Sách - Biến Đổi Câu trong ngữ Pháp (tiếng Anh)

Sách - Biến Đổi Câu trong ngữ Pháp (tiếng Anh)

8 CÂU CẦU KHIẾN (HAVE/ GET) 16

9 SO THAT ↔ SUCH ….THAT ↔ TOO…TO ↔ ENOUGH… TO… 17

10 NHỮNG CỤM TỪ ĐỒNG NGHĨA 18

BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH

A BÀI TẬP TRÊN LỚP VÀ ÔN THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT QUỐC GIA 21

B BÀI TẬP LUYỆN THI FCE, HỌC SINH GIỎI 39

C BÀI TẬP LUYỆN THI CAE, HỌC SINH GIỎI 51

ĐÁP ÁN GỢI Ý

CÁC DẠNG BÀI CHUYỂN ĐỔI CÂU 59

A BÀI TẬP TRÊN LỚP VÀ ÔN THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT QUỐC GIA 62

B BÀI TẬP LUYỆN THI FCE, HỌC SINH GIỎI 69

C BÀI TẬP LUYỆN THI CAE, HỌC SINH GIỎI 74

KINDS OF PHRASES, CLAUSES AND SENTENCES

Ex: Standing on the top of the mountain, we can see many houses from far distances

Considered one of the new sports, belly dance is the best choice for many young people

You should look up the meaning of new words in the dictionary in order not to misuse them

b Cụm danh từ (Noun Phrase = NP)

Gồm có hai từ trở lên và tân cùng là danh từ Cụm danh từ có dạng:

(this/ that/ these/ those)

Có thể có hoặc không có tính từ trong cụm danh từ Nếu có nhiều tính từ thì trật tự như sau:

OSHACOM = (Option (lựa chọn) – Size (kích cỡ) – Shape (hình dáng) – Age (độ tuổi) – Color (màu

sắc) – Origin (nguồn gốc) – Material (vật liệu))

Ex: Her parents bought her a nice new black Japanese bike as her birthday present

Ex: My mother walks to work every day (V = walks: thì hiện tại đơn, chủ động)

S V

The book has been translated into many different languages (V = has been translated: thì hiện

S V tại hoàn thành, bị động)

III CÂU (SENTENCES)

1 Câu đơn (simple sentence): là câu có một chủ ngữ và một động từ chia thì Không có liên từ nối

trong câu đơn S + V

Các thành phần của câu

* Subject (S: chủ ngữ): đứng đầu câu và là thành phần không thể thiếu trong câu Chủ ngữ có thể

là đại từ (I/ You/ We/ They/ He/ She/ It) hoặc danh từ, danh động từ (V-ing), hoặc mệnh đề danh từ

Ex: The young student is looking for the meaning of the new words in the dictionary

* Verb (V: động từ): đứng sau chủ ngữ và là thành phần bắt buộc trong câu Động từ phải chia một thì hợp lí (hiện tại đơn, quá khứ đơn, hiện tại hoàn thành…) và phù hợp với chủ ngữ (số ít, số

nhiều) Động từ có thể ở dạng chủ động hoặc bị động

Ex: They have translated the book into many languages

* Object (O: tân ngữ): đứng sau động từ hoặc giới từ Tân ngữ có thể là đại từ (me/ you/ us/ them/ him/ her/ it) hoặc danh từ, hoặc danh động từ (V-ing) hoặc mệnh đề danh từ

Ex: We met a very nice girl at the party

* Complement (C: bổ ngữ):bổ nghĩa cho chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ Bổ ngữ có thể là tính từ hoặc danh từ

Ex: She is a nice girl

They painted their house green

* Modifier (M: thành phần bổ nghĩa): đây là thành phần không bắt buộc trong câu, có thể là

trạng từ, cụm giới từ, mệnh đề quan hệ

Ex: The baby is sleeping soundly

A new school was built near my house

Các cấu trúc câu đơn cơ bản

Dựa vào loại động từ mà có các cấu trúc câu sau

a1 S + Vl +Adj (Vl = be/ feel/ become/ seem/ appear/ sound/ smell/ stay/ remain/ get…)

Ex: She is a good student

She feels tired after a long working day

a2 S + BE + SC (N/NP)(S và SC cùng một đối tượng)

Ex: She is a good student

a3 S + BE + prep + N/NP

Ex: The book is on the table

b S + Vi (Vi = go/ come/ sleep/ lie/ rise/ happen/ arrive/ laugh/ swim/ exist…)

