Reading for speed and fluency 4

Key features: ¢ The matically arranged reading passages to facilitate readers’ comprehension of subsequent texts within each grouping ¢ Strictly controlled vocabulary throughout the book

READING FOR

Sg oD

AND CỐ

FLUENCY

READING FOR

Although many English language learners are able to comprehend basic

texts, they still face the obstacle of reading far below the optimal rate

Research suggests that 250 words per minute is the target reading speed for

fluent second language reading In order to develop their reading speed,

students need to practice reading at an accelerated pace with texts that have

little or no new vocabulary that might slow them down For this reason,

Compass Publishing has developed Reading for Speed and Fluency, a four-book

series for individual or classroom use to practice accelerated reading

Key features:

¢ The matically arranged reading passages to facilitate readers’ comprehension

of subsequent texts within each grouping

¢ Strictly controlled vocabulary throughout the book to limit the slowing effect

of unfamiliar words

e Preview activities at the beginning of each chapter to promote faster reading

of passages through pre-exposure to vocabulary and content found within

the chapter

e Multiple-choice questions following each passage that allow students to self-

monitor their comprehension at accelerated reading speeds

¢ Progress charts at the back of the book that allow students to graphically

record their personal reading speed development

Free downloadable MP3 files

READING mo)

Reading for Speed and Fluency 4

Paul Nation - Casey Malarcher

© 2007 Compass Publishing

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the publisher

Acquisitions Editor: Garrett Byrne

Development Editor: Richard Yi

Assistant Editor: Emily Page

Cover/Interior Design: Dammora Inc

Email: info@compasspub.com

http://www.compasspub.com

The authors of this book would like to acknowledge the following

writers for contributing materials to this series: Christopher Campbell, Paul Edmunds, Moraig Macgillivray, Dawn Nordquist, Pierre Stapley, Adam Worcester, Patrick Yancey

ISBN: 978-1-59966-103-2

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11109876

10

Photo Credits

(t=top; b=bottom; I=left; r=right):

pp 9 (top row), 11t, 11b, 13t, 13b, 15t, 151, 15b, 17b, 19t, 19b, 21 (all), 23t, 23bl, 23br, 25t, 25b, 27t, 27b, 29t, 29b, 31t, 31b, 33 (top row), 35t, 35b, 37t, 37b, 39t,

39b, 41t, 41b, 43, 45 (top row), 47t, 47b, 49, 51t, 51b, 53, 55t, 55b, 57 (all, 58 (all),

59t, sol, sob, 64t, 61b, 63t, 63b, 65t, 65b, 67t, 67b, 69 (top row), 73t, 73b, 77t,

77, 79t, 79b, 81 (top row second and third), 81 (activity A tl and tr), 82, 83, 91t, 93 (top row first, second, and third), 93 (activity A bl), 95t, 95b, 97t, 97b, 99t, 99b,

101t, 101b, 103b © Shutterstock, Inc

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(activity A), 103t ©/Jupiterimages Corporation

pp 9 (top left second), 17t, 93tr, 103r © iStock International Inc

pp 69 (top middle), 69tr, 71, 75 © Casey Malarcher

pp 81 (top row first, fourth, and fifth), 81 (activity A br), 85, 87t, 87b, 89, g1b courtesy of NASA

Every effort has been made to trace all sources of illustrations/photos/information

in this book, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

Table of Contents

Introduction /5 Chapter 1:

Reading 1

Reading 2 Reading 3

Reading 18

Reading 19

Reading 20

Art /9 The Art of Photography / 11 Origami / 13

Realism in Art / 15 Totem Poles / 17 Dada / 19

Money / 21

Saving Money / 23 Credit Cards / 25 Using Money / 27 Teaching Kids about Money / 29 Free Markets / 31

Communication / 33

Talking to People from Other

Countries / 35 Translating / 37 Speaking Situations / 39

Indo-European Languages / 41 Communication Satellites / 43 Medicine / 45

Testing Medicine / 47 Generic Medicine / 49 Fighting the Flu / 51 Penicillin / 53

Ritalin / 55

Chapter 5:

Reading 21 Reading 22 Reading 23 Reading 24

Reading 25

Chapter 6:

Reading 26 Reading 27 Reading 28 Reading 29 Reading 30

Chapter 7:

Reading 31

Reading 32 Reading 33

Reading 34

Reading 35

Chapter 8:

Reading 36 Reading 37 Reading 38 Reading 39

Reading 40

Nature /57

Hiking / 59 People and the Environment / 61 Waterfalls / 63

Climate Change / 65

The Northern Lights / 67

People / 69

Mozart / 71 Florence Nightingale / 73 John McEnroe / 75 Maya Angelou / 77 Terry Fox / 79

Space / 81

The Missing Meteorite / 83

Voyager | / 85 Stars / 87 Old Stars, New Black Holes / 89 Europa / 91

Transportation / 93

Bicycles / 95 The History of Cars / 97

The Segway / 99

Hybrid Vehicles / 101 Maglev Trains / 103

Answer Key / 105

a Introduction

Why is it good to read faster?

