Appendix Annotated Bibliography

Beginningwith a discussion of why cultural landscape preservation is important, the authors explore such topics as the role of nature and culture, the selling of heritage landscapes, urb

1 Appendix : Annotated Bibliography

2 Agnoletti, M et al (ed.)

Methods and Approaches in Forest History

Agnoletti, M and Anderson, S 2000 Methods and Approaches in Forest History IUFRO Research

Series, No 3 CABI Publishing, Wallingford

A companion to Forest History: International Studies on Socioeconomic and Forest Ecosystem

Change which includes over 20 papers from the same conference held in Florence in 1998 This

volume focuses on the different approaches and methods adopted in the study of forest history Theinterdisciplinary nature of these studies is emphasized, bringing in the different perspectives ofanthropologists, botanists, ecologists, foresters, historians, geneticists and geographers This volume

demonstrates the rich diversity of approaches and methods to forest history.

Source :http://www.cabi.org/Bookshop/book_detail.asp?isbn=0851994202

3 Alanen, A.R et al.

Preserving Cultural Landscapes in America

Alanen, A.R and Melnick, R 2000 Preserving Cultural Landscapes in America Center Books on

Contemporary Landscape Design Serie Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore Retrieved August

17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (P-Z) (2000) database on the WWW:http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-bin/webspirs.cmd

Historic preservation efforts began with an emphasis on buildings, especially those associated withsignificant individuals, places, or events Subsequent efforts were expanded to include vernaculararchitecture, but only in recent decades have preservationists begun shifting focus to the land itself

Cultural landscapes such as farms, gardens, and urban parks are now seen as projects worthy of

the preservationist's attention To date, however, no book has addressed the critical issues involved incultural landscape preservation

In Preserving Cultural Landscapes in America, Arnold R Alanen and Robert Z Melnick bringtogether a distinguished group of contributors to address the complex academic and practicalquestions that arise when people set out to designate and preserve a cultural landscape Beginningwith a discussion of why cultural landscape preservation is important, the authors explore such topics

as the role of nature and culture, the selling of heritage landscapes, urban parks and cemeteries,

Puerto Rican neighbourhoods in New York City, vernacular landscapes in small towns and rural areas,ethnographic landscapes, Asian American imprints on the western landscape, and integrity as a value

in cultural landscape preservation

Source: http://www.press.jhu.edu/press/books/titles/s00/s00alpr.htm

4 American Society of Landscape Architects

Visual Values for the Highway User

American Society of Landscape Architects forthcoming Visual Values for the Highway User.

American-Society-of-Landscape-Architects, Washington, R.R Bowker, Reed Elsevier Inc RetrievedAugust 17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (P-Z) (2000) database on the WorldWide Web: http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-bin/webspirs.cmd

DESCRIPTORS: TRAFFIC-ENGINEERING

Homepage of the American Society of Landscape Architects : http://www.asla.org/

5 Antrop, M.

Background concepts for integrated landscape analysis

Antrop, M 2000 Background concepts for integrated landscape analysis Agriculture, Ecosystems

and Environment 77 (1-2): 17-28

Keywords: Landscape; Planning; Landscape ecology; Regional geography; Urbanisation

Background concepts of the landscape research performed at the Department of Geography of theUniversity of Ghent are described, discussed and illustrated with some examples The integratedapproach is based upon holism, perception and evolution Holism allows the link between landscape

ecology and perception It explains the interaction between structure and functioning and the

importance of the scale Perception is linked to structure, pattern recognition and learning and, thus,

also to behaviour and the practical results of planning processes Landscape evolution is based on the dynamic interaction between structure and functioning and also on history, which makes each landscape unique The rate and magnitude of the changes in the landscape are the most important

factors relating to the evolution of our landscapes Pressures upon the landscape and values of ourlandscapes can be defined according to their traditional characteristics

Linking restoration and landscape ecology

Bell, S.S.; Fonseca, M.S., Motten, L.B.1997 Linking restoration and landscape ecology.

RESTORATION-ECOLOGY 5 (4) : 318-323 Retrieved August 17, 2000 from CURRENTCONTENTS Search(R) 5 Sci Ed (January 1998 through March 1998) database on the WWW:http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-bin/webspirs.cmd

KEYWORDS: HABITAT-FRAGMENTATION; COMMUNITY-DEVELOPMENT; PATTERN-;MITIGATION-; MARSHES-; PERSPECTIVES-; DISTURBANCE-; MANAGEMENT-;SEAGRASSES-; WETLANDS-

Landscape ecology focuses on questions typically addressed over broad spatial scales A landscapeapproach embraces spatial heterogeneity, consisting of a number of ecosystems and/or landscapestructures of different types, as a central theme Such studies may aid restoration efforts in a variety ofways, including (1) provision of better guidance for selecting reference sites and establishing projectgoals and (2) suggestions for appropriate spatial configurations of restored elements to facilitate

recruitment of flora/fauna Likewise, restoration efforts may assist landscape-level studies, given

that restored habitats, possessing various patch arrangements or being established among landscapes

of varying diversity and conditions of human alteration, can provide extraordinary opportunities forexperimentation over a large spatial scale Restoration studies can facilitate the rate of informationgathering for expected changes in natural landscapes for which introduction of landscape elements

may be relatively slow Moreover, data collected from restoration studies can assist in validation ofdynamic models of current interest in landscape ecology We suggest that restoration and landscapeecology have an unexplored mutualistic relationship that could enhance research and application ofboth disciplines

8 Bender, B (ed.)

Landscape: Politics and Perspectives

Bender, B (Ed) 1993 Landscape: Politics and Perspectives Explorations in Anthropology

Berg-Publishers, Oxford Retrieved 17 August 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (E-O)(2000) on the WWW: http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-bin/webspirs.cmd

DESCRIPTORS: LANDSCAPE-PROTECTION; HUMAN-ECOLOGY; PERCEPTION

GEOGRAPHICAL-Including the following article :

Cosgrove, D Landscapes and Myths, Gods & Humans In Landscape: Politics and Perspectives

(Explorations in Anthropology) Barbara Bender (Editor) Berg: Providence, 1993, p 281-305.Gosgrove makes the distinction that while geographers have been interested in landscapes, andanthropologists intent on studying myths, it is only through a convergence of these two disciplines that

we can understand the social relations of individuals and groups with the physical world that isproduced and represented He examines the myth of Gaia to understand the way early myths haveattempted to understand creation and being, and it's place within the physical landscape His

metaphorical allusions attempt to unite past myths with our current geography to recall the series of

discourses, which he believes, continues to influence our current relations with the places where

we live He believes that these discourses: the spatial, social, gendered, physiological and artistic,

are deeply rooted in the cultural unconsciousness of Europeans and Americans His argument is an interesting one for if the landscape has the potential to become a cultural image, then methods of

representing and symbolizing one's environment become crucial to the understanding andinterpretation of that landscape depending on which 'discourse' a reader subscribes to Though this

book is laden with philosophy and mythology, it is well articulated and convincing in its beliefs and

should be a good introduction to interdisciplinary work

Source : http://www.anthro.washington.edu/Faculty/Faculty%20Syllabi/Anth570/18.htm

9 Bennett, A.

Linkages in the Landscape

Bennett, A F 1998 Linkages in the landscape : the role of corridors and connectivity in wildlife conservation IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge.

The loss and fragmentation of natural habitats is one of the major issues in wildlife management and

conservation Habitat "corridors" are sometimes proposed as an important element within a

conservation strategy Examples are given of corridors both as pathways and as habitats in their ownright Includes detailed reviews of principles relevant to the design and management of corridors, their

place in regional approaches to conservation planning, and recommendations for research and

CONTENTS Search(R) 5 Sci Ed (July 1998 through September 1998) database on the WWW:http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-bin/webspirs.cmd

KEYWORDS PLUS: SEA-LEVEL-RISE; BIOLOGICAL-INTEGRITY; BIODIVERSITY-;MANAGEMENT-; STRESS-; AREAS-

This article describes the development of a framework for selecting a core set of indicators suitable for

an integrated ecosystem health assessment of a governed landscape Integrated assessments are those

that consider a combination of biophysical, socioeconomic, and human health considerations Highly governed landscapes are cultural landscapes that are strictly controlled by humans to the

extent that they would revert to an entirely different form were it not for continued humanintervention One example of such a landscape, which serves as the setting for this investigation, is theformer wetlands of the northeastern Italian coastal zone, which have been subject to widespread landreclamation and coastal development over the past century The science of ecosystem health has been

chosen as the frame of reference because ''health'' is not judged by the degree of ''naturalness''

but instead on the ability of the ecosystem to maintain and renew itself The framework consists

of first reviewing literature and methods related to ecological and environmental monitoring, the-environment reporting, landscape ecology, and sustainability This is followed by the definition ofindicator guidelines that are designed to assist in the evaluation and selection of potential indicators Acore set of indicators are then presented based on a conceptual framework devised for this purpose.indicators are classed as abiotic, biotic, and cultural, and selected according to the ecological districtscomprising the study area The ultimate goal is their application to an ecological monitoring andassessment program within a governed landscape such as the northeastern Italian coastal zone Givensuch a commitment, the normal process of core indicator refinement can then proceed, based on suchactions as further consultations with interested stakeholders and evaluation of methodological andpractical constraints to their actual application

stale-oi-11 Birnbaum, C.A et al (ed.)