Ex: She sings very beautifully

c S + Vt + O (Vt = hầu hết động từ thuộc dạng này)

Ex: They are building a new school near my house

d S + Vt + O + O (V = give/ tell/ send/ buy/ show/ award/ lend/ offer/ bring/ teach/

send/ appoint/ call )

Ex: She gave me a present on my birthday

e S + V + O + C (V = find/ paint/ make/ get/ name/ elect/ consider…)

Ex: She painted her house green

2 Câu kép (compound sentence): là câu có hai hay nhiều câu đơn và được nối với nhau bằng những liên từ: FOR (bởi vì), AND (và), NOR (cũng không), BUT (nhưng), OR (hoặc), YET (tuy nhiên) =FANBOY)

Ex: She is a good students and she works very hard

3 Câu phức (complex sentences): là câu gồm có một mệnh đề chính (main clause) và một hay nhiều

mệnh đề phụ (subordinate clauses) Hầu hết các dạng biến đổi câu chỉ xảy ra ở mệnh đề phụ

Ex: We stayed at home because it was raining so heavily

MODELS OF STRUCTURES (CÁC DẠNG BÀI CHUYỂN ĐỔI CÂU)

DẠNG 1 THÌ QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN ↔ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH

(started/began … ago/ in + năm) (for/ since)

* S + began/ started ……+ khoảng t/g + ago

S + have/ has + V3/ed …… for + khoảng t/g

* S + began/ started ……… in/when + QK

S + have/ has + V3/ed …… since + QK

Ex: He started working for this factory a year ago

→He has worked for this factory for a year

They began building the primary school in 2014

→ They have built the primary school since 2014

The last time + S + V (QKĐ)… + WAS + in/ ago

Ex: I have not seen my grandfather for two years

→ It is two years since I last saw my grandfather

→ The last time I saw my grandfather was two years ago

1c HTHT ….the first time/ so sánh nhất

(not/ never before)

S + have/ has + not/ never + V3/ed … before

IT/ THIS + IS + the first time + S + has/ have + V3/ed

OR

IT/ THIS + IS + the + so sánh nhất + N + (that) S + has/ have + V3/ed

Ex: I have not read such an interesting book before

→ It is the first time I have read such an interesting book

→ It is the most interesting book that I have ever read

→ It is the first time I have eaten that kind of food

That is the most delicious cake that I have ever eaten

→ I have not eaten such a delicious cake before

mốc t/g quá khứ

since +

S + V (QKĐ)

S + last + V2/ed … WHEN + S + V2/ed

S + has/ have + not + V3/ed ……SINCE + S + V2/ed

Ex: The last time I heard about him was in August

→ I have not heard about him since August

I last saw him when I was a child

→ I have not seen him since I was a child

3 I haven’t played football since 2010

The last time ……….………

4 She has not driven a car before

This is the first ………

5 She started working as a secretary four years ago

She has ………

6 We haven’t seen Tom since he moved to Bristol

We last ……….………

7 I have never eaten this kind of food before

This is the first ………

8 The last time Lucy wore that dress was in Barbara’s wedding

Lucy hasn’t ……….

9 Jenny has learned to play the piano since she was a child

Jenny began ……….

10 I have never met such a famous singer before

It’s the first ………

+ nguyện nhân (“because”/ “simply because”…) → mệnh đề IF

+ kết quả (“so”/ “that is why”…) → mệnh đề chính

- Phủ định ↔ khẳng định (ở mỗi mệnh đề)

Ex: She was late for the meeting because her car broke down

→ If her car had not broken down, she would not have been late for the meeting

She didn’t study hard so she failed the final exam

→ If she had studied hard, she would not have failed (have passed) the final exam

What a pity you failed in your driving test

→ I wish that you had not failed (had passed) in your driving test

She regretted leaving the job as a sales clerk at the bank

→ She wishes she had not left the job as a sales clerk at the bank

2b Unless If….not

If + not = Unless (Mệnh đề chứa “Unless” không chia phủ định)

Ex: If she doesn’t hurry, she will be late for the last train

→ Unless she hurries, she will be late for the last train

Some of the rare animals will be extinct if there are no ways to protect them

→ Unless there are ways to protect the rare animals, some of them will be extinct

If she worked hard, she would not be sacked

→ Unless she worked hard, she would be sacked

2c Đảo ngữ mệnh đề IF

Loại 1: If + S + V… → Should + S + V….

Loại 2: If + S + V2/-ed… → Were + S + …./ Were + S + to +V….

