Multi-Objective Scheduling of Many Tasks in Cloud Platforms Fan ZhangKavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space ResearchMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA 02139, USAEmail
Trang 1Multi-Objective Scheduling of Many Tasks
in Cloud Platforms
Fan ZhangKavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space ResearchMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA 02139, USAEmail: f_zhang@mit.edu
Junwei CaoResearch Institute of Information Technology
Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China, 100084Email: jcao@tsinghua.edu.cn
Keqin LiDepartment of Computer ScienceState University of New YorkNew Paltz, New York 12561, USAEmail: lik@newpaltz.edu
Samee U KhanDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering
North Dakota State UniversityFargo, ND 58108-6050, USAEmail: samee.khan@ndsu.edu
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Trang 2The scheduling of a many-task workflow in a distributed computing platform is a well known NP-hardproblem The problem is even more complex and challenging when the virtualized clusters are used toexecute a large number of tasks in a cloud computing platform The difficulty lies in satisfying multipleobjectives that may be of conflicting nature For instance, it is difficult to minimize the makespan of manytasks, while reducing the resource cost and preserving the fault tolerance and/or the quality of service(QoS) at the same time These conflicting requirements and goals are difficult to optimize due to theunknown runtime conditions, such as the availability of the resources and random workload distributions.Instead of taking a very long time to generate an optimal schedule, we propose a new method togenerate suboptimal or sufficiently good schedules for smooth multitask workflows on cloud platforms
Our new multi-objective scheduling (MOS) scheme is specially tailored for clouds and based on theordinal optimization (OO) method that was originally developed by the automation community for thedesign optimization of very complex dynamic systems We extend the OO scheme to meet the specialdemands from cloud platforms that apply to virtual clusters of servers from multiple data centers Weprove the sub-optimality through mathematical analysis The major advantage of our MOS method lies
in the significantly reduced scheduling overhead time and yet a close to optimal performance Extensiveexperiments were carried out on virtual clusters with 16 to 128 virtual machines The multitaskingworkflow is obtained from a real scientific LIGO workload for earth gravitational wave analysis Theexperimental results show that our proposed algorithm rapidly and effectively generates a small set ofsemi-optimal scheduling solutions On a 128-node virtual cluster, the method results in a thousand times
of reduction in the search time for semi-optimal workflow schedules compared with the use of the MonteCarlo and the Blind Pick methods for the same purpose
Key Words: Cloud computing, many-task computing, ordinal optimization, performance evaluation,
virtual machines, workflow scheduling
Trang 31 INTRODUCTION
Largescale workflow scheduling demands efficient and simultaneous allocation of heterogeneous CPU, memory,and network bandwidth resources for executing a large number of computational tasks. This resource allocation problem
is NPhard [8], [22]. How to effectively schedule many dependent or independent tasks on distributed sources that could
be virtualized clusters of servers in a cloud platform makes the problem even more complex and challenging to solve,with a guaranteed solution quality.
The manytask computing paradigms were treated in [29], [30], [31]. These paradigms pose new challenges to thescalability problem, because they may contain large volumes of datasets and loosely coupled tasks. The optimizationrequires achieving multiple objectives. For example, it is rather difficult to minimize the scheduling makespan, the totalcost, to preserve fault tolerance, and the QoS at the same time. Many researchers have suggested heuristics for theaforesaid problem [39].
The execution of a largescale workflow, encounters a high degree of randomness in the system and workloadconditions [14], [41], such as unpredictable execution times, variable cost factors, and fluctuating workloads that makesthe scheduling problem computationally intractable [17]. The lack of information on runtime dynamicity defies the use ofdeterministic scheduling models, in which the uncertainties are either ignored or simplified with an observed average. Structural information of the workflow scheduling problem sheds a light on its inner properties and opens the door
to many heuristic methods. No free lunch theorems [40] suggest that all of the search algorithms for an optimum of acomplex problem perform exactly the same without the prior structural knowledge. We need to dig into the priorknowledge on randomness, or reveal relationship between scheduling policy and performance metrics applied.
