Step one: Identify the task direction or natural stimulus 6 Step three: Identify the number of training and probe trials 9 Step four: Select a data collection system for monitoring stude
Trang 1How to Use Simultaneous Prompting
Robert PenningtonUniversity of Kentucky
Trang 2Step one: Identify the task direction or natural stimulus 6
Step three: Identify the number of training and probe trials 9 Step four: Select a data collection system for monitoring student’s performance 9
Step five: Select a consequent event to be delivered contingent upon each
potential response 11
Step six: Monitor performance and make adjustments as needed 13
Step seven: Program for generalization and maintenance 14
Sample Simultaneous Prompting Program 15
Simultaneous Prompting Planning Template 18
Timeline of Simultaneous Prompting Implementation 19
Test your Knowledge 20
References 22
Trang 3Systematic instruction Response prompting Simultaneous promptingDaily probe trials Training trials Naturally occurring events
Intermittent reinforcement Error correction Target stimulus
Trang 4students with disabilities. Systematic instruction is a direct instruction approach based on the principles of applied behavior analysis and encompasses a wide breadth of instructional
strategies. Researchers at the University of Kentucky have evaluated one of these instructional strategies, response prompting, extensively. Response prompting strategies are near errorless teaching strategies that require an instructor to prompt a student’s performance of a targeted behavior and then systematically fade the prompt. These strategies include graduated guidance, system of least prompts, most to least prompting, time delay, antecedent prompt and test,
antecedent prompt and fade, and simultaneous prompting. Of these strategies, simultaneous prompting is considered to be the most recently established in the research literature.
Dr. John Schuster conceptualized simultaneous prompting after observing a phenomenon that occurred frequently during instruction using another response prompting strategy, time delay. At the onset of time delay instruction, an instructor delivers a controlling prompt
simultaneously with a stimulus intended to cue the student to respond (target stimulus). The
instructor then fades the prompt by inserting a time interval between the target stimulus and delivery of the controlling prompt. Schuster noticed that students often acquired the desired response before the time interval was inserted. He subsequently developed and evaluated the simultaneous prompting strategy. Simultaneous prompting is similar to the previously developed
antecedent prompt and test strategy, but differs in two distinct features. First, a controlling prompt or a prompt that ensures the performance of a target response is always used during
Trang 5assess the transfer of stimulus control (learning). When using simultaneous prompting, the instructor delivers the target stimulus (e.g., touch the _, read) immediately (simultaneously) followed by a controlling prompt. The learner performs the desired response and the teacher immediately delivers reinforcement (e.g., edible, praise, token)
Simultaneous prompting has been demonstrated to be effective in variety of instructional contexts (Schuster & Morse, 2004). It has been used to teach discrete (i. e., sight word reading, defining science terms, number identification) and chained (i. e., making juice, opening a keyed lock, leisure skills) tasks to individuals ranging from preschool age to adulthood. It has also beenused to teach students with severe to mild disabilities and has been effective during the
instruction of individuals without disabilities. Simultaneous prompting has been demonstrated to
be effective during one to one, small group, and large group instructional arrangements.
Simultaneous prompting has also been compared to other response prompting strategies.
A few research teams have compared simultaneous prompting to constant time delay instruction. Researchers consistently found that both procedures were effective but that neither was more efficient across participants (Kurt & TekinIftar, 2008). A benefit of using simultaneous
prompting is that it may be easier to implement than time delay in that it does not require a shift
in teacher behavior during the shift from 0second to delay trials.
Simultaneous prompting has also been compared to the antecedent prompt and test procedure. Singleton, Schuster, Morse, and Collins (1998) found that both simultaneous
prompting and antecedent prompt and test procedures were effective during the instruction of grocery sight words. Antecedent prompt and test was more efficient in terms of instructional
Trang 6in better maintenance and generalization
The purpose of this manual is to provide a “how to” guide for using the simultaneous prompting strategy. After reading this manual, the reader will;
to instruction.
