Multimedia technologies concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications

Jennex San Diego State University, USA Annie Becker Florida Institute of Technology USA Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko University of Tampere, Finland Editorial Advisory Board Sherif Kamel America

Multimedia Technologies:

Concepts, Methodologies,

Tools, and Applications

Syed Mahbubur Rahman

Minnesota State University, Mankato, USA

Hershey • New York InformatIon ScIence reference Volume I

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Multimedia technologies : concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications / Syed Mahbubur Rahman, editor.

p cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Summary: "This book offers an in-depth explanation of multimedia technologies within their many specific application areas as well as presenting developing trends for the future" Provided by publisher.

ISBN 978-1-59904-953-3 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-59904-954-0 (ebook)

1 Multimedia systems 2 Multimedia communications I Syed, Mahbubur Rahman, 1952-

QA76.575.M5218 2008

006.7 dc22

2008021157

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Associate Editors

Steve Clarke

University of Hull, UK

Murray E Jennex

San Diego State University, USA

Annie Becker

Florida Institute of Technology USA

Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko

University of Tampere, Finland

Editorial Advisory Board

Sherif Kamel

American University in Cairo, Egypt

In Lee

Western Illinois University, USA

Jerzy Kisielnicki

Warsaw University, Poland

Keng Siau

University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA

Amar Gupta

Arizona University, USA

Craig van Slyke

University of Central Florida, USA

John Wang

Montclair State University, USA

Vishanth Weerakkody

Brunel University, UK

Editor-in-Chief

Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, DBA

Editor-in-Chief

Contemporary Research in Information Science and Technology, Book Series

Hershey • New York InformatIon ScIence reference

Additional Research Collections found in the

“Contemporary Research in Information Science and Technology”

Book Series

Data Mining and Warehousing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

John Wang, Montclair University, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-951-9

Electronic Commerce: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

S Ann Becker, Florida Institute of Technology, USA • 4-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-943-4

Electronic Government: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko, University of Tampere, Finland • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-947-2

End-User Computing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Steve Clarke, University of Hull, UK • 4-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-945-8

Global Information Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Felix Tan, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-939-7

Information Communication Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Craig Van Slyke, University of Central Florida, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-949-6

Information Security and Ethics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Hamid Nemati, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-937-3

Intelligent Information Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Vijayan Sugumaran, Oakland University, USA • 4-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-941-0

Knowledge Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Murray E Jennex, San Diego State University, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-933-5

Multimedia Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Syad Mahbubur Rahman, Minnesota State University, USA • 3-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-953-3

Online and Distance Learning: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Lawrence Tomei, Robert Morris University, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-935-9

Virtual Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Jerzy Kisielnicki, Warsaw University, Poland • 3-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-955-7

Free institution-wide online access with the purchase of a print collection!

Order online at www.igi-global.com or call 717-533-8845 ext.10 Mon–Fri 8:30am–5:00 pm (est) or fax 24 hours a day 717-533-8661

List of Contributors

Acevedo, Andrés Garay / Georgetown University, USA 731

Agnew, Palmer W / State University of New York at Binghamton, USA 1

Ahmad, Ashraf / National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan 634

Ahn, Kyungmo / Kyunghee University, Korea 164

Alkhalifa, Eshaa M / University of Bahrain, Bahrain 465, 1209 Ally, Mohamed / Athabasca University, Canada 607

Almeida, Hyggo / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 472, 654 Altman, Edward / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore 1113

Andres, Hayward P / Portland State University, USA 1233

Angelides, Marios C / Brunel University, UK 85, 233 Aref, Walid / Purdue University, USA 509

Arya, Ali / University of British Columbia, Canada 958

Atiquzzaman, Mohammed / University of Oklahoma, USA 615

Baek, Seung / Hanyang University, Korea 1377

Balram, Shivanand / Simon Fraser University, Canada 1193

Banerji, Ashok / Monisha Electronic Education Trust, India 1078

Bardají, Antonio Valdovinos / University of Zaragoza, Spain 478

Bellini, Pierfrancesco / University of Florence, Italy 1683

Bertolotto, Michela / University College Dublin, Ireland 1125

Bione, Heather / The University of Melbourne, Australia 398

Boll, Susanne / University of Oldenburg, Germany 325

Bouras, Christos / University of Patras, Greece and Research Academic Computer Technology Institute, Greece 500, 1781 Breiteneder, Christian / Vienna University of Technology, Austria 1600