Loại 3: If + S + had + V3/-ed…. → Had + S + V3/-ed….

Ex: If there is any problem, don’t hesitate to call me

→ Should there be any problem, don’t hesitate to call me

If I were you, I would not behave in such a way

→ Were I you, I would not have in such a way

If she worked hard, she would get well-paid

→ Were she to work hard, she would get well-paid

If I had known you were in hospital, I would have visited you

→ Had I known you were in hospital, I would have visited you

2d Câu điều kiện ẩn với “Without/ But for”

Without If there had not been + NP

+ NP or

But for If it had not been for + NP

Ex: Without your help, we could not have completed our project as planned

→ If there had not been your help, we could not have completed our project as planned

→ If it had not been for your help, we could not have completed our project as planned

3 Tom never does anything if you don’t tell him what to do

Though + S + V + V-ing/ Cụm danh từ (NP)

3a Hai chủ ngữ trùng nhau (S1 = S2), → dùng V-ING

Because/ Although + S1 + V…, S2 + V….

Because of/ In spite of/ Despite + V-ing…., S2 + V

Although Bob worked very hard, he didn’t get any promotion

→ In spite of working hard, Bob didn’t get any promotion

She stayed at home because she felt tired

→ Because of feeling tired, she stayed at home

3b Hai chủ ngữ khác nhau (S1 ≠ S2), → dùng Cụm danh từ (NP)

Because/ Although + S1 + V…, S2 + V….

Because of/ In spite of/ Despite + cụm danh từ…., S2 + V

Ex: Because she behaved well, everyone loved her

→ Because of her good behavior, everyone loved her

Although both his legs were broken in the crash, he managed to get out of the car before it exploded

→ In spite of his broken legs in the crash, he managed to get out of the car before it exploded

We didn’t go for a walk because it rained

→ Because of the rain, we didn’t go out for a walk

Because the weather changed, we cancelled our trip to Ha Long bay

→ Because of the weather change, we cancelled our trip to Ha Long bay

3c When/ Before/ After/ Since + S + V…, S + V V-ing/ Having + V3/ed (chủ động)

V3/ed (bị động)

Ex: Tom had failed twice, so he decided not to try again

→ Having failed twice, Tom decided not to try again

The mother smiled happily She took the baby in her arm

→ Smiling happily, the woman took the baby in her arm

Ballet is considered one of the most beautiful forms of performance art It is a combination of dance and mine performed to music

→ Considered one of the most beautiful forms of performance art, ballet is a combination of dance and

mine performed to music

3d “so that” + S + V to + V1/ in order to + V1/ so as to + V1

Ex: We had to leave quietly so that we would not disturb other people

→ We had to leave quietly so as not to disturb other people

A Đảo ngữ với Trợ động từ (đem Trợ động từ đặt trước Chủ ngữ)

Trợ động từ + S

+ BE (am/ is/ are/ was/ were),

+ MODALS (can/ could/ should ), đem đặt trước chủ ngữ

+ HOÀN THÀNH (has/ have/ had + V3/ed)

+ Không có các động từ trên: mượn DO/ DOES/ DID

4a Trong mệnh đề IF (bỏ IF)

- Loại 1: IF + S + V1/s/es Should + S + V1…

- Loại 2: IF + S + V2/ed Were + S +…/ Were + S + to + V1

- Loại 3: IF + S + had + V3/ed Had + S + V3/ed

Ex: Call me if there is any urgent problem

→ Should there be any urgent problem, call me

If I were you, I would not behave like that

→ Were I you, I would not behave like that

If she spoke English well, she would get a better job

→ Were she to speak English well, she would have get a better job

If you had taken my advice, you would not get into the trouble now

→ Had you taken my advice, you would not get into the trouble now

4b Từ phủ định đứng đầu câu

* No/ Not/ Not until/ No longer + trợ động từ + S

Never/ Hardly = Rarely = Scarcely = Barely/ Little…

* Hardly + had + S + V3/ed + when/ before + S + V2/ed

= No sooner/ Scarcely/ Barely + had + S + V3/ed + than + S + V2/ed

Ex: Hardly had she put the telephone down when her boss rang

→ No sooner had she put the telephone down than her boss rang

As soon as she arrived home, it rained

→ Hardly had she arrived home when it rained

The little boy didn’t do his homework until his father came home

→ Not until his father came home did the little boy do his homework

4c So/ Such … that….