Pioneers of American Landscape Design

Birnbaum, C.A and Karson, R.S 2000 Pioneers of American Landscape Design McGraw-Hill, New

York

An important look at 140 prominent landscape architects and their work, full of new and archival

photographs the first reference book of its kind An absolute must for landscape architects,

students, and anyone interested in the design and evolution of the American landscape Each entryincludes biographical information, a discussion of the architects' approach and methodology, andrepresentative plans and photographs of major projects Emphasizes vital issues in landscape

preservation and ecologically sound design

Source: http://shop.mcgraw-hill.com/

Source: http://aalto.arch.ksu.edu/newsevents/calendar/archive/98-99/birnbaum.htm

Source:

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0071344209/qid=966931142/sr=1-1/103-1674438-4975824

12 Birnbaum, C.A (ed.)

Cultural Landscapes: Expanding the Realm of Historic Preservation

Birnbaum, C.A forthcoming Cultural Landscapes: Expanding the Realm of Historic Preservation.

John Wiley and Sons, New York Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With BookReviews (A-D) (2000) database on the WWW: http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-bin/webspirs.cmd

DESCRIPTORS: CULTURE-

13 Bissonette, J.A.

Wildlife and Landscape Ecology: Effects of Pattern and Scale

Bissonette, J.A 1997 Wildlife and Landscape Ecology: Effects of Pattern and Scale Springer Verlag

New York, New York Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (P-Z)(2000) on the WWW: http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-bin/webspirs.cmd

DESCRIPTORS: WILDLIFE-MANAGEMENT

While the research and management of wildlife has traditionally emphasised studies at smaller scales,

it is now acknowledged that larger, landscape-level patterns strongly influence demographic

processes in wild animal species This book is the first to provide the conceptual basis for learning

how larger scale patterns and processes can influence the biology and management of wildlife species

It is divided into three sections: Underlying Concepts, Landscape Metrics and Applications and Large

Scale Management.

Source: http://www.springer.de/cgi-bin/search_book.pl?isbn=0-387-94789-2

14 Bourassa, S.C.

The Aesthetics of Landscape

Bourassa, S.C 1991 The Aesthetics of Landscape Belhaven Press London

Keywords : landscape aesthetics, landscape evaluation, aesthetics.

Sets out to provide a comprehensive theoretical framework for research in landscape aesthetics Critical review of the history of ideas about landscape and aesthetic experience Sets out conceptual framework combining 'biological, cultural and personal aspects' of aesthetic experience, reviews

current theory and illustrates the application of theory to problems of landscape evaluation

Source : http://www.forestry.gov.uk/ppd/research/landscape/project5.html

15 Boyce, S.G.

Landscape Forestry

Boyce, S.G 1995 Landscape forestry John Wiley & Sons, New York.

A compilation of concepts, biological relationships and procedures used to organize forested

landscapes for combinations of goods, services and effects Includes such management processes asinvestments for biological diversity, timber production, wilderness effects, recreational opportunities,esthetic values and habitats for endangered animals and plants

Source : http://catalog2.wiley.com/

16 Bradley, G.A.

Urban Forest Landscapes: Integrating Multidisciplinary Perspectives

Bradley, G.A 1995 Urban Forest Landscapes: Integrating Multidisciplinary Perspectives.

University of Washington Press

Description: The goal of urban forestry is to understand the ecological, institutional, and human issues

at work in the urban landscape Urban forestry is a comparatively new field within the academicdiscipline of forestry, and is closely allied to several scientific disciplines as well as the socialsciences Professionals in the field are called upon to provide scientific information and guidance, and

to justify in economic, social, and environmental terms the value of the urban landscape in relation

to other uses of the land and other needs of the city The multidisciplinary approach of this book

recognizes the dilemma that in the attempt to solve problems by developing landscapes that address

specific goals such as fire safety, energy and water conservation, and wildlife preservation, other

problems are sometimes created because scientific knowledge is lacking or because not all aspects ofthe situation have been considered Urban Forest Landscapes takes a critical look at the current state

of knowledge and research in the field, and at how available information is applied in the urbansetting The book includes contributions by twenty specialists Several articles outline thedevelopment of urban forestry in the United States and the use of trees in urban environments in the

European and North American cultural tradition Others consider the environmental setting: the level

of scientific knowledge, public policy and perceptions of land management needs, human needs, land

use laws and regulations, political and administrative issues, and economic approaches Another group of articles discuss scenic value, management of greenbelts and forest remnants, wildlife

habitat design, energy-efficientlandscapes, water conservation, and fire-safe landscape A final

section focuses on sustainability of urban forest landscapes, both from a conceptual perspective and

by presenting two practical case studies of managed forests in an urban environment

Source : http://search.borders.com/

17 Brown, J.H.

Macroecology

Brown, J H 1995 Macroecology University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

In Macroecology, James H Brown proposes a radical new research agenda designed to broaden the

scope of ecology to encompass vast geographical areas and very long time spans While much

ecological research is narrowly focused and experimental, providing detailed information that cannot

be used to generalize from one ecological community or time period to another, macroecology draws

on data from many disciplines to create a less detailed but much broader picture with greater potentialfor generalization Integrating data from ecology, systematics, evolutionary biology, paleobiology, andbiogeography to investigate problems that could only be addressed on a much smaller scale by

traditional approaches, macroecology provides a richer, more complete understanding of how

patterns of life have moved across the earth over time Brown also demonstrates the advantages of

macroecology for conservation, showing how it allows scientists to look beyond endangered species and ecological communities to consider the long history and large geographic scale of human

impacts An important reassessment of the direction of ecology by one of the most influential thinkers

in the field, this work will shape future research in ecology and other disciplines

Source : http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/12836.ctl

18 Brown, M.J.

Benign neglect and active management in Tasmania's forests: A dynamic balance or ecological collapse?

Brown, M.J 1996 Benign neglect and active management in Tasmania's forests: A dynamic balance

or ecological collapse? Forest ecology and management 85 (1-3): 279-289.

Keywords: conservation reserves, forest management, wood production and conservation, landscapeforestry; RESERVATION, RAINFOREST

This paper reviews some aspects of the current ecological management of Tasmania's forests in

conservation reserves and on public and private land available for logging I am interested in the

question of how best to learn from past mistakes and to develop forest management techniques thatallow for continuing utilisation but also for the continuing potential for biodiversity to be expressedboth in the ecological and the evolutionary sense

Source : http://wos.isiglobalnet.com/

CIW.cgi?390817_A036A330&Func=Abstract&doc=62/1

19 Bruns, D et al.

Landscape dynamics in Germany

Bruns, D., Ipsen, D., Bohnet, I 2000 Landscape dynamics in Germany Landscape and urban

planning 47 (3-4): 143-158

Keywords: landscape change, prognosis, planning process, agricultural policy, regional sociology

Modern lifestyles, new demographic trends, and the expansion of the European Community arechanging the European countryside At stake are cultural landscapes, their richness in wildlife,historical interest, scenic beauty, and the recreational opportunities they provide Visible phenomena

of change are symptoms of a growing socio-economic and ecological disparity between differentregions Agreements on AGENDA 2000 European policy provide a new platform for regional andagricultural development The paper explores which landscape dynamics are in store Employingexamples from rural Germany, the paper presents corridors of possible futures for unique, and at thesame time, dynamic places Modem strategies of landscape and urban planning are discussed which

aim at closer co-operation between a multitude of stakeholders, policy makers, planners, and

other agents of change Methods and tools are needed to build consensus among ever increasingnumbers of participants representing potentially wide ranges of values

KEYWORDS PLUS: SCENIC-BEAUTY

An expert system, designed to assess the visual quality of natural landscape scenes, was subjected

to set of validation and context reliability tests This system was evaluated for its context reliability bytesting its performance when it was used on-site to evaluate natural landscapes versus its performance

off-site using photographs of the same sites System internal validity was evaluated by comparing the

results of the on- and off-site evaluations against the professional judgement of an expert landscape

architect of the visual quality of these landscapes The data indicate that the Explanation of VisualAssessment (EVA) expert system provides a means of evaluating landscape quality with high contextreliability and internal validity

21 Burel, F et al.

Écologie du paysage: Concepts, méthodes et

applications

BUREL, F and BAUDRY J 1999 Écologie du paysage: Concepts, méthodes et applications.