Butcher-Powell, Loreen Marie / Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA 1069

Canalda, Philippe / University of Franche-Comté, France 1766

Cannell, Jeremy C / Gannon University, USA 1105

Carvalho, Paulo / Universidade do Minho Braga, Portugal 1409

Cavallaro, Andrea / Queen Mary University of London, UK 1441, 1592 Charlet, Damien / INRIA-Rocquencourt (ARLES Project), France 1766

Chatonnay, Pascal / University of Franche-Comté, France 1766

Chen, Herng-Yow / National Chi-Nan University, Taiwan, ROC 1058, 1174 Chen, Kuanchin / Western Michigan University, USA 77

Chen, Minya / Polytechnic University, USA 291

Chen, Sherry Y / Brunel University, UK 1476

Chen, Shu-Ching / Florida International University, USA 509, 1553

Chetan, Kumar S / NetDevices India Pvt Ltd, India 1399

Chung, Jen-Yao / IBM T.J Watson Research Center, USA 559

Cirrincione, Armando / SDA Bocconi School of Management, Italy 35

Connaughton, Stacey L / Purdue University, USA 1295

Cranley, Nicola / University College Dublin, Ireland 1491

Cruz, Isabel F / University of Illinois, Chicago, USA 848

Curran, Kevin / University of Ulster, Ireland 590

Dagdilelis, Vassilios / University of Macedonia, Greece 898

Dagiuklas, Tasos / Technical Institute of Messolonghi, Greece 827

Davis, Craig / The Learning Community Group, USA 1286

de Gouveia, Fabricio Carvalho / Technical University of Berlin, Germany 1789

Deb, Sagarmay / University of Southern Queensland, Australia 268

Deltour, Romain / INRIA Rhône-Alpes, France 705

Derballa, Volker / Universität Augsburg, Germany 1334

Deusdado, Sérgio / Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Portugal 1409

DiMarco, John / Long Island University, USA 41

Dittmann, Jana / Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany 547

Dong, Chaoyan / New York University, USA 1248

Dong, Ming / Wayne State University, USA 1366

Dooley, Laurence S / Monash University, Australia 94

Dragicevic, Suzana / Simon Fraser University, Canada 1193

El-Gayar, Omar / Dakota State University, USA 77

Fah, Cheong Loong / The National University of Singapore, Singapore 527

Fahy, Patrick J / Athabasca University, Canada 1088

Fotouhi, Farshad / Wayne State University, USA 1366

Gay, Robert / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 809

Geisler, S / University of Clausthal, Germany 223

Germanakos, Panagiotis / National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece 1616

Ghafoor, Arif / Purdue University, USA 509

Ghinea, Gheorghita / Brunel University, UK 1476

Gjedde, Lisa / Danish University of Education, Denmark 390

Gkamas, Apostolos / University of Patras, Greece and Research Academic Computer Technology Institute, Greece 500, 1781 Goose, Stuart / Siemens Corporate Research Inc., USA 250

Grahn, Kaj J / Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland 660

Grover, Akshay / Brigham Young University, USA 1344

Gu, Yaolin / Southern Yangtze University, China 809

Guerraz, Agnès / INRIA Rhône-Alpes, France 705

Gulliver, Stephen R / Brunel University, UK 1262

Gunn, Jane / The University of Melbourne, Australia 398

Häkkilä, Jonna / Nokia Multimedia, Finland 151

Hamidzadeh, Babak / University of British Columbia, Canada 958

Hegarty, Kelsey / The University of Melbourne, Australia 398

Hentea, Mariana / Southwestern Oklahoma State University, USA 216

Herbster, Raul Fernandes / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 472

Hill, Sally Rao / University of Adelaide, Australia 194

Huang, Thomas S / University of Illinois, USA 1508

Hung, Jason C / Northern Taiwan Institute of Science and Technology, Taiwan 1643

Hurson, Ali R / The Pennsylvania State University, USA 580

Hüsemann, Bodo / Informationsfabrik GmbH, Münster, Germany 864

Ibrahim, Ismail Khalil / Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria 634