S + V + so + tính từ/ trạng từ + that + S + V

So + tính từ/ trạng từ + trợ động từ + S + that + S + V

S + be + such + (a/an) + tính từ + danh từ + that + S +V

Such + (a/an) + tính từ + danh từ + be + S + that + S +V

Ex: She was so angry that she burst into tears

→ So angry was she that she burst into tears

It was such a violent storm that it could destroy everything

→ Such a violent storm was it that it could destroy everything

4d “ONLY” đứng đầu câu

+ Only + giới từ/ cụm giới từ/ trạng từ

Only in (on/ at/ by/ with…) Only once/ recently/ then…

+ Only + liên từ

Only if/ because/ until/ when/ after…

Ex: We only send you books after we receive the money

→ Only after we receive the money do we send you books

I can only make a good impression on her by doing so

→ Only by doing so can I make a good impression on her

DẠNG 5 CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT

- đổi đại từ ngôi 1 (I/ We) và ngôi 2 (You) Quy tắc đổi (trong dấu ngoặc kép nếu có) - lùi thì (TH → QK → QKHT)

- đổi trạng từ (this → that/ yesterday → the previous day… 5a Câu phát biểu (statements)

“S + V….” S + V + (O)

S: người nói

O: người nghe

S + said/ told + O + that + “S + V…….”

Ex: “You are my best friend, Nam” said the schoolgirl

→ The schoolgirl told Nam that he was her best friend

5b Câu hỏi WH

“Wh + trợ động từ + S + ….?” S + V + (O)

S + asked/ wanted to know…+ (O) + “Wh- + S + V ….”

Ex: “What time does the meeting start?” she asked me

→ She asked me that time the meeting started

5c Câu hỏi Yes-No

“Trợ động từ + S +……” S + V + (O)

S + asked + (O) + IF/ WHETHER + “S + V ….”

Ex: “Do you finish doing your homework?” asked my father

→ My father asked me whether I finished doing my homework

5d Câu mệnh lệnh (Imperatives) và câu mang hàm ý: mời (invite), khuyên (advise)…

“ V1/ Don’t + V1…….” S + V (O)

S + told/ advised/ invited + O + (not) + to + “V1…….”

Ex: “Please be on time for the meeting” said the team leader

→ The team leader told us to be on time for the meeting

“You should not drink too much beer” said the doctor to the patient

→ The doctor advised the patient not to drink too much beer

“Would you like to come to my birthday party” John said to Mary

→ John invited Mary to come to his birthday party

5e Câu diễn đạt mang hàm ý

+ Hàm ý: gợi ý (suggest), từ chối (deny), thú nhận (admit)…

“S + V +… ” S + V + (O)

S + suggested/ denied/ admitted + (Adj sở hữu) + “V-ing… ”

Ex: “Why don’t we go to the cinema tonight?” said the boy

→ The boy suggested going to the cinema that night

+ Hàm ý: xin lỗi (apologize FOR), cố nài (insist ON)….

“S + V +… ” S + V + (O)

S + V + giới từ + “V-ing……”

Ex: “I am sorry I did not phone you earlier” said the hotel receptionist

→ The hotel receptionist apologized for not phoning me earlier

+ Hàm ý: cám ơn (thank…FOR), chúc mừng (congratulate…ON), nhắc nhỡ (remind OF), buộc tội (accuse…OF/ blame….FOR), khen ngợi (compliment…ON)…

“S + V +… ” S + V + (O)

S + V + O + giới từ + “V-ing……”

Ex: “It is very kind of you to help me with my homework” the little girl said to her brother

→ The little girl thanked her brother for helping her with her homework

+ Hàm ý: đe dọa (threaten), đề nghị (offer), hứa hẹn (promise), từ chối (refuse)…

“S + V +… ” S + V + (O)

S + V + “to + V1……”

Ex: “If you pay the ransom, we’ll kill your boy” the kidnapper told us

→ The kidnapper threatened to kill our boy if we didn’t pay the ransom

“I’ll help you with your homework, John” said Mary

→ Mary promised to help Mary with her homework

Exercise 5

1 John said, “You'd better not lend them any money, Daisy”

2 “I didn't break the vase of flowers” the boy said

3 “Why don’t you take an English course?” said Katie to me

6 Ann’s mother said to her “Don’t forget to take your passport with you”

Ann’s mother reminded……… …….….…

7 Anne said to John “Would you like to stay for dinner with us?”

Anne invited John……… …….

8 “Sorry, I didn’t phone you earlier” Ms White said to Peter

11 “It was nice of you to give me the present Thank you” Miss White said to Peter

Miss White thanked ……….……….

