In this book, some very large concepts are at play: religion, the sacred, the body, representation.. because otherwise a critical assessment of a text that uses largescale concepts like
Trang 1Introduction Liquid Thoughts on the Body and Religion
James Elkins
It is a sign of the health of art history that it can address largescale problems. The Iconology Research Group is exemplary in this regard: its members are all accomplished specialists in different fields, and its visiting scholars are all experts in their fields, and yet the Group produces conferences and books that address the deeper themes that underly art historical research. It is especially interesting that they do this from a specific platform, which they define using the
general concept of iconology; and their encounters with other fields are put in the friendly
manner of a conversation: “Iconology meets Anthropology,” “Iconology meets Visual Studies.”
(Iconology is defined on their website, www.iconologyresearchgroup.org.)
This ambition creates a difficult challenge. In this book, some very large concepts are at play: religion, the sacred, the body, representation. The problem with extremely broad concepts
is that they bring large literatures with them, and they are contested in many different contexts That means it is not easy to locate the best meanings of the concepts for any given purpose. It is necessary to discover, in each context—in each essay, in each portion of each essay—exactly which meanings of the large concepts are at play. A reader needs to ask: What texts has the author read? What parts of those texts are being brought into the author’s argument? And given the meanings of the leading concepts, what is the most interesting question that can be asked of the author’s argument?
Trang 2because otherwise a critical assessment of a text that uses largescale concepts like religion, representation, and the body will be limited to a philological discussion of the author’s sources.
What matters more is taking the author’s set of concepts, in the way the author understands them, together with the author’s examples, and analyzing what questions that particular configuration makes possible, and what questions it forecloses
In this Introduction, I want to propose some examples of those rather abstract questions
To do that, I need to triangulate my own interests. Then I’ll propose four leading themes that might be helpful to ask as you read this book I hope this will help carry forward the
conversations that spring from this book, from the the Art and Religion series, and from the
Iconology Research Group.
My own concerns come from three sources. First there is the book, Pictures of the Body: Pain and Metamorphosis (Stanford, 1999). It is an attempt to capture the bizarre range of
contemporary art that is concerned with the body, and to connect those art practices with some relevant history and philosophy. Many of the artists mentioned in this book—Orlane, Kiki Smith,
Chris Burden—informed my interests in Pictures of the Body, but my book doesn’t have much to say about established artists, because I was mainly concerned with younger artists. Pictures of the Body uses conceptual categories such as membrane and skin, dissection, inside and outside,
pain and metamorphosis, to try to give a critical language to contemporary art
Then there is the book The Strange Place of Religion in Contemporary Art (New York,
2004) That is an attempt to explain why serious religious art cannot find a place in the
Trang 3contemporary art world The only religious art that is accepted in the world art market is skeptical, ambiguous, antireligious, mystical, spiritual, or otherwise partly private Sincere, straightforward religious art is anathema in modernism and postmodernism, and the book is an
attempt to discover why. After The Strange Place of Religion in Contemporary Art, there was a conference, which will be appearing as a book called ReEnchantment (New York, 2008); it
includes contributions by almost forty philosophers, historians, artists, curators, and critics, on the subject of religion in contemporary art. I think one of the most compelling unresolved issues
in contemporary art is the deep divide between people who think of contemporary art as religious
or spiritual, and people who think of contemporary art as secular
And the final point that triangulates my interests is an older book, The Object Stares Back (New York, 1996). That is an attempt to rethink surrealist interests—mainly Bataille’s and
Lacan’s—using the full range of objects and artworks in contemporary art and science. It is pertinent here because it theorizes extremely violent, fragmentary, aggressive representations. A
forthcoming edited volume of papers, called Representations of Pain (Chicago, 2009) will deal
specifically with photographs and videos of torture and execution. The philosophic analysis of representations of violence and pain is crucial, I think, for understanding the kinds of representation discussed in this book—including, of course, Christian representations of the passion
From those books let me take four themes that I think are helpful in framing the current state of discourse about religion, the body, and art
Trang 41. Every picture is a picture of the body. This is the first line of the book Pictures of the Body (1999). One reviewer said it was “simply wrong.” It is literally wrong, but of course it isn’t
a literal statement. It has been made by several recent writers; Ralph Dekoninck notes that Hans Belting made a similar claim in 2001, in an anthropological context. Much depends on where an author goes from the claim.
