nhiều

- Hình thức của động từ số ít: is/was/has/động từ có s hoặc es.

- Hình thức của động từ số nhiều: are/were/have/động từ có hình thức giống như nguyên mẫu.

B Một số nguyên tắc hoà hợp cơ bản:

1 Chủ ngữ gồm hai hoặc nhiều phần nối với nhau bằng and  V số nhiều

Eg: My brother and sister live in Boston.

2 Chủ ngữ gồm 2 phần nối với nhau bằng either… or, neither… nor, not only…but also  V hòa hợp với phần gần nó nhất.

Eg: Either Thursday or Friday is ok.

3 Chủ ngữ có thêm phần as well as, with, together with, along with  V vẫn chỉ hòa hợp với phần S đầu tiên.

Eg: George, together with his friends, is buying a race horse.

4 Chủ ngữ là cụm từ chỉ sự đo lường (được xem như là một tổng thể)  V là số ít.

Eg: Thirty pounds seems a reasonable price.

5 Nếu có 1 cụm từ hay mệnh đề theo sau một danh từ làm chủ ngữ  V chỉ hòa hợp với danh từ đầu tiên.

Eg: The house between the two bungalows is empty

The house they used to live in is now empty.

6 Chủ ngữ là 1 cụm từ hay 1 mệnh đề  V số ít.

Eg: Through the trees is the nearest way.

Opening my presents was exciting.

7 Every one of, each of, one of + danh từ số nhiều  V số ít.

Eg: One of these letters is for you.

8 A (large) number of, the majority of, a lot of, some of + danh từ số nhiều  V số nhiều.

Eg: The majority of people have complained.

* The number of  V số ít

9 Each, every + danh từ số ít  V số ít Eg: Each book and magazin is listed in the card catolog

10 None of, neither of, either of + danh từ số nhiều  V số ít.

Eg: None of the students has failed the test

* Có thể dùng V số nhiều nhưng không trang trọng (informal English)

11 Đại từ bất định như Something, everything, nothing…  V số ít

Eg: Someone was waiting at the door

12 Danh từ không đếm được  V số ít Eg: This water is not safe enough to drink.

13 Một số danh từ có hình thức số nhiều nhưng mang nghĩa số ít  V số ít.

Eg: Mathematics is one of my core subjects

14 There is/was + danh từ số ít.

There are/were + danh từ số nhiều.

Eg: There are twenty five students in my class

There was an accident last night.

15 Một số danh từ có hình thức số ít nhưng mang nghĩa số nhiều  V số nhiều.

Eg: The police are investigating the crime.

16 The + tính từ làm chủ ngữ  V số nhiều Eg: The sick are well cared in the hospital

Exercise 1: Circle the best answer.

1 One of a goldfish bowl on her kitchen table.

2 Every love.

a man, woman and child needs c man, woman and child need

b men, women and children needs d men, women and children need

3 One of the girls who in this office my niece

a works / is b works / are c work / is d work / are

4 Neither Lan nor her parents the film.

5 Each the same as the day before.

6 More men than left handed.

a woman are b woman is c women are d women is

7 Every one of the students on time for class

8 There some money on the table.

9 This information about taxes helpful

10 The vegetables in the bowl on the table fresh.

11 Writing her happy

a letter makes b letters makes c letter make d letters make

12 None of the money robbed from the banks last year yet.

a has been found b have been found c has found d have found

13 My father and mother for the same company.

14 The elderly this kind of music, but the young .

a don’t like / does b doesn’t like / does c don’t like / do d doesn’t like / do

Exercise 2: Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1 The news about Mr Hogan (be) _surprising.

2 Fifty minutes (be) _the maximum length of the time allowed for the exam.

3 Many people in the world (not have) _enough food to eat.

4 The poor (need) _ help from the community.

5 Listening to loud music at rock concerts (cause) _ hearing loss in some teenagers these days.

6 There (be) _a lot of sheep in the field.

7 Ten miles (be) _ too far to walk.

8 Not only John but also his friends (want) _ to buy this race horse.

9 A number of students (recently participate) _ in intensive language programs abroad.

10 Sarah, along with 20 students, (plan) _a party now.

11 The number of students who (withdraw) _from class since the term began

(be) _quite high.