The interviewer asked……… ………

13 “Why don’t you apply for the job, Ann” said her friend

Ann’s friend suggested that … ………

14 “Can I borrow your typewriter for a moment?” said Tom

Tom asked … ……… ………….

15 “You are my best friend, Nam” said the schoolgirl

The schoolgirl told … ………

DẠNG 6 CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG: (BE + V3/ed)

6a Câu một mệnh đề

S + V + O + ….

S + (be) + v3/ed +… (by + O)

Ex: They are building a new primary school in my village

→ A new primary school is being built in my village

No one has ever discussed that question

→ That question has not been discussed before

They are going to organize a surprise party tonight

→ A surprise party is going to be organized tonight

6b Câu 2 mệnh đề với liên từ “THAT”

say think They/ People + believe + that + S + V…

rumor…

→ It + (be) + V3/ed + that + S + V…

→ S + (be) + V3/ed + to + V1

to have + V3/ed (hành động xảy ra trước)

Ex: People believe that the prisoner escaped from the jail through the window

→ It is believed that the prisoner escaped from the jail through the window

→ The prisoner is believed to escape from the jail through the window

They rumored that the man had left a big amount of money to the poor before he died

→ It was rumored that the man had left a big amount of money to the poor before he died

→ The man was rumored to have left a big amount of money to the poor before he died

3 Have you finished your homework yet?

Has your homework … ………

4 They have translated the interesting story into many languages

The interesting… ……….……… …

5 It is believed that the man was killed by terrorists

The man … ……… ……….

6 They didn’t buy anything from the supermarket

Nothing…… … ……… ……

7 People believe that this new teaching method is more effective than the old one

This new teaching method … ……… ……

8 People think that the company is planning a new advertising campaign

Cấu trúc so sánh: hơn Adj/ Adv –ER + than

MORE + Adj/ Adv nhất Adj/ Adv –EST MOST + Adj/ Adv + in/ of/ that 7a So sánh không bằng So sánh hơn

(not)

S1 + V + not + so/ as…… as + S2 + trợ động từ

S2 + V + ….er/ more + than + S1 + trợ động từ

Ex: I can’t cook as well as my mother

→ My mother can cook better than I can

Susan doesn’t play the guitar as well as her younger sister does

→ Susan’s younger sister plays the guitar better than she does

7b Phủ định so sánh hơn So sánh nhất

S1 + V + not/ never + -er/ more + than + S2 + trợ động từ

S2 + V + the + -est/ most + that + S1 + have/ has + EVER + V3/ed

Hoặc

S1 + V + -er/ more + than + any other + S2 + trợ động từ

Ex: I have never known a more warm-hearted person than my mother

→ My mother was the most warm-hearted person that I have ever known

No one in the group is younger than her

→ She is the youngest person in the group

This story is more interesting than any other story that I have ever read

→ This is the most interesting story that I have ever read

so sánh bằng (No other ….)

Ex: The Nile is the longest river in the world

→ The Nile is longer than any other rivers in the world

→ No other rivers in the world is as long as the Nile

7d 2 mệnh đề So sánh kép (the… , the….)

S + V…., S + V…

The + er/ more + Adj/ Adv + S + V, the + er/ more + Adj/Adv + S + V

Ex: You will be fatty if you eat more

→ The more you eat, the fatter you will be

You will pay more money if you waste more water

→ The more water you waste, the more money you will pay

6 This stamp is rarer than any other in my collection

The other stamps ……… ……… ……….………

7 The painting Ed did is the ugliest one you can imagine

You can’t imagine… ……… …

8 I have never read a better book than this one

have (người) V1 have (vật)

Ex: Your hair needs cutting

→ You need to have your hair cut

Mr Pike got someone to paint his house yesterday

→ Mr Pike got his house painted yesterday

DẠNG 9 SO THAT ↔ SUCH ….THAT ↔ TOO…TO ↔ ENOUGH… TO…

9a so that ↔ such ….that

S(danh từ) + (be) + so + adj + that + S + V

Ex: That restaurant is so dirty that no one wants to eat there

→ It is such a dirty restaurant that no one wants to eat there

9b so that (phủ định) ↔ too…to

S + V + so + Adj/ Adv + that + S + not + V

S + V + too + Adj/ Adv + {for + O} + to + V1

Ex: It was so late that nothing could be done

→ It was too late for anything to be done/ It was too late to do anything

9c so that ↔ enough… to…

Ex: He is too young to get married

→ He is not old enough to get married

The test was so difficult that I could not finish within forty-five minutes

→ The test was not easy enough for me to finish within forty-five minutes

* Lưu ý: Nếu Tân ngữ (O) trùng với Chủ ngữ (S) thì bỏ Tân ngữ

Exercise 9

1 The furniture was so expensive that I didn’t buy it

The furniture was too … ………

2 The bridge was so low that the bus couldn’t go under it

It was … ……… ……….