The emerging cloud computing paradigm [9], [25], [47] attracts industrial, business, and academic communities.Cloud platforms appeal to handle many loosely coupled tasks simultaneously. Our LIGO [6] benchmark programs arecarried out using a virtualized cloud platform with variable number of virtual clusters built with many virtual machines
on a fewer physical machines and virtual nodes as shown in Fig. 1 of Section 3. However, due to the fluctuation of manytask workloads in realistic and practical cloud platform, resource profiling and simulation stage on thousands of feasibleschedules are needed. An optimal schedule on a cloud may take intolerable amount of time to generate. Excessive
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Trang 4Motivated by the simulationbased optimization methods in traffic analysis and supply chain management, weextend the ordinal optimization (OO) [11], [12] for cloud workflow scheduling. The core of the OO approach is to generate
real model can be resolved with the optimization of the rough model. We do not insist on finding the best policy but a set
of suboptimal policies. The evaluation of the rough model results in much lower scheduling overhead by reducing theexhaustive searching time in a much narrowed search space. Our earlier publication [46] have indicated the applicability
of using OO in performance improvement for distributed computing system
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces related work on workflow scheduling andordinal optimization. Section 3 presents our model for multiobjective scheduling (MOS) applications. Section 4 proposes
the algorithms for generating semioptimal schedules to achieve efficient resource provision in clouds. Section 5 presentsthe LIGO workload [42] to verify the efficiency of our proposed method. Section 6 reports the experimental results usingour virtualized cloud platform. Finally, we conclude with some suggestions on future research work
2 RELATED WORK AND OUR UNIQUE APPROACH
Recently, we have witnessed an escalating interest in the research towards resource allocation in grid workflowscheduling problems. Many classical optimization methods, such as opportunistic load balance, minimum executiontime, and minimum completion time are reported in [10], suffrage, minmin, maxmin, and auctionbased optimizationare reported in [4], [26]
Trang 5grid workflow scheduling. To make a summarization, normally two methods are used. The first one, as introducedbefore, is by converting all of the objectives into one applying weights to all objectives. The other one is a conebasedmethod to search for nondominated solution, such as Pareto optimal front [15]. Concept of layer is defined byintroducing Paretofront in order to compare policy performances [13]. An improved version [37] uses the count that oneparticular policy dominates others as a measure of the goodness of the policy. Our method extends the Paretofrontmethod by employing a new noise level estimation method as introduced in section 4.2.
Recently, Duan et al. [8] suggested a low complexity gametheoretic optimization method. Dogan and Özgüner [7]developed a matching and scheduling algorithm for both the execution time and the failure probability that can trade offthem to get an optimal selection. Moretti et al. [24] suggested all of the pairs to improve usability, performance, andefficiency of a campus grid
Wieczorek et al. [39] analyzed five facets which may have a major impact on the selection of an appropriate scheduling
strategy, and proposed taxonomies for multiobjective workflow scheduling. Prodan and Wieczorek [28] proposed a noveldynamic constraint algorithm that outperforms many existing methods, such as LOSS and BDLS to optimize bicriteriaproblems. Calheiros et al. [2] used a cloud coordinator to scale applications in the elastic cloud platform.
Smith et al. [33] proposed robust static resource allocation for distributed computing systems operating underimposed quality of service (QoS) constraints. Ozisikyilmaz et al. [27] suggested efficient machine learning method forsystem space exploration. To deal with the complexity caused by the large size of a scale crowd, a hybrid modelingand simulation based method was proposed in [5].
None of the above methods, to the furthest of our knowledge, consider the dynamic and stochastic nature of a cloudworkflow scheduling system. However, the predictability of a cloud computing is less likely. To better understand theruntime situation, we propose the MOS, which is a simulation based optimization method systematically built on top of
OO, to handle largescale search space in solving manytask workflow scheduling problem. We took into account ofmultiobjective evaluation, dynamic and stochastic runtime behavior, limited prior structural information, and resourceconstraints.
Ever since the introduction of OO in [11], one can search for a small subset of solutions that are sufficiently good andcomputationally tractable. Along the OO line, many heuristic methods have been proposed in [12] and [35]. The OOquickly narrows down the solution to a subset of “good enough” solutions with manageable overhead. The OO isspecifically designed to solve a problem with a large search space. The theoretical extensions and successful applications
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Trang 6of OO were fully investigated in [32]. Constrained optimization [20] converts a multiobjective problem into a singleobjective constrained optimization problem Different from this work, we apply OO directly in multiobjectivescheduling problems, which simplify the problem by avoiding the above constrained conversion Selection rulescomparison [16] combined with other classical optimization methods such as genetic algorithm, etc. have also beenproposed.