12 There (be) at least one window in every room.

13 A lot of students in my class (speak) _ and (undrstand) _ Spanish.

14 The trousers Lan’s bought (not, go) _ best with her shirt.

15 The information she gave me (be not) _valuable.

16 The number of days in a week (be) _seven.

17 Either you or he (have) _to do the task.

18 Two years without a job (be) _too long to be.

19 Every girl and boy (be) _required to have certain immunizations before enrolling in public school.

20 Neither of John’s parents (be) _ English.

Exercise 3: Find the incorrect part A, B, C and D.

1 Each of the rooms have its own bathroom.

* Dùng : so, so that, or such … that

Ex: The lecture was boring and irrelevant, so some of the students began to fall asleep.

Ex: Their dog was so fierce that no one dared to come near it

Ex: His speech went on so long that people began to fall asleep

Our neighbours play their radio so loudly that we can’t sleep

Ex: It is so good a story that I’ll never forget it.

He is so honest a man that he never tells lies

Ex: There was so much dust that we couldn’t see what was happening

He made so many mistakes that I’m really disappointed.

He made so few mistakes that we are all surprised.

She has so little patience that he can’t tolerate any noise.

Ex: They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their house

They are such careful students that they rarely make mistakes.

He writes with such great care that he rarely makes mistakes

* Ngòai ra có thể dùng : Therefore, Thus, In consequence, Consequently, For this/that reason,

* Trong một vài trường hợp có thể dùng : and as a result or with the result that.

Ex: The lecture was boring, and as a result some of the students began to fall asleep The lecture was boring, with the result that some of the students began to fall asleep

* As a result có thể được sử dụng ở đầu câu.

Ex: The lecture was boring As a result, some of the students began to fall asleep Exercises:

I/Combine the sentences by using so…that or such….that:

Such + adjective + Noun + that

So + many\little\much\few + Noun +that

So + adjective + a\an Noun + that

So + adverb + that

So + adjective + that

1 This tea is good I think I’ll have another cup.

II/Choose the best answer:

1 There is _noise that I can hear nothing

2 My mouth is burning! This is spicy food that I don’t think I can finish it.

3 It was raining I couldn’t go outside,.

that

4 My mouth is burning! This is _ spicy food that I don’t think I can finish it.

5 There are planets in the universe that we can’t count them.

6 He was _ tired that he slept all days.

7 They were busy studying they couldn’t go to the restaurant with us.

A so – that B such – that C very – that D too - that

8 The runners are exhausted that none of them finished the race.

9 It was _ a difficult question that I couldn’t answer it.

10 It was a boring speech that I fell asleep.

9 Phrases and clauses of purpose

@ Phrases of Purpose :

Ex: Sarah went to the computer lab to print out her research report

The company conducted a detailed survey in order to gauge its clients’ views

I went to see him so as to find out what had happened

*Dạng phủ định :

Main clause + to / so as to / in order to + Verb (bare infinitive)

Ex: He turned off the lights before going out so as not to waste electricity.

Ex: The teacher uses a microphone in order for his students to hear his voice better.

In order [ for + Object ]+ ( not ) to infinitive ( Khác chủ ngữ )

Main clause + not to / so as not to / in order not to + Verb (bare infinitive)

@ Clauses of Purpose :

Ex: The schoolboys are in a hurry in order that they will not be late for school.

Tom is saving up so that he can buy a new car

Exercises :

I/ Combine the ideas using so that :

1 Rachel wanted to watch the news She turned on the TV.

/ Choose the best answer:

1 Peter studies hard _pass the exam.

that

2 A small fish needs camouflage to hide itself _its enemies cannot find it.

3 He felt ill, _he went to bed early

A and B but C or D so

4 We decided to join the English speaking club improve our English.

5 She worked hard everything would be ready by 6 o’clock.

6 He gave me his address me to visit.

7 She got up early _ miss the bus.

8 Mr Thompson is learning Vietnamese to read Kim Van Kieu.

A so that not B so as to C in order not to D so as not to

9 They hurried _ catch the train.

A to not B as not to C in order that not D To

10 We learn English _ we will have better communication with other people.

A so that B in order for C in order to D in case

Giáo viên dạy Anh nói chuyện với một giáo viên khác :

- Tui không thể chịu nổi sao lại có đứa học trò thế này.Chuyện là tôi có ra một bài làm là hãy kể một câu chuyện ngắn bằng tiếng Anh , rồi nó kể câu chuyện về hòang tử và công chúa.

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