3 It was such bad news that she burst into tears

4 It was such a boring film that we left before the end

The film … ……… ……….

5 The water was so cold that the children could not swim in it

The water was not … ……… ….

6 He is such a slow speaker that his students get very bored

He speaks … ……… …………

7 Mark is too young to see the horror film

Mark is not … ……… …………

8 The door was so heavy that the child couldn’t push it open

The door was too … ……… …

9 Henry is not old enough to drive a car

Henry is too … ……… ………

10 The fridge was so heavy that we couldn’t move it

It was … ……… ……….

DẠNG 10 NHỮNG CỤM TỪ ĐỒNG NGHĨA 10a Mất thời gian để làm gì (SPEND/ LAST)

spend/ last + khoảng thời gian It + (TAKE) + O + khoảng thời gian + to + V1

Ex: Tuan spent three weeks preparing for his exam

→ It took me three weeks to prepare for the exam

It usually takes me two hour to mow the lawn

→ I usually spend two hours mowing the lawn

The flight to Moscow lasted three and a half hours

→ It took three and a half hours to fly to Moscow

10b Thành công làm việc gì

manage to + V = succeed in + V-ing ≠ fail to +V

Ex: After fighting the fire twelve hours, the firemen succeeded in putting it out

→ The firemen managed to put the fire out after fighting it twelve hours

John Speke failed to find the source of the River Nile

→ John Speke didn’t succeed in finding the source of the River Nile

10c Không thể

impossible = can’t + V1

Ex: Roses can’t possibly grow in such poor ground

→ It is impossible for roses to grow in such poor ground

10d (Không) được phép làm

must not / let = (be) not allowed/ permitted to +V1

Ex: Candidates mustn’t bring any books and materials into the exam room

→ Candidate are not allowed to bring any books and materials into the exam room

My parents don’t let me stay up late

→ I am not allowed to stay up late

10e Mặc dù nhưng (although = no matter how = no matter what = as)

Adj/ adv + AS + S + V ALTHOGH + S + V + Adj/ Adv = no matter how + Adj/ Adv + S + V

no matter what + noun + S + V

Ex: Although he felt tired, he was determined to continue to climb up the mountain

→ As tired he felt, he was determined to continue to climb up the mountain

Although he tried very hard, the results couldn’t be better

→ No matter how hard he tried, the results couldn’t be better

10f Không quen/ gặp khó khăn

find it difficult/ not usually = (be) not used to+ V-ing

Ex: They don’t usually drink beer

→ They are not used to drinking beer

My French friend finds it difficult to drive on the left

→ My French friend is not used to driving on the left

10g Không cần thiết

not necessary = not need

Ex: It is not necessary for you to finish by Saturday

→ You don’t need to finish by Saturday

10h Đã từng (thói quen trong quá khứ, có thể dùng với trạng từ chỉ tần suất: always/ usually…)

QKĐ = used to +V1

Ex: John smoked a lot when he was young

→ John used to smoke a lot when he was young

10i Không thể bởi gì

can/ couldn’t … because of prevent … from + V-ing

Ex: The train couldn’t run because of the snow

→ The snow prevented the train from running

The violent storm prevented us from climbing up the mountain

→ We couldn’t climb up the mountain because of the violent storm

10j QKĐ (phủ định)…until… It was not until … that … (mãi cho đến khi)

S + NOT + V…until + … It was not until … that + S + V (khẳng định)

Ex: The little girl didn’t sleep until her mother got home

→ It was not until her mother got home that the little girl slept

10.l Diễn tả sự chỉ trích: should (not) have + V3/ed

It + was + Adj (wrong/ careless) of you to + V… should(not) have + V3/ed

Ex: It was wrong of you to leave the classroom without asking for your teacher’s permission

→ You should have asked for your teacher’s permission to leave the classroom

It was wrong of you to be rude to your friend yesterday

→ You shouldn’t have been rude to your friend yesterday

It was careless of you to leave the house without locking the door

→ You should have locked the door before leaving the house

10.m Diễn tả sự thích hơn: prefer = would rather

prefer + V-ing …to + V-ing = would rather + V….than + V

Ex: She prefers staying at home to going out with friends at night

→ She would rather stay at home than go out with friends at night

3 It was wrong of you to leave the class without asking for your teacher’s permission

You should not… ……… ……….