What I meant was that a phenomenological sense, every representation is a record of embodied experience. As Jan Koenot remarks in this book, abstract paintings are easily included
as examples of representations of the body. It is more difficult to see how scientific illustrations, made with machines, can be considered as pictures of the body—but unlike Roland Barthes, who
disavows such photographs in Camera Lucida, I think it makes best sense to include even the
most anemic, numberdriven scientific illustration as a representation of embodied experience That is so for two reasons: first, we would not recognize a picture as “mathematical” or
“diagrammatic” unless we were measuring it against standards of more obviously corporeal images; and second, in the strict sense phenomenology disallows any experiences that are not embodied, so that even a scientist working a computer that is connected to a telescope focused
on the edges of the universe is ultimately working with humanscaled objects and images. If,
then, every picture is a picture of the body, it remains to be asked why we choose to exclude
some and include others. This, for me, is the difficulty of Jan Koenot’s essay: it includes Mark Rothko, Max Beckmann, Henri Matisse, Kiki Smith, Francis Bacon, and Louise Bourgeois, but why not Alfred Jensen, Adolf Wölffli, Sol LeWitt, Agnes Martin, or others whose art is neither gestural abstraction nor midcentury figuration? Why not Art & Language, why not an internet artist like Lisa Jevbratt, whose work is patterns of numbers? (These are partly selfincriminating
Trang 5questions, because I now realize I should have argued more broadly in the opening of Pictures of the Body, instead of sticking to midcentury painting.)
In relation to the examples of nonvisual, digital, and new media art chosen by Anne
Sophie Lehmann, I would say that artists do not need to explore new ways of representing the
body in order to get at real embodiment. Rather, recent artworks that give us fragments and
numerical substitutes instead of nudes and écorchés answer to a belief that the body is more fully
and honestly present in its nonnaturalistic parts. It seems transparently obvious. But why should
we believe it? And doesn’t the desire to represent parts ad pieces also mean we have lost some of
our ability to see bodies in earlier art as full representations? Since I wrote Pictures of the Body I have become skeptical of the idea that late twentiethcentury art needed to dissect and
reconfigure the body. Instead I tend to see blindnesses to history, to earlier representation, and it
is those that interest me. When Koenot says “the body is omnipresent in the art of the twentieth
century,” I would like to ask him questions in return: Is it true that the twentieth century is different in this regard? And if it is true, exactly what distinguishes modern art from premodern
art other than abstraction and fragmentation?
2. The body can never be fully theorized—and we hope to keep it that way. It occurs to
me that one of the attractions of performance art, figurative painting, photography, video, installation, and other bodyoriented practices, is that they cannot be fully theorized. I read books
like After Criticism—an attempt to rethink art criticism to fit bodycentered, ephemeral
performance and video art—partly as celebrations of a new openness in critique, one that is apparently necessitated by the very category of the performative. In plain language: people are
Trang 6attracted to bodies in art precisely because it seems that both the body and the represented body are immune from full conceptualization Representations of the body are attractive partly
because they cannot be taken over by philosophy. (There is a justification for this in Freud, in the
theory about the rise of ideas from the somatic to the conscious. The same kind of justification can be derived from Spinoza or Nietzsche.) The implicit claim that we are partly observers of represented bodies, and partly implicated in them, underwrites recent theorizing by Irit Rogoff, Peggy Phelan, and others, and it serves as a reason not to fully conceptualize accounts of body centered artworks.
This matters because it means there is often a place in texts that attempt to theorize some representations of the body, or some of the representation of the body, where the author will stop
and relinquish analysis to the realm of the nonconceptual: that is part of the pleasure of the text, but it is also a moment that should attract the attention of a fuller analysis. For example, I
disagree with Katherine Hayles’s distinction between the body, a cultural construct, and embodiment, denoting signs that the body is experienced from the inside. (This is discussed by
AnneSophie Lehmann.) Embodiment, in Hayles’s sense, is inevitable, as I mentioned in regard
to the first point. But the body does not exist as a concept that can be analyzed and manipulated from the outside. We scholars desire the idea of the body to be also always partly nonnegotiable with concepts. The task for readers of Hayles’s books is to decide how far she wishes to
conceptualize the body, and what effects that desire has on what she writes. Lehmann, and several other authors in this book, say that the body “remains” after it has been deconstructed by theory—I agree, in the sense that the body does not seem to be soluble in theory; but I wold not say that it “remains” for us as an intellectual possession. Perhaps there is an illusion that it does
Trang 7“The posthuman body can thus never be arrived at,” writes Ingrid Van Hecke; I wonder what percentage of her claim is a challenge for future work that might try to conceptualize the posthuman, and what percentage of the claim springs from the pleasure of asserting that the posthuman can never be wholly known or experienced. It is, after all, a great pleasure and temptation to work on a theme that by its nature remains partly hidden—and that includes, of course, Christian themes of transcendence, resurrection, and transfiguration
3. Some contemporary art discourse depends on the repression or exclusion of religious themes One of the lessons I learned from ReEnchantment and the book on religion and
contemporary art is that even though a great deal of recent art practice engages religious themes, the interpretive discourse that supports that art often excludes any serious discussion of those themes. The critical literature tends to allude to religious themes, but also to avoid any overt discussion of the artists’ beliefs or the works’ meaning. Many young artists explore religious and spiritual ideas in their art, but do not feel comfortable talking about them. Other young artists make work that appears religious or spiritual, but they themselves do not think of their art in
those terms There are many examples Maurizio Cattelan’s La nona ora—the notorious
sculpture of the Pope struck by a meteorite—seems to be explicitly antireligious, and so it would seem to be a good example of a contemporary work that is clearly and openly about religion. Even so, Cattelan has studiously avoided giving his sculpture any determinate meaning, and in his curatorial work he has carefully sidestepped any message or clear purpose
Evasiveness is a commonplace in the art world. La non ora is clearly not a proCatholic work,
Trang 8and yet it still seems important to the artist not to say what it means. Artwork that lacks such obvious religious signs (such as the Pope) can be even more elusive. The book, Strange Place of Religion in Contemporary Art, was partly intended to address this strange condition, where the
history of religion informs current practice and yet is often—not always—excluded from current criticism.