In this paper, we modify the OO scheme to meet the special demands from cloud platforms, which we apply to virtualclusters of servers from multiple data centers.
3 MULTI-OBJECTIVE SCHEDULING
In this section, we introduce our workflow scheduling model. In the latter portion of the section, we will identify themajor challenges in realizing the model for efficient applications
3.1 Workflow Scheduling System Model
Consider a workflow scheduling system over S virtual clusters. Each virtual cluster has m i (i = 1, 2, …, S) virtual
Virtual Machines deployed on 3 physical clusters
Physical
Virtual Cluster 1
Virtual Cluster 2
Trang 7Figure 2 A queuing model of the VM resource allocation system for a virtualized cloud platform Multiple workflow dispatchers are employed to distribute tasks to various queues Each virtual cluster uses a dedicated queue to receive the incoming tasks from various
workflows The number of VMs (or virtual nodes) in each virtual cluster is denoted by m i The service rate is denoted by δ i for queue i.
To benefit readers, we summarize the basic notations and their meanings below. The subscript i denotes virtual
cluster i. The superscript k denotes the task class k.
Table 1. Notations Used in Our Workflow System
( )k i
( )k i
( )k i
( )k ( ) ( )k k
For simplicity, we describe a biobjective model for minimizing the task execution time and resource operational cost.The first metric J 1 is the minimization of the sum of all execution times t k. The minimization of the total cost J 2 is oursecond optimization metric
7
Trang 8l i J
Trang 93.3 Four Technical Challenges
To apply the above model, we must face four major technical challenges as briefed below
(1) Limited knowledge of the randomness The runtime conditions of the random variables ( ( )k
i
t , ( )k i
c ) in real timeare intractable. Profiling is the only solution to get their real time values for scheduling purpose. However, the collecting
of CPU and memory information should be applied to all the scheduling policies in the search space
(2) Very large search space The number of feasible policies (search space size) in the above resource allocation
problem is|Θ|= S * H (K,θ i − K) = S (θ i − 1)!/((θ i − K)!(K − 1)!). This parameter H (K,θ i − K) counts the number of ways to
partition a set of θ i VMs into K nonempty clusters. Then |Θ| gives the total number of partition ways over all the S
4 VECTORIZED ORDINAL OPTIMIZATION
The OO method applies only to single objective optimization. The vector ordinal optimization (VOO) [15] methodoptimizes over multiple objective functions. In this section, we first specify the OO algorithm. Thereafter, we describe theMOS algorithm based on VOO as an extension of the OO algorithm
4.1 Ordinal Optimization (OO) Method
Trang 10P G ∩ ≥ ≥ S k α (3)Formally, we specify the OO method in Algorithm 1. The ideal performance, denoted by ( )( )k
i
J θ , is obtained byaveraging an N times repeated Monte Carlo simulation for all the random variables. This N is a large number, such as
1000 times in our case. The measured performance or observed performance, denoted by ˆ( )( )k
i
J θ , is obtained by averaging aless times repeated Monte Carlo simulation, say n (n << N) times, for all the random variables. That is why it is called rough model. Then, we formulate the discrepancy between the two models in Eq. (4):
The values ω and noise level can be estimated based on the rough model simulation runs. The values such as α, k, g are
defined before experiment runs in Eq. (3). Value η can be looked up in OO regression table. Value e is a mathematical
rank 2 in ˆJ( )θ , and the second best policy in J(θ) becomes rank 4 in ˆJ( )θ However, this variation is not too large.Selecting the top two policies in the rough model ˆJ( )θ has one goodenough policy in J(θ)
Trang 11Figure 3 An example to illustrate how ordinal optimization works The search space consists of 10 scheduling polices or schedules in
ascending order Good-enough set G is shown by the left (best) 3 (set g = 3) policies We have to select two policies ( s = 2) to get at least one good-enough policy (k = 1) in this example Selecting four policies (s = 4) would include two (k = 2) good-enough policies.