Step One: Identifying the Task Direction or Natural Stimulus
The development of any instructional program requires the identification of a target antecedent stimulus (also referred to as the discriminative stimulus) that will elicit the
performance of a target response. Two types of target stimuli may be used to elicit student
responding. The first, naturally occurring events, are those stimuli related to an individual’s
environment or internal states. For example, the presence of hunger and the close proximity to a vending machine may elicit an individual’s request for food. This information may lead a teacher
to schedule instructional trials during a lunch break within an employee lounge at a vocational
Trang 7A second type of target stimuli that is used to elicit student responding is referred to as task directions. Task directions are useful when teaching prerequisite skills for which naturally occurring events may not exist. They may also be useful when naturally occurring stimuli may not present enough opportunities for the student to learn targeted skills. Task directions may be delivered in different forms and may include questions (e.g., “How many?”), commands (e.g.,
“Match.”), or nonverbal stimulus presentations (e.g., presenting a card depicting the word
“exit”). It is important to note that some individuals have a limited repertoire of listener skills, and may require that their instructors use an abbreviated and consistent task direction during instructional trials. For example, a teacher may use the command “match” instead of saying,
“find the one that looks the same”. When developing an instructional program the teacher must determine whether a task direction, naturally occurring event, or both will be used to signal the student to respond.
Step Two: Identifying a Controlling Prompt
Prior to using simultaneous prompting, the instructor must identify a controlling prompt.
A controlling prompt is a form of assistance that ensures that the learner makes a correct
response. The research indicates that a variety of different controlling prompts have been used successfully during simultaneous prompting (Morse & Schuster, 2004). Generally, a teacher should consider the least intrusive prompt that ensures a correct response. Two other considerations are using prompts that have been previously effective in teaching similar skills to students and matching the characteristics of the prompt to the targeted skill (e.g., verbal model
Trang 8Gestural. Gestural prompts are nonverbal behaviors that involve body movements that
provide information to a learner. These types of prompts may involve facial expression, hand movement, or body positioning.
Verbal. Verbal prompts are any vocal behaviors that provide information to the learner.
Wolery, Ault, and Doyle (1992) suggested that there are at least five types of verbal prompts thatinclude; “a) telling students how to do the behavior, b) tell them how to do a part of the behavior,c) give them a rule to use, d) provide them with hints or indirect verbal information, and e) provide them with verbal options (p. 39).” In addition, verbal prompts may by presented using recorded or digital voice output.
Trang 9Typically, these prompts require instructors to place their hands over a student’s hands as they guide him/her through the movements
Step 3: Identify the Number of Training and Probe Trials
Instructors must decide prior to instruction the number of trials that will presented on each stimulus during training and probe conditions. These numbers of trials should remain constant unless it is determined through progress monitoring that an adjustment should be made. During probe conditions, enough trials should be presented to accurately assess student
performance but to avoid multiple opportunities to commit errors. In the research literature, instructors have presented between 1 and 3 trials per stimuli.
During training conditions, the instructor should present enough trials to ensure sufficientpractice on the correct performance of the targeted skill, but not enough to lose student attention. Generally, as the number of stimuli taught at one time increases, the number of trials per stimuli should decrease.
Step 4: Select a Data Collection System for Monitoring Students’ Performance
Teachers must plan for, record, and monitor data to assess the acquisition of targeted responses. Generally, teachers should develop a data collection system to effectively record correct, incorrect, and no responses. In simultaneous prompting, the teacher needs only to record student responses during probe trials because it is assumed that the student can only make correct responses during training trials. The teacher should note when the
Trang 10When using simultaneous prompting, three types of student responses may occur (i.e., unprompted corrects, unprompted incorrect, or no responses). Unprompted correct responses are defined as the independent performance of a targeted response within a specified response interval. Unprompted incorrect responses are defined as responses that are topographically dissimilar from the targeted responses or responses not completed within the specified response interval. Instructors should record “no response” when the student does not initiate a response within the response interval
Data collection sheets are used to record student data during simultaneous prompting. Teacher preference is an important consideration when choosing a data sheet to use, but
generally, any data sheet for simultaneous prompting should include situational information (i.e.,student’s name, skill, date, stimuli being taught, and response interval), a record of the student’s response, and summary information (i.e., session length, percentage or number of each type of response)(Wolery, Ault, & Doyle, 1992). Below are examples of a blank and completed