That is the only caveat I would add to the essays in this book that trace religious meanings in contemporary art. Like the current scholarship on religion and art—and here I think the state of the art is MarieJosé Mondzain’s very thoughtful essays on the links between Byzantine and modern art—the contributors to this book are concerned to trace the history of Christianity in the present artworld. Sometimes, for example with Kiki Smith, it is legitimate to trace such meanings because the artist herself works with them. But in other cases it is unclear
whether a religious interpretation does justice to an artwork that hides from such meaning—even
if that artwork also thrives on that very meaning. If I ask: What is the meaning of Christian visual language in contemporary body art? (as Catrien Santing does) then I also want to ask: Am
I distorting the artist’s selfunderstanding by making implicit, uncognized ideas into explicit themes? Under what circumstances does art need to hide its historical and theological origins in order to flourish? I would agree that Christian themes continue in contemporary art, without
being sure that those themes can be spoken of as Christian. Some artists do indeed set out “to
dechristianize” their art, as Santing says, but others would be surprised to hear their work described as a continuation of Christian themes. I know some artists who would be happy to have their work described as “relics” or “altars” (Santing mentions a few), but I also know artists
Trang 9who would be uncomfortable having their clearly reliclike, altarlike sculptures described as relics or altars.
One of the leading current discourses of the body in religion focuses on iconoclasm, iconophobia, iconophilia, and idolatry Serious work by Joseph Koerner—especially his
contribution to the exhibition and book called Iconoclash—set the tone for this work in the last
decade. Georges DidiHuberman has also written on the theme, from another angle. In this book, Diane ApostolosCappadona proposes we “consider the human body in religious art through its supposed enemy,” iconoclasm. Some of the terms in this discourse (such as iconoclasm and idolatry) have deep histories in the Western tradition, but others (including iconophilia and
iconophobia) have been developed relatively recently. Iconophilia, for example, has flourished in
recent academic texts whose authors are agnostic about the fundamentalist claims that have led
to iconoclasms and idolatries in the past. For that reason I am wary of scholarship that adopts these concepts as the leading means of interpreting religious images—or images of any sort. I am not saying that these concepts are as specific to twentiethcentury scholarship as words like
“liminal,” “parergon,” the “BWO,” the “uncanny,” the “abject,” or any number of other concepts current in the art world: but I am suggesting that it may be premature to say that the discourse of iconoclasm, iconophilia, and other such terms is an optimal way of understanding images. Like most of my friends in academia, I suppose I am an iconophile: I love images with a moderate love—I would not kill or die for images, like the people who first engaged in iconoclasm and idolatry. An interest in iconoclasm is an interest in a passion stronger than one that we ourselves possess, and that may cause us to mistake it for a fundamental category of imaging
Trang 10a contentious point, but I think that the majority of writing on the body and art is primarily informed by readings of surrealism. That is partly because of the influence of Hal Foster’s work,
and scholarship in the October circle; but it is also an effect of the predominant models of
modernism in North Atlantic art history. I have argued that even Mesoamerican studies has
occasionally been guided by received ideas about surrealism. Certainly The Object Stares Back
was written in thrall to surrealism
The effects of this influence are, briefly: an interest in hypostasis, “base materiality,” the matter and medium of art, scenes of extreme violence, metamorphosis, fragmentation, distortion, the mystical, the nonconceptual, the numinous, the “unknown,” the “unknowable” (this is Jan Koenot quoting Guy Rosolato), the failed or problematic postmodern sublime. The entries in this list are arranged in three groups: first, words reflecting the surrealist interest in the impossibility of transfiguration and resurrection and the pull of the earth, “spiders,” and “spit”
(Bataille’s images for the informe); second, words that express surrealism’s concern with non
normative representation, in which naturalism is unnaturally wedded to the most extreme conceivable rending and ripping of the body; and third, words that have to do with surrealism’s fascination with alternate, nonreligious discourses of transfiguration.This list and these themes are nothing more than hints. The subject is too enormous to properly open and discuss in this format: I only want to signal that the universe of our interests in the represented body is not an infinite universe. It is strongly constrained by an historically specifiable set of interests. If this were a longer essay, I would want to argue that most of the chapters in this book are unthinkable without the inheritance of surrealism. Ultimately, we need to think beyond that inheritance.