In Algorithm 1, we show the steps of applying OO method. Suppose there is only one optimization objective. Fromlines 1 to 9, we use a rough model (10 repeated runs) to get the s candidate policies. Then we apply the true model
(N=1000) simulation runs on the s candidate policies to find one for use. We select the 10 repeated runs intentionally,
which accounts for 1% of the true model runs. In Corollary 1 below, we show this increases the sample mean variation byone order of magnitude. This variation is within the tolerance scope of our benchmark application
Corollary 1. Suppose each simulation sample has Gaussian noise (0, σ2). The variance of n samples mean is σ2/n.
Trang 125 Order the policies by a performance metric in ascending order { θ [1], θ [2],…, θ [| Θ |]}
9 Simulate each policy in the selection set N times
10 Apply the best policy from the simulation results in step 9
In Theorem 1, we give a lower bound of the probability α, which is called alignment probability In practice, thisprobability is set by users who apply the ordinal optimization based method The larger this probability
value is, the larger the selection set S should be This is because the chance that a large selection set S contains at least k good-enough policies is larger than a small set S Suppose S equals to the whole
candidate set Θ, then the alignment probability α can be as much as 100%
Trang 13Summarizing all the possible values of i gives Eq. (6).
4.2 Multi-Objective Scheduling (MOS)
The multiple objective extension of OO leads to the vectorized ordinal optimization (VOO) method [15]. Suppose theoptimization problem is defined in Eq. (7) below:
(1) Dominance ( )f : We say θx dominates θy (θxf θy) in Eq. (7), if ∀ l∈ [1,…,m] ,, J l(θx)≤ J l(θy), and ∃ l∈ [1,…,m] , J l(θx)<
J l(θy)
(2) Pareto front: In Fig. 4(a), each white dot policy is dominated by at least one of the red dot policies, thus the reddot policies form the nondominated layer, which is called the Pareto front { }l 1
Figure 4 Illustration of layers and prateo fronts in both ideal performance and measured performance of a dual-objective optimization problem Red dots in (a) are policies in Pareto front We set g = 1 (all the policies in Pareto front are good-enough solutions), at least 1
in the first layer (s = 1) of the measured performance should be selected to align 2 good policies (k = 2).
(3) Good enough set: The front g layers { { }l1 , ,{ }lg } of the ideal performance are defined as the good enough set,denoted by G, as shown in Fig. 4(a).
(4) Selected set: The front s layers { { } { }l1′ , , l′s } of the measured performance are defined as the selected set, denoted
by S, as shown in Fig. 4(b).
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Trang 14(5) Ω type: It is also called vector ordered performance curve in VOObased optimization. This concept is used to
describe how the policies generated by the rough model are scattered in the search space as shown in Fig. 5. If thepolicies scattered in steep mode (the third Figure in both Fig. 5(a) and Fig. 5(b)), it would be easier to locate the goodenough policies for a minimization problem. This is because most of them are located in the front g layers. For example, if
we set g = 2, the number of good enough polices in steep type is 9 compared with 3 in flat type. In this example, we cansee that Ω type is also an important factor that size of selection set s depends on.
Figure 5 In (a), three kinds of Ω types are shown, by which 12 policies are scattered to generate 4 layers In (b), the corresponding Ω
types for (a) are shown The x identifies the layer index, and F(x) denotes how many policies are in the front x layers.
(b) Corresponding Ω type
J
2
(θ
)
Trang 15Theorem 2 (Lower bound of the alignment probability of multiobjective problem): Given the multiple objective
optimization problem defined in Eq. (6), suppose the size of the jth layer { }lj is denoted by l , j = 1,2,…,ipl, and the size j
of { }l′j is l , j = 1,2,…,mpl, the alignment probability is:′j
( 1 1 )min ,
1 1
1 1
j j j
j
s s
j
i i
j= ′
∑ l , then conclusion of Eq. (9) is proven.
MOS guarantees that if we select the front s observed layers, S={ { } { } { }l1′ , l′2 , , l′s }, we can get at least k good
enough policies in G={ { }l1 , ,{ }lg } with a probability not less than α, namely P G S k ∩ ≥ ≥ α. The number k, g and α
are preset by users. k≤min( ∑g j=1lj,∑s j=1l′j).
The size of the selection set s is also determined by Eq. (5). In Chapter IV of [12], the authors did regressed analysis to
derive the coefficient table based on 10,000 policies with 100 layers in total. The analytical results should be revisedaccordingly since our solution space |Θ| and measured performance layers mpl are different.