simultaneous prompting data sheet. NOTE: When using a data sheet with a single column for stimuli and multiple columns for student response, it is important to remember that the
presentation of the stimuli must vary from session to session
Sample Data SheetName: _ Date: _ Instructor: Program: _ Response interval:
1
Trang 12Correct responses. When using simultaneous prompting, instructors should reinforce all prompted (i.e. probe trials) and unprompted corrects (i.e., training trials) on a continuous
reinforcement schedule (CRF), that is, every correct response should be immediately followed by
the delivery of a reinforcer. Once the student performs responses correctly on approximately 100% of probe trials, the instructor should then slowly start to fade reinforcement. For example, after 2 days of performance at criterion, an instructor might reinforce the student on an
During probe trials, two types of errors can occur: unprompted errors and “no responses.”Unprompted errors are student responses that are topographically dissimilar to the targeted response or a response that is not completed within the response interval. “No responses” are recorded when a student does not initiate a response within the response interval. A variety of consequent events have been used during simultaneous prompting and include:
Trang 131 During instruction on chained tasks, the instructor interrupted the error and completedthe step so it may serve as an antecedent for the next step (Fetko, Schuster, Harley, &
Collins, 1999; Schuster & Griffen, 1993)
2 The teacher ignored the incorrect response and presented the next trial (Fickel, Schuster, & Collins, 1998; Palmer, Collins, & Schuster, 1999; Singleton, Morse, &
Schuster, 1999)
3 The teacher provided error correction by stating ”No, the word is . Say,
_.” (Johnson, Schuster, & Bell, 1996).
Only one study has compared the use of different consequent events. Johnson, Schuster, and Bell (1998) compared ignoring and error correction during the instruction of science
vocabulary words and determined that both were effective, but that error correction resulted in fewer trials to criterion. Generally, two major considerations should be used when selecting consequents for errors. First, the consequent event should be minimally aversive to the student. Instruction should not result in student frustration or problem behavior. Second, incorrect
responses should receive less attention than correct responses.
Step Six: Monitor Performance and Make Adjustments as Needed
Instructors should monitor data throughout the delivery of instruction to determine the efficacy of their instructional program and to determine what adjustments, if any, should be made to instructional procedures. Instructors should plot data on a line graph so that changes in student performance or a lack thereof can be easily observed through visual inspection. Browder,Liberty, Heller, and D’Huyvetters (1986) suggested that instructors should use specified
guidelines or rules for determining when a student is making adequate progress and when the instructional program needs adjustment. They constructed and evaluated a set of guidelines for
Trang 14if a student has met criterion within 2 weeks, the instructor should develop a plan for
maintenance and generalization, c) if a student has made no progress for a total of 4 weeks, then the instructor should rewrite the instructional plan to focus on a simpler version of the skill, d) if
a student’s data trend is accelerating by at least 5%, the instructor should continue with
instruction, e) if the student’s data trend is flat or not accelerating by at least 5%, the instructor should makes change to their antecedent stimulus presentation or prompting strategies, and f) if the student’s data trend is decelerating, the instructor should adjust their reinforcement strategies.Instructors can use phase means to determine whether a data trend is accelerating or decelerating
To determine a phase mean, add the total values of the data points and divide by the number of data points
Baseline Training
Trang 15The importance of graphing instructional data cannot be overstated. Researchers have demonstrated that the graphing behavior alone can positively impact student progress. In
addition, graphing provides the instructor with immediate information about a student’s ongoing behavior, a conservative measure of behavior change, and a tool for clearly communicating an individual’s progress to others.
Step Seven: Program for Generalization and Maintenance
Finally, a teacher must plan for the generalization and maintenance of the targeted skill. Though the acquisition of targeted skills is certainly critical, it is the functional application of those skills that should be every teacher’s ultimate goal. In their seminal article, Stokes and Baer (1977) listed eight ways to promote generalization that included a) sequential modification, b) introduce to naturally maintaining contingencies, c) train sufficient exemplars, d) train loosely, e)use indiscriminable contingencies, f) program common stimuli, g) mediate generalization, and h)train to generalize. It is also important to consider using general case programming during instruction, that is, using exemplars that sample the range of all possible stimuli. For example, when teaching the concept “dog”, a teacher may present examples of dogs that would sample therange of dog types. (i.e., chihuahua, bulldog, border collie, mastiff, newfoundland).
An instructor should also consider strategies that promote the maintenance. These
strategies include a) teaching functional/meaningful skills, b) thinning schedules of
reinforcement, c) using natural reinforcers, and d) providing frequent opportunities to practice