TECHNIQUE & DOCUMENTATION, Paris

Cet ouvrage réunit les bases et les développements récents de l'écologie du paysage Il développe lesprincipaux concepts de cette spécialité, les méthodes d'analyses spatiales partant d'un point de vueécologique, ainsi que les facteurs des dynamiques paysagères ayant des incidences écologiques Les

bases théoriques et empiriques des relations entre les structures spatiales des paysages et des

processus tels que les dynamiques de population, les assemblages d'espèces, les flux biogéochimiques

y sont explicités Des exemples d'application des concepts de l'écologie du paysage dans divers pays

sont présentés Unique référence francophone sur le sujet, ce livre propose une approche originale

en articulant étroitement les activités humaines et les fonctionnements écologiques Rigoureux et

pragmatiques, les auteurs ont procédé à une critique de la pertinence de certains concepts pour enmontrer les limites et donner des précautions d'emploi.

Source : http://www.tec-et-doc.com/

22 Burger, J.

Landscapes, tourism, and conservation

Burger, J 2000 Landscapes, tourism, and conservation The Science of The Total Environment 249

(1-3): 39-49

Keywords: Global change; Ecotourism; Recreation; Sustainability; Biodiversity; Shorebirds;

Riparian; Contaminated lands

One key aspect of global change is a decrease in ecological integrity as more and more landscapes aredeveloped, leaving a mosaic of intact refuges and degraded patches that may not be sufficient forconserving biodiversity While increases in human population and shifts in the distribution of peopleaffect land use, the temporary movement of people can have major implications for conservation and

biodiversity Three examples are presented where recreation/tourism can enhance the conservation

of land on a landscape scale, leading to habitat protection and biodiversity preservation […] In all

three cases the judicious development of recreational/tourist interests can encourage both theconservation of habitats and the wise management of habitats on a landscape scale While somespecies or habitats are too fragile for sustained tourism, many can be managed so that species,ecosystems and ecotourists flourish By contributing to the economic base of regions,ecotourists/recreationists can influence the protection of land and biodiversity on a landscape scale,contributing to ecosystem management The human dimensions of land preservation and biodiversityprotection are key to long-term sustainability, and ecotourists/recreationists can be one managementoption

Keywords: Environmental values; Arid landscapes; Water values

Human perceptions and values regarding water in arid landscapes are multi-faceted Water is valued

for life sustaining and practical aspects such as drinking, bathing, and cooking Water is also one of

the most important and most attractive visual elements of the landscape Water has important effects

on landforms through sedimentation and erosion, and on the types, quantities and distributions of

vegetation, aquatic organisms, and wildlife In arid landscapes especially, there are a wide range of cultural, spiritual, and religious values related to water Changes in water regimes and the

associated changes in landforms, vegetation and wildlife can have significant effects on manydifferent types of human perceptions and values Current policies for water management emphasizetechnical standards and legal regulations that address only a few of the relevant human values,primarily those involving consumptive uses More comprehensive water policies addressing thebroader array of human perceptions, meanings and values related to water are needed, especially inarid areas

Source : http://www.sciencedirect.com/

24 Carlson, A.

Whose Vision? Whose Meanings? Whose Values?

Pluralism and Objectivity in Landscape Analysis

Carlson, A 1990 "Whose Vision? Whose Meanings? Whose Values? Pluralism and Objectivity in Landscape Analysis" in P Groth, ed Vision Culture and Landscape: working papers from the

Berkeley symposium on cultural landscape interpretation Dept Landscape Architecture, Univ ofCalifornia, Berkeley

Keywords : environmental aesthetics; environmental aesthetics/criticism; environmental preference

studies

Carlson states that landscapes are valued differently, have different meanings attributed to them, and

are even perceived in different ways by different individuals He considers the roles that the concepts

of 'vision', 'meaning', and 'values', play in the descriptive, interpretative and evaluative judgements

used in environmental research, analysis and design This study uses philosophical argument to

examine the issues of pluralism and objectivity concerning vision, meanings, and values Carlson

(p168) criticises the use of preference studies and recommends the need for landscape professionals

to make the "descriptive, interpretative, and evaluative judgements about landscape"

Source : http://www.forestry.gov.uk/ppd/research/landscape/project9.html

25 Carter, J (ed.)

Recent Approaches to Participatory Forest Resource Assessment

Carter, J (ed.) 1996 Recent Approaches to Participatory Forest Resource Assessment Overseas

Development Institute, London

Analyses recent experience in participatory approaches to forest resource assessment, from mapping

to complex inventories of many species, for use in the study of rural development forestry up to

Masters Degree level Chapters in the book provide detailed case studies from Nigeria, Ecuador,

Mexico, Ghana, Nepal, Indonesia, and Uganda and are supplemented by discussion chapters Theintroduction sets the need for participatory forest resource assessment in the context of generaldevelopments in forestry, while the concluding chapters draw lessons from the case study material andfrom other documented field experience

Source : http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/forestry.html#pfm

26 Chaudhuri, U.

Theater and Landscape: Scenes of the Twentieth

Century

Chaudhuri, U (Ed) Fuchs, E Forthcoming Theater and Landscape: Scenes of the Twentieth Century.

University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) WithBook Reviews (P-Z) (2000) database on the WWW: http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-bin/webspirs.cmd

27 Clay, G.R.

Scenic landscape assessment: the effects of land

management jurisdiction on public perception of scenic beauty

Clay, G.R., Daniel, T.C 2000 Scenic landscape assessment: the effects of land management jurisdiction on public perception of scenic beauty Landscape and urban planning 49 (1-2): 1-13.

Keywords: visual quality, landscape assessment, scenic beauty, visual resource management

The research presented here evaluated viewer preferences for a road corridor in southern Utah that is

managed in part by the USDA Forest Service, and in part by the National Park Service Because

philosophical differences per agency can lead to visible differences in landscape characteristics, a

traveler can be presented with a mixed and potentially confusing experience en-route This potential for ambiguity could impact a visitor's experience, which in turn might influence a region's tourist

potential A preliminary field study was first conducted to document the motivations and concerns of

visitors to the study area A systematic photographic inventory was then generated along the 12-milecorridor that links Cedar Breaks National Monument with segments of the Dixie National Forest Theacquired photographs were employed in a perceptual assessment effort that studied observersperceptions of landscape scenic beauty as the road traversed from one jurisdiction to the other Thegoal was to investigate the effects of jurisdictional differences on public perceptions of the scenicquality of the corridor Preference scores were later related to expert-based assessments of the visiblecharacteristics of the same test scenes, using the landscape/scene variables indicated by thepreliminary field study; depth of view, proportion of road in view, and proportion of open meadow inview Results indicated highest preferences for park managed scenes with a central open meadowframed by forest Similar scenes in the forest-administered sections of the corridor were less preferred,apparently due to the effects of seasonal livestock grazing on visual features within the meadows Source : http://wos.isiglobalnet.com/

CIW.cgi?375469_4763403B&Func=Abstract&doc=76/1

28 Colfer, C.P.J et al.

Who counts most? Assessing human well-being in

sustainable forest management.