Iglesias, Álvaro Alesanco / University of Zaragoza, Spain 478

Illera, José L Rodríguez / University of Barcelona, Spain 985

Istepanian, Robert S H / Kingston University, UK 478

Jones, Kevin H / University of Oregon, USA 721

Joshi, James B D / University of Pittsburgh, USA 509

Kalliaras, Panagiotis / National Technical University of Athens, Greece 818, 998 Kan, Karen / The University of Melbourne, Australia 398

Kao, O / University of Paderborn, University of Paderborn 223

Karlsson, Jonny / Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland 660

Karmakar, Gour C / Monash University, Australia 94

Kassim, Ashraf / The National University of Singapore, Singapore 527

Kawachi, Paul / Kurume Shin-Ai Women’s College, Japan 1156

Kellerman, Anne S / State University of New York at Binghamton, USA 1

Keppell, Mike / Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong 398

Kerse, Ngaire / University of Auckland, New Zealand 398

Kim, Bong Jun / Korea Telecommunications (KT) Marketing Laboratory, Korea 1377

King, Ross / Research Studio Digital Memory Engineering, Austria 1749

Kiyoki, Yasushi / Keio University, Japan 279

Klas, Wolfgang / University of Vienna, Austria and ARC Research Studio Digital Memory Engineering, Vienna, Austria 364, 1749 Knight, David / Brunel University, UK 85

Kotsopoulos, Stavros / University of Patras, Greece 827

Koubaa, Hend / Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway 116

Koumaras, H / University of Athens, Greece 1392

Kourtis, A / N.C.S.R., Demokritos, Greece 1392

Krishnamurthy, E.V / Australian National University, Australia 976

Larkin, Jeff / Brigham Young University, USA 1344

Lassabe, Frédéric / University of Franche-Comté, France 1766

Ledermann, Florian / Vienna University of Technology, Austria 1600

Lesh, Neal / Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, USA 1508

Li, Chang-Tsun / University of Warwick, UK 316, 793, 1534 Li, Qing / City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 242, 1643 Li, Sheng-Tun / National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, ROC 419

Lin, Chu-Hung / National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan 419

Lin, Chun Fu / Mississippi State University, USA 1668

Lin, Hao-Tung / National Chi-Nan University, Taiwan, ROC 1174

Liotta, Antonio / University of Essex, UK 491

Liu, Jiang-Lung / National Defense University, Taiwan 1534

Liu, Kuo-Yu / National Chi-Nan University, Taiwan, ROC 1058

Lopes, Pedro Faria / Higher Institute of Labour and Business Studies (ISCTE), Portugal 914

Lou, Der-Chyuan / National Defense University, Taiwan 1534

Lowry, Paul Benjamin / Brigham Young University, USA 1344

Madsen, Chris / Brigham Young University, USA 1344

Magalhães, João / Imperial College London, UK 880

Magedanz, Thomas / Technical University of Berlin, Germany 1789

Magni, Massimo / Bocconi University, Italy 1353

Mäntyjärvi, Jani / VTT Technical Centre of Finland, Finland 151

Martakos, D / University of Athens, Greece 1392

Mas, José Ruiz / University of Zaragoza, Spain 478

Mathew, Michael / Monash University, Australia 94

May, Michael / LearningLab DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark 435

McArdle, Gavin / University College Dublin, Ireland 1125

Melliar-Smith, P.M / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA 1326

Memon, Nasir / Polytechnic University, USA 291

Messer, Louise Brearley / The University of Melbourne, Australia 398

Mikáč, Jan / INRIA Rhône-Alpes, France 705

Mishra, Sanjaya / Indira Gandhi National Open University, India 1022

Mitchell, Mathew / University of San Francisco, USA 1181

Mittal, Ankush / IIT Roorkee, India and Indian Institute of Technology, India 527, 1113 Mittal, Nitin / Nokia Pte Ltd, Singapore 129

Moghaddam, Baback / Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, USA 1508