4 No matter how hard Fred tried to lose weight, he did not succeed

7 Having committed the crime, the boy was put in prison

Because the boy……… ………

8 My grandfather usually walked for a long distance when he was young

11 The little boy didn’t do his homework until his father got home

It was not until……… …… ……….… Not until ……… …… ………

12 Treated badly by his step-mother, the little boy loved and respected her

Although……… ………

13 The boy broke the window of his neighbor

It was the boy ……… ………

14 It is necessary for you to get up early tomorrow morning

You have to……… ………

15 He suggested playing a game

You oughtn’t ……… ………

EXERCISES PHẦN A (Trích từ đề thi Tốt nghiệp THPT quốc gia, Tuyển sinh đại học và đề gợi ý)

Complete each of the following sentences in such a way it has the closest meaning to the given one

TEST 1

1 She knows a lot more than I do

I don’t know … ……… ………

2 We didn’t go on holiday because we didn’t have enough time

5 The children couldn’t go swimming because the sea was very rough

The sea was too … ……… ……

6 What a pity you failed your driving test

10 The ink was so faded that I could not read the word

The ink was too … ……… …….

11 We got lost because we didn’t have a map

17 I have not enjoyed myself so much for years

It’s years since … ……… ……

18 “Don’t leave the house until I get back, William” his mother said

William’s mother told her son … ………

19 This is the most delicious cake I have ever tasted

8 The children are taken home by bus; their parent work late

The children whose … ………

9 “Let’s go for a walk in the park” said Andrew

3 “Don’t talk while I am explaining the lesson” the teacher said to his students

The teacher told her students … ………

4 We could not drive because of the fog

10 John Speke failed to find the source of the River Nile

John Speke did not succeed… ………

11 Maria didn’t apply for the job in the library and regrets it now

3 I don’t think it is a good idea for you to go out this evening

I’d rather you… ……… …….

4 I’m always nervous when I travel by air

9 After fighting the fire for twelve hours, the firemen succeeded in putting it out

The firemen managed… ………

10 The mechanic serviced my car last week

15 Amada finally managed to find a job

Amada finally succeeded… ………

16 “I am sorry, Angela” said Martin “I’ve damaged your car”

11 Is it essential to meet your aunt at the station?

Does your aunt ………

12 Everyone believed that the house had been sold

17 I have never eaten this kind of food before

18 Jenny doesn’t play tennis as well as she used to be

6 “Why don’t we put a better lock on the gate? His wife said

7 “It was very kind of you to offer me this job, Mr Wilson” said Helen

19 I won’t change my mind about it, whatever happens.

2 It is thought that the Prime Minister is considering raising taxes

The Prime Minister ……….

3 I would rather play tennis than watch TV

13 “Don’t move or I’ll shoot” the bank robber said to the clerk

The bank robber threatened ………

14 I’m certainly not going to give you any more money

I have no ………

15 The firm didn’t go bankrupt because they took Gerry’s advice

Thanks ……….…

16 “Would you like to come to my birthday party, Sarah?” asked Frederic

Frederic invited ……….

17 The children couldn’t go swimming because the sea too rough

The sea was too ……….

18 “Leave my house or I’ll call the police” shouted the lady to the man

The lady threatened ………

19 Because the storm was so violent, the ship couldn’t reach its destination on time

Because of ……….

20 She is wearing a very beautiful dress

What ……….…….

TEST 9

1 “Shall I make you a coffee?” the girl said to the lady

The girl offered ……….

2 She was unable to arrive on time because she had been delayed by heavy traffic

7 “Stop smoking or you’ll be ill” the doctor said to me

The doctor advised ………

8 Why don’t you stop smoking?

11 “If you don’t pay the ransom, we’ll kill your boy” said the kidnapper to us

The kidnapper threatened ………

12 “You shouldn’t have leaked our confidential report to the press, Frank!” said Jane

Jane criticized ………

13 Martin missed his flight because he had not been informed of the change in flight schedule

16 Walking on the grass in the park is not permitted

You are not allowed ……….