Colfer, C.P.J., Prabhu, R., Günter, M., McDougall, C., Porro, N.M and Porro, R 1999 Who Counts Most? Assessing Human Well-Being in Sustainable Forest Toolbox Series No 8 CIFOR, EU, GTZ

and USAID

Who Counts Most? Assessing Human Well-Being in Sustainable Forest Management presents a tool,

‘the Who Counts Matrix’, for differentiating ‘forest actors’, or people whose well-being and forest

management are intimately intertwined, from other stakeholders The authors argue for focusingformal attention on forest actors in efforts to develop sustainable forest management They suggestseven dimensions by which forest actors can be differentiated from other stakeholders, and a simplescoring technique for use by formal managers in determining whose well-being must form an integralpart of sustainable forest management in a given locale Building on the work carried out by the

Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) on criteria and indicators, they present three

illustrative sets of stakeholders, from Indonesia, Côte d’Ivoire and the United States, and Who CountsMatrices from seven trials, in an appendix

Source : http://www.cgiar.org/cifor/CimatWeb/ie4/c_i_mainpage_toolbox_8.htm

29 Cook, E.A et al (ed.)

Landscape Planning and Ecological Networks

Cook, E.A & van Lier, H.N 1994 Landscape Planning and Ecological Networks Developments in

Landscape Management and Urban Planning, 6F Elsevier, Amsterdam

The ecological networks concept has been taken as a challenge in this sixth ISOMUL book Both the

description of the background and of the contents of ecological networks are given, as well as many

examples of the use of the concept on the local and regional scale Finally, a specific use of the

concept of ecological networks for the national level (The Netherlands) and the International level

(E.C.) is presented The volume will be invaluable to all those involved in the actual planning tosafeguard and/or restore natural and ecological values in the countryside and in specific green parts ofurbanized areas

Source : http://www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/5/2/5/1/8/8/index.htt

30 Cox, C.B et al.

Biogeography An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach

Cox, C.B., Moore, P.D 2000 Biogeography An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach Blackwell

Science, Oxford

The science of biogeography asks, and seeks to answer, many varied questions Why are there somany different kinds of animals and plants? Why are some common and some rare? Why are somewidely dispersed and others confined to very limited areas? Why are some habitats and parts of theworld so much richer in species than others? How have these patterns of distribution and speciesrichness evolved? The answers to these questions, in as far as they are known, are as diverse andvaried as the questions themselves To approach them it is necessary to understand global patterns ofclimate, as well as the physical barriers to dispersal presented by oceans, mountain chains and deserts

We need to know how species respond to the presence of competitors, predators and parasites, andhow they react when their physical environment alters as climate changes and as continents break up

and are set adrift Most important of all, we need to appreciate the impact of our own species upon

all others, placing new demands upon the adaptability of the living world The questions asked bybiogeography themselves evolve over time, and this new edition of a long-established text raises newquestions concerned with such topics as global biodiversity, the roles of species in ecosystems, and thedegree to which traditional biogeographical concepts can be applied to the extensive, but neglected,realms of the world's oceans Marine biogeography is becoming an increasingly important and well-understood discipline, and is included here for the first time The book is intended as the principaltext for students taking courses in biogeography, as well as wider degree programmes in which thestudy of biogeography is important, such as geography, ecology, palaeobiology and evolution

Source: http://www.blackwell-science.com/~cgilib/bookpage.bin?File=4317

31 Dabbert, S et al (ed.)

The Economics of Landscape and Wildlife Conservation

Dabbert, S (ed.) Dubgaard, A.; Slangen, L.; Whitby, M 1998 The Economics of Landscape and

Wildlife Conservation CAB International New York Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books In Print

(R) With Book Reviews (P-Z) (2000) database on the WWW: bin/webspirs.cmd

http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-DESCRIPTORS: LANDSCAPE-ECOLOGY; WILDLIFE-CONSERVATION

32 Daniels, R.J.R et al.

Ecosystem flips in cultural landscapes: The case of Kolli Hills

Daniels, R.J.R and Vencatesan, J 1998 Ecosystem flips in cultural landscapes: The case of Kolli

Hills CURRENT-SCIENCE 75 (4) : 353-355 Retrieved August 17, 2000 from CURRENT

CONTENTS Search(R) 5 Sci Ed (October 1998 through December 1998) database on the WWW:http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-bin/webspirs.cmd

33 DeGraaf, R.M (ed.)

Conservation of Faunal Diversity in Forested

Landscapes

R.M DeGraaf, R.M and Miller, R.I 1996 Conservation of Faunal Diversity in Forested Landscapes.

Chapman & Hall, London

Forest wildlife conservation is critically required in many parts of the world today This book presents

a merger between the elements of wildlife conservation and habitat conservation, and explains how these disciplines can be used to promote the conservation of vertebrates in forests around the world.

Source : http://www.wkap.nl/book.htm/0-412-61890-7

34 De Oliveira, N.B.

Community participation in developing and applying criteria and indicators of sustainable and equitable forest management.

De Oliveira, N.B 1999 Community participation in developing and applying criteria and indicators

of sustainable and equitable forest management CIFOR, Bogor.

Source : http://www.cgiar.org/cifor/publications/Html/AR-1999/Content-10.html

35 Diane Publishing Company

Landscaping for Wildlife

DIANE-Publishing-Company, 1994 Landscaping for Wildlife DIANE-Publishing-Company, Upland.

Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (A-D) (2000) on the WWW:http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-bin/webspirs.cmd

36 Doing, H.

The landscape as an ecosystem

Doing, H 1997 The landscape as an ecosystem Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 63 (2-3) :

as well Even though potentially favouring agro-ecosystems diversity and regional autonomy,ecological types of agriculture, as currently defined by law, do only promote nature on the farm whenthe farmer dedicates special attention it as an additional objective of his (organic) farming

Source :http://www.sciencedirect.com/

37 Doolittle, W.E.

Cultivated Landscapes of Native North America

Doolittle, W.E 2000 Cultivated Landscapes of Native North America Oxford Geographical and

Environmental Studies Oxford University Press, New York Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books

In Print (R) With Book Reviews (A-D) (2000) on the WWW: bin/webspirs.cmd

http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-Cultivated Landscapes of Native North America examines native North American agriculture from a

geographical position Focusing on fields, and grounded in the tradition of landscape studies, the book

emphasises environmental modifications Documentary, ethnographic, and archaeological data are

synthesised, resulting in some established ideas being challenged and some innovative ideas beingproffered

Source: http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-823420-1

38 Dramstad, W.E et al.

Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape

Architecture and Land-Use Planning

Dramstad, W.E.; Olson, J.D., Forman, R.T.T 1996 Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning Island-Press, Washington Retrieved 17 August, 2000 from in

Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (E-O) (2000) database on the WWW: bin/webspirs.cmd

http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-Landscape ecology has emerged in the past decade as an important and useful tool for land-use

planners and landscape architects While professionals and scholars have begun to incorporate

aspects of this new field into their work, there remains a need for a summary of key principles andhow they might be applied in design and planning This volume fills that need It is a concise

handbook that lists and illustrates key principles in the field, presenting specific examples of how

the principles can be applied in a range of scales and diverse types of landscapes around the world Source: http://www.islandpress.org/books/bookdata/Lndscapecol.html

A model analysis of the extinction of metapopulations is presented, based on a general model which

explicitly considers essential population dynamical factors, such as environmental fluctuations and dispersal of individuals The model is used to evaluate the influences of three plausible

management options on the viability of a metapopulation These are the increase of the capacity

and the number of patches and the improvement of their connectivity We find that the effects of these

management options depend on the specific environmental conditions, such as environmentalvariability and the patch capacities We generate a set of scenarios which cover a wide range ofdifferent environmental situations For each scenario the influences of the management options are

evaluated The results are used to compare local management of subpopulations with the establishment of a habitat network

Source : http://www.sciencedirect.com/

40 Edwards, P.J et al (eds.)

Large Scale Ecology and Conservation Biology

Edwards, P.J., May, R.M and Webb, N.R 1994 Large Scale Ecology and Conservation Biology.

Blackwell, Oxford

What will be the ecological consequences of rapid climatic change? What rate of exploitation of deep

sea fish stocks is sustainable? Can we predict the dynamics of epidemic diseases such as AIDS?

Where should we direct our conservation efforts in the face of the accelerating rate of loss of

biodiversity? A fundamental issue in our attempts to answer these and other questions, is whether we

can make ecological predictions at a scale appropriate to the pressing environmental problems thatneed to be addressed Most ecological theory has developed from studies conducted at a small scale

within a single habitat This book attempts to tackle the distinctive character of large scale ecological

processes by considering three main topics: firstly to examine the nature of large scale ecological

processes and the adequacy of ecological concepts and models, and secondly to address the practicalproblems of working at large scales and the tools, such as remote sensing and GIS, that are available,

and finally to consider the social, economic and political issues associated with the application of

ecological ideas in decision making and policy

Source : http://www.blackwell-science.com/~cgilib/bookpage.bin?File=3195

41 Fairhead, J et al.

Misreading the African landscape: society and ecology

in a forest-savanna mosaic

Fairhead, J.; Leach, M 1996 Misreading the African landscape: society and ecology in a

forest-savanna mosaic Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

Keywords : ecology; ecological research; forest management; vegetation; Guinea

Islands of dense forest in the savanna of ‘forest’ Guinea have long been regarded both by scientistsand policy-makers as the last relics of a once more extensive forest cover, degraded and degrading fastdue to its inhabitants’ land use James Fairhead and Melissa Leach question these entrenched

assumptions They show, on the contrary, how people have created forest islands around their villages, and how they have turned fallow vegetation more woody, so that population growth has

implied more forest, not less They also consider the origins, persistence, and consequences of a

century of erroneous policy Interweaving historical, social anthropological and ecological data, this

unique study advances a novel theoretical framework for ecological anthropology, forcing a radical

reexamination of some central tenets in each of these disciplines

Source : http://uk.cambridge.org/order/WebBook.asp?ISBN=0521564999

42 Farina, A.

Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology

Farina, A 1998 Principles and methods in landscape ecology Chapman & Hall, London, UK.