Monahan, Teresa / University College Dublin, Ireland 1125

Morais, Marcos / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 472

Moros, José García / University of Zaragoza, Spain 478

Moser, L.E / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA 1326

Mostéfaoui, Ghita Kouadri / University of Fribourg, Switzerland 1008

Mourlas, Constantinos / National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece 1616

Murphy, Liam / University College Dublin, Ireland 1491

Murthy, V K / University of New South Wales, Australia 976

Nascimento, José Luís do / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 654

Navajas, Julián Fernández / University of Zaragoza, Spain 478

Navarro, Eduardo Antonio Viruete / University of Zaragoza, Spain 478

Nepal, Surya / CSIRO ICT Centre, Australia 305, 1456 Nesi, Paolo / University of Florence, Italy

Ng, Kia / University of Leeds, UK

Nösekabel, Holger / University of Passau, Germany 1317

O’Connor, Vivienne / The University of Queensland, Australia 398

Okazaki, Shintaro / Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain 1311

Oliva, Michael / Royal College of Music, UK 942

Oredope, Adetola / University of Essex, UK 491

Pagalthivarthi, Krishnan V / IIT Delhi, India and Indian Institute of Technology, India 527, 1113 Pagani, Margherita / I-LAB Centre for Research on the Digital Economy, Bocconi University, Italy 182

Pallis, E / Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Greece 1392

Panjala, Shashidhar / Gannon University, USA 1105

Papageorgiou, P / National Technical University of Athens, Greece 998

Parmar, Minaz J / Brunel University, UK 233

Passerini, Katia / New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA 57

Perkusich, Angelo / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 472, 654 Politis, Ilias / University of Patras, Greece 827

Pousttchi, Key / Universität Augsburg, Germany 1334

Prata, Alcina / Higher School of Management Sciences (ESCE), Portugal 914

Primpas, Dimitris / University of Patras, Greece and Research Academic ComputerTechnology Institute, Greece 500, 1781 Proserpio, Luigi / Bocconi University, Italy 1353

Pulkkis, Göran / Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland 660

Quek, Francis / Virginia Tech, USA 559

Ramos, Carolina Hernández / University of Zaragoza, Spain 478

Ratnaike, Viranga / Monash University, Australia 305

Rege, Manjeet / Wayne State University, USA 1366

Robbins, Christopher / Rhode Island School of Design, USA and The University of the South Pacific, Fiji 1031

Robins, William / Brigham Young University, USA 1344

Röckelein, Wolfgang / EMPRISE Consulting Düseldorf, Germany 1317

Roisin, Cécile / INRIA Rhône-Alpes, France 705

Rowe, Neil C / U.S Naval Postgraduate School, USA 10

Rüger, Stefan / Imperial College London, UK 880

Santos, Danilo Freire de Souza / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 654

Sasaki, Hideyasu / Keio University, Japan 279

Sattar, Farook / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 770

Sayenko, Olga / University of Illinois, Chicago, USA 848

Scales, Glenda Rose / Virginia Tech, USA 1078

Schellner, Karin / ARC Research Studio Digital Memory Engineering, Vienna, Austria 364

Scherp, Ansgar / OFFIS Research Institute, Germany 325

Schipani, Danilo / Valdani Vicari & Associati, Italy 182

Schmucker, Martin / Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Germany 1707

Sharda, Nalin / Victoria University, Australia 1422

Sharma, Ramesh C / Indira Gandhi National Open University, India 1022

Shea, Timothy / University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, USA 1286

Shen, Chia / Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, USA 1508

Sher, Muhammad / Technical University of Berlin, Germany 1789

Shih, Timothy K / Tamkang University, Taiwan 1643

Shim, J P / Mississippi State University, USA 164

Shim, Julie M / Soldier Design LLC, USA 164

Shyu, Mei-Ling / University of Miami, USA 509, 1553 Sircar, Ranapratap / Wipro Technologies, India 1399

Sivagurunathan, Surendra Kumar / University of Oklahoma, USA 615

Sotiriou, Athanasios-Dimitrios / National Technical University of Athens, Greece 818, 998 Spies, François / University of Franche-Comté, France 1766