17 She did not study hard enough to win the scholarship

20 She prefers going to the library to staying at home

She would rather ………

9 “Send this urgent document immediately” the officer told the soldier

The officer ordered ………

10 You may be very intelligent, but you should be more careful about this

No matter how ………

11 It’s his duty to get all the document typed before the meeting

All the document is supposed ………

12 Although he was able to do the job, he wasn’t given the position

In spite of ………

13 He didn’t work hard and he failed the exam

If he ……….……

14 His handwriting is so small that I can hardly read it

His handwriting is too ………

15 “Why don’t you get your hair cut, Gavin?” said Adam

Adam suggested that ………

16 Their dog was so fierce that nobody would visit them

They had so ………

17 We couldn’t have managed our business successfully without my father’s money

Hadn’t it ……….

18 The mistake in the accounts was not noticed until the figures were re-checked

It was not until ………

19 Ask her to come to see me whenever she has any problem

Should … ……… ……… ………….….

20 I only recognized him when he came into the light

Not until ………

TEST 11

1 “You’re always making terrible mistakes” said the teacher to me

The teacher complained ………

2 She broke down the moment when she heard the news

7 He had no sooner arrived than he began to make trouble

19 They couldn’t climb up the mountain because of the storm

The storm prevented ……….

20 You can ring this number whenever there is any difficulty

4 We lost the game because of my mistake

11 The film star wore dark glasses so that no one could recognize him

The film star avoided ………

12 They had to wait for twelve hours before their flight left

18 It was such rotten meat that it had to be thrown away

The meat was ………

19 We’d prefer you not to smoke

We’d rather ……….

20 The truth only came out on the publication of the general’s personal diaries

Only when ………

1 Mary will go with us unless she has to do her homework

If ………

2 There will be a shortage of water unless it rains

If ………

3 Because of the heavy rain, they could not play the match

The heavy rain prevented ………

4 Mary is the tallest students in my class

13 It was wrong of you to leave the class without asking for your teacher’s permission

You should not ……….

14 Not having been informed of the change in flight schedule, Martin missed his flight

Because Martin ………

15 It was wrong of you to leak our confidential report to the press

You should not ………

16 “Don’t forget to tidy up the final draft before submission” the team leader told us

The team leader reminded ……….………

17 “If you don’t pay the ransom, we’ll kill your boy” the kidnapper told us

The kidnapper threatened ………

18 The woman was too weak to lift the suitcase

3 “Shall I make you a coffee?” the girl said to the lady

The girl offered ………

4 “Leave my house or I’ll call the police” shouted the lady to the man

The lady threatened ………

5 “You should have finished the report by now” John told his secretary

John reproached ………

6 The children couldn’t go swimming because the sea was too rough

The sea was so………

7 Provided that your handwriting is legible, the examiner will accept your answer

So long as the examiner……….…….

8 You should look up the meaning of new words in the dictionary so as to not misuse them

You should look up the meaning of new words in the dictionary so that……… …

9 It was wrong of you not to finish the report

You should ………

10 “I will pay back your money, Gloria” said Ivan

Ivan promised ……….…………

11 “Why don’t you join us for our next class reunion?” Mary said to me

Mary cordially invited ……… ………

12 It is difficult for me to understand what he implies

15 He was successful because he was determined to pursue personal goals

It was ……….

16 “I’ll not leave until I see the manager” said the customer

The customer refused ………

17 The man wore gloves in order not to leave any fingers

The man wore gloves so that ……….

18 “Mom, please don’t tell dad about my mistake” the boy said

The boy begged ……….

19 I left without saying goodbye, as I didn’t want to disturb the meeting

6 There is rumor that the escaped prisoner is living on an island

The escaped prisoner ……… ……

7 The last candidate who was interviewed for the sales position was entirely unsuitable

The last candidate to……….………

8 They have translated the book into many different languages

The book ………

9 People spend a lot of money on advertising every year

A lot of……… ………

10 “Don’t go near the water, children”, said the mother

The mother warned ……… ………

11 “I’ll make you a nice birthday cake” Tina’s mother said

Tina’s mother promised……… …

12 It was wrong of you to cheat in the exam

You should ……… ……… …

13 Do you want to go out for dinner with me, Kate?” Felix said

Felix invited ……….….…

14 “I’ll kill your son if you call the police” the kidnapper told them

The kidnapper threatened ……….……….

15 Return the product to the shop if you have any complaints about it

Should ……….……… ………

16 The garage is going to repair the car for us next week

We are going to have ……… ……

17 I would have made different arrangements if I had been warned about the situation

PHẦN B (Trích từ đề thi học sinh Giỏi thành phố và quốc gia, đề thi quốc tế FCE)

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given Do not change the word given

TEST 1

1 Marcella left home very early because she wanted to be sure of catching the train (ORDER)

Marcella left home very early ………