Landscape ecology is an integrative and multidisciplinary science and Principles and Methods inLandscape Ecology reconciles the geological, botanical, zoological and human perspectives

New ideas such as percolation, metapopulations and hierarchies are covered as is the

management, conservation, restoration and sustainable development of landscapes.

Methods for studying landscape ecology are covered including spatial geometry models and remotesensing Coverage is given to methods that can be used by students who do not have access topowerful computers an remote sensing systems

Source : http://www.wkap.nl/book.htm/0-412-73040-5

43 Farina, A.

Landscape Ecology in Action

Farina, A 2000 Landscape ecology in action Chapman & Hall, London, UK.

This book presents the state of the art of the fundamentals of landscape ecology It integrates differentecological approaches, in which the spatial arrangement of living organisms and their aggregations are

considered as an important component of environmental complexity A reconciliation between the

ecosystem approach and the landscape approach is discussed Geobotanical, animal and human

perspectives are considered and compared with regional (broad-scale) process-oriented landscapeecology It presents methods and applications for land evaluation and management of the real world,with particular emphasis on the scalar property of ecological processes and their patterns

This book represents a development of the author's previous book (Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology) with greater emphasis on applications The first part is devoted to the

fundamentals of landscape ecology, critically revisited The second part focuses on landscapeevaluation (resilient properties, fragility characteristics, connectivity aspects, and healthy conditions).The last part concentrates on management approaches

Source : http://www.wkap.nl/book.htm/0-7923-6166-0

44 Fiedler, P.L et al (eds.)

Conservation Biology For the Coming Decade

Fiedler, P.L and Kareiva, P.M 1997 Conservation Biology For the Coming Decade Chapman and

Hall, New York

Refecting what a new generation of conservation biologists is doing and thinking, this vital and far

ranging second edition explores where conservation biology is heading It challenges many conventions of conservation biology by exposing certain weaknesses of widely accepted principles.

Combining contributions from both the school and the new breed of conservation biologists, thisinsightful text focuses primarily on topics the are integral to the daily activities of conservationbiologists Several chapters address ecosystem restoration and biotic invasions as well as the themechanics of population viability analyses, which are now a routine facet of conservation efforts Acase history approach is implemented throughout the book, with the use of practical real-worldexamples Furthermore, an in-depth look at quantitative analyses is presented, allowing for modelsand mathematical analyses to pinpoint limitations in existing data and guide research toward thoseaspects of biology that are most likely to be critical to the dynamics of a species or an ecosystem Source : http://www.wkap.nl/book.htm/0-412-09661-7

45 Forman, R.T.T.

Landscape Ecology

Forman, R.T.T & Godron, M 1986 Landscape ecology John Wiley and Sons, New York.

This important new work the first of its kind focuses on the distribution patterns of landscape

elements or ecosystems; the flows of animals, plants, energy, mineral nutrients and water; and the

ecological changes in the landscape over time Includes over 1,200 references from current ecology,geography, forestry, and wildlife biology literature

Source : http://catalog.wiley.com/remsrch.cgi

46 Forman, R.T.T.

Land mosaics The ecology of landscapes and regions

Forman, R.T.T 1995 Land mosaics The ecology of landscapes and regions Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge

Animals, plants, water, wind, materials and people flow at different rates, according to spatial patterns

common to almost all landscapes and regions This up-to-date synthesis explores the ecology of

heterogeneous land areas, where natural processes and human activities spatially interact, to produce

an ever changing mosaic The subject has great relevance to today’s society, and this book reflects thebreadth of its importance; there are many ideas and applications for planning, conservation, design,management, sustainability and policy Spatial solutions are provided for society’s land-use objectives

An appealing book, with a highly-readable text on this major emerging field Students andprofessionals alike will be drawn by the attractive and informative illustrations, the conceptualsynthesis, the wide international perspective and the range of topics and research covered

recent studies in The Netherlands and Massachusetts (U.S.A.) evaluated several ecological effects of

roads, including traffic noise effects, and provide quantitative evidence for a definable 'road-effect

zone' Based on the approximate width of this asymmetric convoluted zone, I estimate that about

one-fifth of the U.S land area is directly affected ecologically by the system of public roads I identify

a series of assumptions and variables suggesting that over time this preliminary estimate is more likely

to rise than drop Several transportation planning and policy recommendations, ranging from

perforating the road barrier for wildlife crossings to closing certain roads, offer promise for

reducing this enormous ecological effect

Source : http://www.sciencedirect.com/

48 Freimund, W.A et al.

Developing a recreation and aesthetic inventory

framework for forest planning and management

Freimund, W.A., Anderson, D.H., Pitt, D.G 1996 Developing a recreation and aesthetic inventory framework for forest planning and management Natural areas journal 16 (2) : 108-117 Retrieved

August 26, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (P-Z) (2000) database on the WWW :http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-bin/webspirs.cmd

Keywords : Predicting scenic beauty, southern pine stands, landscape perception

Shifts in policy toward landscape-scale land management require that managers understand the role of

natural areas within those areas' social contexts Recreational use and aesthetic benefits are part of

this social context Natural areas managers, thus, are challenged to understand existing recreationmanagement strategies in relation to the social niche of their natural areas Many challenges tolandscape management derive from insufficient information for decision making This paperintroduces a conceptual framework that identifies three types of information needed to betterunderstand the role of a natural area in its regional context: information on recreational opportunities,visual attractiveness, and recreational use intensity Sources of this information are identified and anapplication of the framework is presented

Source : http://wos.isiglobalnet.com/

CIW.cgi?390817_A036A330&Func=Abstract&doc=0/22

49 Frohn, R.C.

Remote Sensing for Landscape Ecology: New Metric Indicators for Monitoring, Modeling, and Assessment of Ecosystems

Frohn, R.C 1997 Remote Sensing for Landscape Ecology: New Metric Indicators for Monitoring, Modeling, and Assessment of Ecosystems Lewis-Publishers

DESCRIPTORS : LANDSCAPE-ECOLOGY; GEOGRAPHIC-INFORMATION-SYSTEMS

Landscape ecology is a rapidly growing science of quantifying the ways in which ecosystems interact

- of establishing a link between activities in one region and repercussions in another region Remotesensing is a fast, inexpensive tool for conducting the landscape inventories that are essential to thisbranch of science However, anyone who has conducted studies in the field has already found thattraditional landscape ecology metrics are not always reliable with remote images Landscape Ecology:New Metric Indicators for Monitoring, Modeling, and Assessment of Ecosystems with Remote

Sensing presents a new set of metrics that allows remotely sensed data to be used effectively in

landscape ecology

This groundbreaking new work is the first to present new metrics for remote sensing of landscapesand demonstrate how they can be used to yield more accurate analyses for GIS studies The newmetrics expand the capabilities of GIS, reduce interference and incorrect readings, help ecologistsbetter understand ecosystem relationships, and reduce study costs This set of metrics should beadopted by the EPA and will be the standard measure for future landscape analysis

This authoritative guide assesses the current state of the field and how remote sensing and landscapemetrics have been used to date It also explains how some of the traditional metrics were developed

and how they can fail in landscape studies Once this background has been established, the new

metrics are introduced and their benefits and uses explained The information in this book haspreviously been available only in scattered journal articles; this is the first single source for completebackground information and instructions on using the new metrics

Source : http://shop.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/

50 Gergel, S.E et al (eds.)

Learning landscape ecology: a practical guide to

concepts and techniques.

Gergel, S E and M G Turner, editors Forthcoming Learning landscape ecology: a practical guide

to concepts and techniques Springer-Verlag, New York.

Source : http://ravel.zoology.wisc.edu/mgt/MTurner_Pubs.html

51 Haney, A et al (eds.)

ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT Applications for

Sustainable Forest and Wildlife Resources

Haney, A and Boyce, S 1997 ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT Applications for Sustainable Forest and Wildlife Ressources Yale University Press, New Haven.

Until recently, natural resource management of such commodities as timber and wildlife was drivenlargely by the desire to exploit these resources During the past three decades, however, ecologistshave warned that this approach to natural resource management could have unforeseen consequences

because it ignored how ecosystems function within the landscape Federal agencies that oversee

forest and wildlife resources have begun to implement different schemes of ecosystem management,schemes that vary enormously among agencies Contributors to this volume leading experts who are

agency personnel as well as researchers now clarify the key elements of sound ecosystem

management and offer prescriptions for implementing them.

