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Engineering MaterialsAmretashis Sengupta Basics to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology... Amretashis Sengupta • Chandan Kumar SarkarEditors Introduction to Nano Basics to Nanoscience and Nan

Engineering Materials

Amretashis Sengupta

Basics to Nanoscience and

Nanotechnology

Engineering Materials

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4288

Amretashis Sengupta • Chandan Kumar Sarkar

Editors

Introduction to Nano

Basics to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Springer

Amretashis Sengupta

School of VLSI Technology

Indian Institute of Engineering Science

and Technology

Shibpur

Howrah

India

Chandan Kumar Sarkar Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Jadavpur University

Kolkata India

ISSN 1612-1317 ISSN 1868-1212 (electronic)

Engineering Materials

ISBN 978-3-662-47313-9 ISBN 978-3-662-47314-6 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-47314-6

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015941119

Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part

of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission

or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar

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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from

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The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this

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authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg is part of Springer Science+Business Media

( www.springer.com )

Dedicated to Sri Sri Kaibalyanath, my

parents and my teachers

Amretashis Sengupta

F ore word

Nanotechnology looks very much on the course to kick-start a new era in science

and technology as well as industry in decades to come

The true potential of the nanoscale, if properly exploited, would significantly improve many aspects of human living for the better

In this scenario, nanotechnology education will play a pivotal role in preparing industry and society to fully embrace this new paradigm

The efforts of Sengupta and Sarkar in providing students with a useful resource

on this topic under one cover for venturing into the world of nanotechnology are most commendable

A good aspect of this book is that it does not require any prerequisite of detailed

knowledge of physics and materials sciences, but rather endeavors to introduce

these concepts in a self-contained manner

In this sense, the book strikes a nice balance between the building blocks of nanoscale physics and advanced topics such as nanotransistors, memories, and

interconnects

I feel that this book will be an important read for the young nanotechnologists

and early-stage researchers, especially those working in the field of nanoelectronics

Prof Stevenson Fung Department of Physics

The University of Hong Kong

Pokfulam Road

Hong Kong

China

vn

It is said that some of the biggest surprises often come in small packages such a statement fits perfectly in the case of nanotechnology This interesting new field of science and technology is getting more and more intertwined with the thread of our

daily lives by means of nanoscale devices in consumer electronics, nanomaterials, and composites in textiles, aerospace, automobile, rehabilitation aids, and various

other products Not only nanotechnology is employed in the high-tech products, but

also it is actively pursuing pressing global problems such as safe drinking water,

better crops, and cleaner energy

As nanotechnology builds momentum to become the game changer of the

twenty-first century, the study of nanoscience and technology as an interdisciplinary subject in academic institutions also holds a key to its success People and ideas

from various fields of natural and applied sciences and engineering can come together under the aegis of the nanotech wave to transform the future for the better

In this wave, this book is but a tiny ripple to provide students new to the field of nanoscience and technology the basic skill sets and building blocks to form a better understanding of the subject With a special focus on nanoelectronic devices, this

book is likely to be useful for early-stage researchers working in the domain of

nanoelectronics as well The materials and chapters for this edited volume have been collected from various experts and researchers working actively in the con­ cerned fields We hope the students would find it a suitable companion as they take

their first steps into the marvelous world of nanoscience and technology

Finally, we would like to express our sincere thanks to all the contributors and authors, and colleagues without whose active participation it would not have been

possible to bring out this book Our special thanks to our students for their

enthusiasm which motivated us in the first place to initialize such an effort

Howrah and Kolkata Amretashis Sengupta

May 2015 Chandan Kumar Sarkar

ix

Introduction 1

Amretashis Sengupta and Chandan Kumar Sarkar

Fundamentals of Quantum Theory 7 Amretashis Sengupta

Basic Solid-State Physics and Crystallography 27

Amretashis Sengupta

Quantum Nanoengineering 59

Arkaprava Bhattacharyya and Vijay K Arora

Quantum Effect on Properties of Nanomaterials 73

Chandan Kumar Ghosh

Advanced Characterization Techniques 113

Chandan Kumar Ghosh

Soumya Pandit

Applications of Nanotechnology in Next-Generation

Nonvolatile Memories 173 Amretashis Sengupta, Bikash Sharma and Chandan Kumar Sarkar

Nanocrystalline Thin Film Gas Sensors 205 Amretashis Sengupta

xi

Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Dr Amretashis Sengupta received his B.Sc (Hons.)

in physics in 2005 and M.Sc (physics) with special­ ization in Electronics in 2007 from the University of

North Bengal, India He recieved his M.Tech (Nano Science and Technology) degree in 2010 from

Jadavpur University, India He received the Ph.D

(Engg.) degree from Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India, in December 2012 He is a recipient of university

medals for ranking 1st class with 1st in M.Sc and M.Tech examinations He was awarded the DST INSPIRE Fellowship for his doctoral work at Jadavpur University and the DST Postdoctoral Fellowship in

NanoScience and Technology for his postdoctoral work at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore He received the DST INSPIRE Faculty award from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, in 2013 He is currently an assistant professor at the School of VLSI Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science

and Technology (BEST), Shibpur, India His research interests are first

principles-based simulations on 2D materials, non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF)-based nanoelectronic device simulation for Graphene and other alternate 2D channel material FET, and nanocrystal-based nonvolatile memories He is a member

of IEEE and a reviewer of various reputed international journals such as IEEE T-ED,

Journal of Computational Electronics, and Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids

and Silicon

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