The authors discuss definitions of ecosystem management, sustainability of ecological systems,

landscape ecology, resource management at different scales and in an ecosystem context, new

advances in computer technology that facilitate classification schemes for ecosystems, ecosystemrestoration, biological diversity, and public concerns Throughout, the experts agree that management

practices must be sustainable: that production of commodities, such amenities as recreation and

aesthetics, and biodiversity must not be allowed to decline over time.

Source : http://www.yale.edu/yup/books/069022.htm

52 Hannah, L et al.

Participatory planning, scientific priorities, and

landscape conservation in Madagascar

Hannah, L., Rakotosamimanana, B., Ganzhorn, J., Mittermeier, R.A., Olivieri, S., Iyer, L.,

Rajaobelina, S., Hough, J., Andriamialisoa, F., Bowles, I., Tilkin, G 1998 Participatory planning, scientific priorities, and landscape conservation in Madagascar ENVIRONMENTAL-

CONSERVATION 25 (1): 30 Retrieved August 17, 2000 from CURRENT CONTENTS Search(R) 5Sci Ed (April 1998 through June 1998) database on the WWW: http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-bin/webspirs.cmd

KEYWORDS : Madagascar-; biodiversity-; priority-setting; participatory-; stakeholder-; Madagascar's biodiversity is of extremely high international significance, yet comprehensive efforts toassess current knowledge and set priorities have been absent until recently Beginning in April 1995, amajor participatory effort to assess the country's scientific and conservation priorities was undertaken

landscape-in Madagascar This process laid important groundwork for the revision of Madagascar's NationalEnvironmental Action Plan The first stage of the process was a scientific priority-setting workshop.Over one hundred experts, organized in thematic groups, reached consensus on biodiversity prioritiesfor the island, based on cross-discipline comparisons A principal finding of the workshop is that manyareas of outstanding biodiversity and research importance are located outside protected areas

Participants also agreed that corridors needed to be created between the high-priority protected areas

in order to maintain gene flow and exchange of species The second stage of the process was a

stakeholder consultation which integrated scientific findings, national priorities, local stakeholder

views, and donor input The stakeholder consultation concluded that a collaborative, regionalapproach was needed to augment site-based conservation activities Participants also emphasized thatinstitutional strengthening in forestry and parks agencies needed much higher priority The net result

of the process was the adoption of a landscape approach to conservation which integrates regional

planning, biodiversity monitoring and institutional strengthening

53 Hansen, A.J et al.

Landscape Boundaries: Consequences for Biotic

Diversity and Ecological Flows

Hansen, A.J (ed.) and Di-Castri, F 1992 Landscape Boundaries: Consequences for Biotic Diversity and Ecological Flows Ecological Studies 92 Springer Verlag, New York, New York Retrieved 17

August, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (E-O) (2000) database on the WWW:http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-bin/webspirs.cmd

DESCRIPTORS: BIOLOGICAL-DIVERSITY; LANDSCAPE-ECOLOGY

This volume examines the effect of ecotone patterning on community diversity and landscape

functioning Ecotones (transition zones between ecosystems) define ecosystem boundaries and maycontrol the flow of energy, material, and organisms between ecosystems This book explores the role

of ecotones in controlling these flows thereby influencing landscape functioning It synthesizesexisting theory, evaluates central hypotheses relative to empirical and simulation data, and puts forthnew hypotheses This volume will help to stimulate the thinking and research that is necessary to build

a satisfactory theory of landscape dynamics Written for scientists, students, and policy analystsinterested in landscape ecology, conservation biology, or sustainable land use practices, this book is

among the first to integrate the ecotone concept into modern ecological theory and to examineimplications for management.

Source: http://www.springer.de/cgi-bin/search_book.pl?isbn=3-540-97631-0

54 Hanski, I.A et al (eds.)

Metapopulation Biology; Ecology, Genetics, and

Evolution

Hanski, I.A., Gilpin, M.E 1997 Metapopulation Biology, Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution.

Academic Press, Orlando

"provide(s) an excellent overview of the current state of metapopulation studies concentrates on

theory and basic research." Peter F Brussard in SCIENCE

"This important compendium belongs in the working library of ecologists and conservation andwildlife biologists and is a necessary acquisition for ecology reference libraries." R.L.SMITH,emeritus, West Virginia University, in CHOICE April '97

Metapopulation Biology presents a comprehensive review of this rapidly expanding area of study inpopulation biology This unique volume describes key theories of study and applies the best field

studies to the conservation of species in fragmented landscapes This book thoroughly explains and

critically assesses the value of the metapopulation concept for field studies and conservation It will

prove to be an essential reference to all who are interested in conservation and population dynamics

Key Features : Provides the most comprehensive treatment of metapopulation biology to date.Essential for biologists interested in spatial population dynamics Serves as a valuable reference toconservationists Covers both the principal theories and field studies Includes metapopulationecology, genetics, and evolution

Source : http://www.apcatalog.com/cgi-bin/AP?

ISBN=0123234468&LOCATION=US&FORM=FORM2

55 Hansson, L et al (ed.)

Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes

Hansson, L., Fahrig, L., Merriam, G (ed.) 1994 Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes.

Chapman and Hall, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands

This book reflects the profound changes that have taken place in the science of ecology, away fromthe more classical view of ecological processes taking place within homogenous environments to a

recognition that organisms in the real world are clumped into patchy populations and that this

heterogeneity has significant effects on ecological processes

The examination of the most recent studies including more than one habitat and interactions

between habitats, plus the significance of this approach for generalizations to other ecological

mechanisms, is the subject of this important book Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes willhelp ecologists and conservation biologists to solve real-life problems -Ethology, Ecology &Evolution; I found Mosaics Landscapes a pleasure to read the entire enterprise comes togethersplendidly, offering for the first time an appreciation of the 'organism eye-view' of landscapeecology Mosaic Landscapes offers a 'state of the art' discussion of the ecological theory - Trends inEcology and Evolution

Source: http://www.wkap.nl/book.htm/0-412-45460-2

56 Hunter, M.L.

Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems

Hunter, M.L Jr (ed.) 1999 Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems Cambridge University

Press

The maintenance of the earth’s biological diversity is widely seen as both necessary for ecosystemintegrity and aesthetically desirable This book focuses on how biodiversity can be maintained inforested ecosystems, particularly in those forests that are subject to timber harvesting At the core ofthe book lies the concept that diversity should be conserved in all its forms, from the smallestmicrobes to the largest trees, and at all levels of organization, from genes, through to wholeecosystems Introductory chapters on biodiversity and ecological forestry lead on to sections dealing

with management at the macro (landscape) and micro (stand) levels A concluding section considers

socio-economic and policy perspectives which inform an overall synthesis and framework for the

implementation of successful management practices Thirty-three experts from ten countriescontribute to this thorough and comprehensive account, providing a broad-based perspective whichwill be of interest internationally

Source : http://uk.cambridge.org/order/WebBook.asp?ISBN=0521637686

57 Head, L.

The Changing Environment: Understanding Cultural Landscapes

Head, L 2000 The Changing Environment: Understanding Cultural Landscapes Key Issues in

Environmental Change Edward-Arnold Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) WithBook Reviews (P-Z) (2000) database on the WWW : http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-bin/webspirs.cmd

58 Hobbs, R.

Future landscapes and the future of landscape ecology

Hobbs, R 1997 Future landscapes and the future of landscape ecology Landscape and Urban

Planning 37, (1-2) :1-9

Keywords: Landscape ecology; Landscape function; Future landscapes; Integration; Application

The future of most landscapes is increasingly being determined by human activities These activities

modify existing landscape patterns and processes either deliberately or inadvertently It is becomingincreasingly apparent that an understanding of these landscape level patterns and processes is essential

for rational land use planning and management both for production and biodiversity conservation The science of landscape ecology aims to provide this understanding I argue that landscape ecology

has so far failed to integrate the various disciplines it brings together and lacks a coherent theoretical structure and principles of relevance in practical terms While advances have been

made in the study of landscape structure and change, landscape function is often still poorly

understood Flows of biota, water, nutrients and materials across landscapes are determined, in largepart, by landscape patterns, but an appreciation of the functional links between patterns and processeshas been slow to evolve If landscape ecology is to provide useful input into land use and conservationissues, greater effort needs to be expended in understanding the functional aspects of landscapes I

suggest that the future of landscape ecology depends on whether landscape ecologists make the

decision to take an active part in determining the future of our landscapes This involves active

efforts to produce a truly integrated science, the development of sound landscape design principlesand increased interaction with policy, planning and management Failure to meet this challenge willrelegate landscape ecology to being a pleasant academic pastime with little relevance to today'spressing environmental and social problems

Source : http://www.sciencedirect.com/

KEYWORDS: CONSERVATION-; CORRIDORS-; HABITAT-

We completed an analysis of potential ecological connectivity to identify areas with priorityconservation significance and landscape linkages as part of a state of Florida program calledGreenways This is the latest step in the state's design and protection of a reserve system based on an

aggressive land acquisition program We used geographic information systems software (Arc-Info)

to develop a decision support model that uses land-use data and information on significant ecologicalareas-including important habitats for target species, priority ecological communities, wetlands,roadless areas, floodplains, and important aquatic systems-to identify larger areas of ecologicalpriority and potential ecological linkages The result of this process, the Florida Ecological Network,includes approximately half the state's area, with over half of this network already in conservation

lands or public-domain water This network could provide a linked statewide reserve system

containing most of each major ecological community and most known occurrences of rare species.Although the ecological network represents significant progress toward a more integrated approach tobiodiversity conservation in Florida, further analysis is needed to (1) ensure that the needs of wide-ranging species, such as the Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) and Florida black bear (Ursusamericanus floridanus), are addressed; (2) identify other biodiversity elements not well represented;and (3) designate a system of cores and buffers that will address management issues Reserve design

is an iterative process, and future plans need to address new information, including the results of theFlorida GAP analysis project and ongoing habitat loss

60 Hugill, P.

Upstate Arcadia: Landscape, Aesthetics, and the

Triumph of Social Differentiation in America

Hugill, P.J 1995 Upstate Arcadia: Landscape, Aesthetics, and the Triumph of Social Differentiation

in America Geographical Perspectives on the Human Past Ser Rowman-and-Littlefield, Lanham.

Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (P-Z) (2000) on the WWW :http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-bin/webspirs.cmd

DESCRIPTORS : HISTORICAL-GEOGRAPHY; NEW-YORK-STATE-HISTORY,-LOCAL

Material landscape is a complex of purposely constructed artifacts that may reflect the social

processes whereby people differentiate themselves into class or ethnic groups Hugill uses a case

study of Cazenovia, New York, to illustrate and extend sociologist George Herbert Mead's theoreticalconcept of the "gesture" in interpersonal relationships The Cazenovia landscape functions as a

composite of gestures because it is largely constructed through the power of an elite group for the

purpose of communicating their values to others over an extended period of time Because

landscape artifacts deteriorate and human interaction with the landscape also changes over time,should an elite wish to extend its control of landscape as gesture, succeeding generations mustcontinually reconstruct the artifact and maintain the appropriate meaning that the gesture was intended

to convey Thus, large mansions built in appropriate style, careful landscaping, underground utilities,and strict control of most forms of blight are some of the landscape gestures that the original old elite(New Englanders of English heritage) built and maintained to reflect their values to other residents.Numerous photographs, tables, and maps Upper-division undergraduates and above K B Raitz;University of Kentucky|

Keywords: landscape, agriculture, land abandonment, reforestation, aesthetics, landscape preference,

social science, image experiments, pattern analysis, GIS, HABITAT CONNECTIVITY, LANDSCAPEPATTERN, NATIONAL-PARK, MODEL, INDEXES, BIODIVERSITY, PREFERENCE,PERCEPTION, SIMULATION, AESTHETICS

As a result of the liberalisation of the agricultural market, mountain regions in Central Europe are atgreat risk of experiencing increasing land abandonment and spontaneous reforestation Prior to takingmeasures for landscape maintenance, the ecological and landscape-aesthetic consequences of landabandonment should be analysed This paper addresses the aesthetic component of such analyses: weinvestigated whether lay people perceive land abandonment and spontaneous reforestation as a loss or

a gain and developed a prototypical technique for rapid aesthetic assessment of reforestation

scenarios for vast regions First, we conducted image experiments to assess the respondents' reactions

to increasing levels of reforestation Based on these experiments we concluded that a medium degree

of reforestation is most desirable Second, we analysed the relationship between scenic beauty andlandscape patterns and found that landscape preference values correlate significantly with variousquantitative measures of the landscape pattern (e,g., diversity and contagion indices of grey-tone andcolour images) Third, we applied a GIS-assisted 'moving-window' technique to transform spatiallyexplicit remote-sensing data (in particular orthophotos) of a test region to spatially explicit data oflandscape-pattern indices Thanks to the significant positive correlation between pattern indices and

landscape preference values, the resulting maps can preliminarily be interpreted as 'beauty'-maps of

the test-region

Source : http://wos.isiglobalnet.com/

CIW.cgi?422675_4F3EB1EF&Func=Abstract&doc=1/1

62 Jin-Sung, K.

An Economic-Ecological Model for Sustainable

Ecosystem Management of Forest Land

Jin-Sung, K 1998 An Economic-Ecological Model for Sustainable Ecosystem Management of Forest Land Conference on Forest Ecosystem and Land Use in Mountain Areas, Korean Forestry Society,

Seoul, p.232-237

The ecosystem management has been one of the most important theme in forest land management andmost countries try to move toward more flexible and cost-effective policy and to develop innovatedmarket-based instruments to promote environmentally sustainable management However, usingmarket based instruments are not always possible and effective in many cases At the same time, needs

of extensive interdisciplinary quantitative modeling make the development of analyzing tools slow.Even though many researches emphasize the physical and economical dimensions, we must know that

it is rather important to consider the human dimension of ecosystem management Especially, if weuse the sustainability as a social goal, the effects of irreversibility and uncertainty in managementdecision-making must be treated carefully We also need to have more flexibility and adaptability

since there are many kinds of conflicts in planning and carrying out ecosystem management

decision And we have to understand why the ecosystem management decision tends to be a

non-market type

Source : http://193.170.148.70/scripts/libero.wl?VERSION=2&ACTION

=DISPLAY&RSN=101306&DATA=IUF&TOKEN=T5JU5uQMgs

63 Kangas, J.

A Participatory Approach to Tactical Forest Planning

Kangas, J 1996 A participatory approach to tactical forest planning Acta forestalia fennica 251.

The paper examines the needs, premises and criteria for effective public participation in tactical

forest planning A method for participatory forest planning utilizing the techniques of preferenceanalysis, professional expertise and heuristic optimization is introduced The techniques do not coverthe whole process of participatory planning, but are applied as a tool constituting the numerical core

for decision support The complexity of multi-resource management is addressed by hierarchical

decision analysis which assesses the public values, preferences and decision criteria toward theplanning situation An optimal management plan is sought using heuristic optimization The plan can

further be improved through mutual negotiations, if necessary The use of the approach is

demonstrated with an illustrative example, it's merits and challenges for participatory forest planningand decision making are discussed and a model for applying it in general forest planning context isdepicted By using the approach, valuable information can be obtained about public preferences andthe effects of taking them into consideration on the choice of the combination of standwise treatmentproposals for a forest area Participatory forest planning calculations, carried out by the approachpresented in the paper, can be utilized in conflict management and in developing compromisesbetween competing interests

Source : http://www.metla.fi/publish/acta/abs/aa251.htm

Multiple Use Management Planning in Queensland, Australia: the Koombooloomba Ecotourism Project as a case

study

Kehl, J., Waring, B., Smith, R., Nalder, D 2000 Multiple Use Management Planning in Queensland, Australia: the Koombooloomba Ecotourism Project as a case study Queensland Department of

Natural Resources, Brisbane, Australia

key-words: forest management, multipurpose planning, rainforest, ecotourism, planning system,Australia

Queensland, Australia's second largest state, has 4 million hectares of publicly owned State forest,managed for multiple use The government and the community expect State forest management toprotect biodiversity, landscapes, cultural heritage values and water quality Equally, State forests areavailable for a wide range of commercial and non-commercial functions including timber harvesting,honey production, eco-tourism, grazing, mining, quarrying, education, scientific research, militarytraining and recreation

A proportion of this estate is located along Queensland's coastal zone, in close proximity to the majorpopulation centres In the coastal mountains in particular, the juxtaposition of high conservationvalues, commercial timber, recreation and eco-tourism demands, precipitates conflict over forest useand provides a challenge for any multiple use planning system

Beginning in 1986, State forest planning utilised a system called Management Priority Area Zoning(MPAZ ) This was a manual system which partitioned forestry land into primary priority use zoneswith a variety of secondary uses permitted Decisions were made by professional foresters withoutpublic input Although many of the concepts in MPAZ are still valid, such an autocratic approach isnow unacceptable

In 1998, development began on a new forest planning system known as MUMPS (Multiple UseManagement Planning System) It is broadly based on MPAZ, but incorporates GIS and decisionsupport technology coupled with the capacity for structured community participation MUMPS isdesigned to operate at a 50 000 ha to 100 000 ha landscape scale, with the planning area subdividedinto 100 to 150 planning units At its analytical core, MUMPS is a phased process of steeringcommittee formation; collation of site specific data; assessment and evaluation of the suite of forestuses; procedures for gauging and incorporating community and stakeholder values; a process for

examining management and compatibility issues, and the preparation of a draft and subsequent finalplan.

To ensure its utility, MUMPS is being developed in an iterative manner with MUMPS modules andconcepts being field trialed while the whole system is being integrated and refined

The Koombooloomba Ecotourism Project is one of these MUMPS trials The trial area is in atropical, mountainous region of North Queensland, partly in the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area Itincludes an hydro-electric dam within publicly owned native forest and encompasses a suite of keyforest values including world heritage rainforest, conservation, hydro-power generation, indigenousculture, timber, eco-tourism and recreation In this case, MUMPS took over a stalled, unstructuredplanning process The MUMPS process re-invigorated the earlier planningproject, broadened theassessed values and produced a management plan

The case study demonstrates how forest managers, the community (including traditional Aboriginalowners), commercial tourism, recreationists and the hydro-electricity industry can cooperate in thesustainable management of a World Heritage listed mountain forest area Issues associated with themethodology, community involvement and management implications will be discussed and analysed

65 Klopatek, J.M et al.

Landscape Ecological Analysis: Issues and Applications

Klopatek, J.M and Gardner, R.H 1999 Landscape Ecological Analysis: Issues and Applications.

Springer Verlag New York , New York Retrieved 17 August, 2000 from in Books In Print (R) WithBook Reviews (E-O) (2000) database on the WWW: http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-bin/webspirs.cmd

Including an article by Wiens, J.A 1999 The science and practice of landscape ecology Retrieved

August 18, 2000 from Current Contents Search(R) 5 Sci Ed (April 03, 1999 through July 02, 1999)database on the WWW: http://ahdoc.epfl.ch/cgi-bin/webspirs.cmd

DESCRIPTORS: LANDSCAPE-ECOLOGY

Studies in landscape ecology focus on the effect of heterogeneity on ecosystem structure and

function Vigorous growth in the field has included the development of methods and results that can

be applied to an impressive range of environmental issues The purpose of this book is to provide thereader with a current perspective on this rapidly developing science This book features contributions

by internationally renowned experts in the field that address a broad spectrum of political, theoretical

and applied aspects of the subject Chapters describe a number of methods and models that are used

at landscape and regional scales within the context of ecosystem management, to assess changes in

biodiversity, and to evaluate sustainable landscape planning for cultural as well as natural settings.

Also included are instructional models to assist in teaching

Source: http://www.springer.de/cgi-bin/search_book.pl?isbn=0-387-98325-2

66 Krott, M et al.

Policies for Sustainable Forestry in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine

Krott, M et al 2000 Policies for Sustainable Forestry in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine European

Forest Institute Research Reports, 9 Brill, Leiden, NL

Policies for Sustainable Forestry in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine provides a thorough analysis of thekey factors in the transition process affecting the forest sector in the eponymous countries Moreover,

it designs new strategies for sustainable development in these areas The book attempts to strengthen

selected trends in the forest sector in each country so that they may gradually achieve sustainability

and create a market economy The key factors are identified by making use of several different

sources: scientific papers, interviews with experts from the three countries and the personalexperiences of the co-authors living in the countries The strategies propose new and interestingoptions for improving forest management by optimizing forestry within closed production units.Further strategies deal with reorientation of forest planning, transition oriented labor management andacquisition of resources for forestry from state and markets Policies for Sustainable Forestry in

Belarus, Russia and Ukraine also gives new insights into the political factors and informal

strategies within the forestry sector It serves as an important addition to existing economic market

models and will draw attention to the political process driving the transition This information ishelpful to both experts in economics as well as foresters in the field as it gives them an understanding

of the complexity of building up a market economy by transition

Keywords: Agriculture / Environment and natural resources / Europe / Urbanization

Over the last four decades, the rural landscapes of Europe have been radically modified not only as aresult of urban expansion, but primarily due to changes in agriculture, marked by vastly increased

intensification of production in some areas and by ""extensification"" - land being taken out of

production - in other areas This volume presents a comparison of rural land-use change and landscape patterns dynamics in different parts of Europe.

Source : http://mercure.unesco.org/

68 Lidkicher, W.Z (ed.)

Landscape Approaches in Mammalian Ecology and

Conservation

Lidicker, W.Z (ed) 1995 Landscape Approaches in Mammalian Ecology and Conservation.

University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis

The latest research applying landscape concepts to ecological theory and practice This book explores

the latest ideas about landscapes as they apply to mammalian ecology and conservation The

contributors examine the contributions of mammalian field studies and experimental model systems tolandscape ecology, and then present data on the use of such experimental protocols With itsinternational perspective and its incisive coverage, this volume will be an essential resource foranyone concerned with mammalian and landscape ecology

Keywords: Landscape; Sustainability; Planning research

This paper discusses what we believe are the key needs and assets of landscape planning at the close

of the century While landscape ecology and systems approaches have increased our

understanding of ecological sustainability, this still fails to constitute a sufficient basis for prescribing overall regional sustainability If we are to foster strategies that will effectively lead to

sustainable regional development, we must, like our predecessors, investigate and advocate for a more

critical social ecology of landscapes While most of us venerate the works of Mumford, McHarg, and

Olmstead, we generally forget two facts First, their real value was in their ability to formulate andarticulate socially and ecologically relevant arguments to the problems associated with an aberrant

development paradigm Second, they spoke not of strategy and technique, but of challenging and

altering the dominant social theories and practices that have caused the degradation of our landscapes

in the first place Landscape planning is clearly ecologically relevant Our challenge therefore lies in

our social relevance To become more socially relevant, landscape planners must become aware of, account for, incorporate, and challenge the problems and opportunities that cultural adoptability,

economic viability, social equitability, and political relevancy have on the condition of our

landscapes For although natural processes largely determine the ecological condition of our

landscapes, social processes will continue to determine the directionality these processes take Since

the fate of our landscapes lies in the hands of humankind, it is imperative that research move beyondtraditional descriptions of space, academic divisions, and rational methods We must also reassertvision, value, and ethic, account for the relationships among the physical, cultural, economic, and

political dimensions of space, and finally, better incorporate the knowledges, perceptions, and

practices that exist between the places we study and the peoples and communities who call them home

Source : http://www.sciencedirect.com/

70 Lothian, A.

Landscape and the philosophy of aesthetics: is

landscape quality inherent in the landscape or in the eye of the beholder?

Lothian, A 1999 Landscape and the philosophy of aesthetics: is landscape quality inherent in the landscape or in the eye of the beholder? Landscape and urban planning 44 (4) : 177-198.

Keywords: philosophy of aesthetics, landscape perception paradigms, Kant, landscape theory

The paper proposes that landscape quality assessment may be approached on the basis of twocontrasting paradigms, one which regards quality as inherent in the physical landscape, and the otherwhich regards quality as a product of the mind - eye of the beholder These are termed, respectively,the objectivist and subjectivist paradigms These paradigms underlie the surveys of the physicallandscape and studies of observer preferences Examination of these paradigms through the

approaches taken by philosophers from Plate to modern times demonstrates the ubiquity of the

paradigms in underlying human perception of landscape Until recent centuries, the objectivistparadigm provided philosophers with the basis for understanding beauty, including landscape beauty

However, the philosophers Locke, Hume, Burke and particularly Immanuel Kant identified beauty

as lying in the eyes of the beholder rather than in the object The parallels between Kant's aesthetic

philosophy and contemporary theories of landscape quality based on an evolutionary perspective areexamined Most philosophers over recent centuries have adopted the subjectivist view of aesthetics.The paper concludes by proposing that only the subjectivist model should be used in research oflandscape quality

Source : http://wos.isiglobalnet.com/

CIW.cgi?375469_4763403B&Func=Abstract&doc=17/1

71 Lucas, O.W.R.

The Design of Forest Landscapes

Lucas, O.W.R 1991 The design of forest landscapes Oxford University Press, Oxford.

This volume combines sound landscape principles with detailed examples and practical advice for the

conservation and enhancement of landscape in and around managed forests The author describes the

key aesthetic principles and discusses the broader implications of forestry in the landscape.

Numerous examples show how forests can be planned to reflect their surroundings, especially in the

planting and felling stages The need to combine forestry practice with a wider understanding is

stressed The choice of species is discussed, as are the design of small woods, shelterbelts, and forestroadsides

Source : http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-854280-1