Most learners of English read very slowly, often less than 100 words per minute

They can easily read much faster if they read passages at the right level, and if

they have some practice in reading faster These books will help you do this

Why is it good to read faster? When you can read faster, you will find it easier to

understand You do not spend your time spelling out words, and so you can give

more time to understanding When you read faster, you can read more Reading

can be fun It is more fun when you can do it easily at a good speed

There are many kinds of reading: reading for study, reading for fun, reading to

learn about the world (such as reading newspapers), and reading to follow instructions

When you become faster at one kind of reading, you will also be faster at these

other kinds of reading

You may also be able to listen a bit faster because you are used to working with

English at a faster speed

This part of your English course is different from other parts In the other parts of

your English course, you meet new words and new pieces of grammar and learn

them bit by bit This part of your English course, however, tries to have almost no

new things to learn It tries to make you use what you already know and use it as

well as you possibly can This is called “becoming fluent.” When you are fluent in

a language, you can use what you know well

The goal of this book is to help you become a fluent reader at all levels of your

learning

The passages in these books

The passages in these reading books are written to help you read faster Most learners

of English read slowly, but with a little practice, they can read as fast as many

native speakers

€

Most learners read slowly because they meet many unknown words in their reading

The passages in these books have been prepared so that there will be very few

unknown words in them First, the passages are written in familiar useful vocabulary

Second, the passages are about familiar things Third, the passages are grouped

into themes so that the five passages on the same theme will become easier as

you read your way through them The earlier passages will make the later ones

more familiar Fourth, difficult vocabulary is reviewed before you read the passages

All of these things are done so that you can read the passages quickly without

meeting unknown words The purpose of these books is to help you read faster

You should follow these steps when you read the books Your teacher can help you

with this

Step 1: Do the exercises and learn the vocabulary at the beginning of each set of

passages Make sure you know these words well before you begin reading the passages

Step 2: Before reading each passage look at the time If you are reading in class,

the teacher will tell you when to begin

Step 3: Read the passage as quickly as you can while trying to understand the

passage

Step 4: As soonas you finish reading, write down how many minutes and seconds

it took you to read the passage

Step 5: Turn the page and answer the questions When you answer the questions,

do not look back at the passage

Step 6: Check your answers to the questions using the answer keys in the back of

the book

Introduction

Step 7: Write your speed and question score in one of the graphs at the back of

the book Every passage in the book has almost exactly the same number

of words, so your reading time can tell you your reading speed

Step 8: Look at your reading speed You should try to read at around 250 words

per minute You may have to read many passages before you can get to

this speed, but this should be your goal When you read the next passage,

try to go faster

Some things to think about

These books are written to help you read faster Your goal is not to be the fastest reader in the world, but you should learn to read at a normal, comfortable reading speed For most people this is around 250 words per minute, but some read faster

Reading faster is only good if you also understand what you read That is why there are questions after each story If you get an answer wrong, that is not a problem Your main goal is to read faster However, the questions are easy so that you can read faster and get all or most of them correct

You check your own questions and measure your own speed It is easy to cheat if you want to However, if you cheat, your teacher cannot give you the help you need to read faster If you cheat, you know that your speed and question score is not really your score Use these books honestly and properly and you will see your reading get better

If you like the idea of reading faster, you can help yourself by doing other easy reading It is not possible to read faster if you are always meeting unknown words

You can add to the learning from these books by reading other, longer easy books

as quickly as you can

Introduction

CHAPTER

1 This picture was made using

(oil paints / photography)

2 This is an example of (an origami / a totem pole)

(E}_ Which endings can be used with each word? Check the boxes of all the

ta Draw lines to make correct sentences

1 The firstcamera » ~~ appears opposite - because it might be

in fashion again later

3 Someonecarved - - solllreplaceeitbut - - onthe tree trunk

a pattern not throw it out

4 Thisshirtisout - - wasinventedbefore - - to the originalimage

of fashion,

- Marcel _ Salvador Pablo

NOTE: The following names appear in the passages in this chapter

Cabaret Voltaire — a café in Zurich where artists met to talk about art

Society of Independent Artists — a group of professional artists in Europe

- _ Chapter 1: Art

Reading The Art of Photogr

The first small camera was invented in 1685 But that was just the camera It took a long time for people to figure out how to

make the right kind of paper for photographs

Modern photography as we know it really came

into being in the 19" century, around the year

1865 to be exact In the late 1800s and early 1900s, photography really took off The types

of cameras increased greatly during that time

Photographers also came up with new and better ways to take pictures Photography

became a form of art

Although most people think photographs show real things, photography also changed people’s ideas about modern art Modern art developed in the late 19"

century, around the time of the invention of photographs Modern art was different than other kinds of art because modern art paintings did not try to show “realistic”

pictures For example, artists of modern art often produced paintings that looked different than a real picture The art of photography was perfect for making modern art The photographer could make the subjects of the picture look very clear

while other parts of the picture did not look clear In this way, photographers could change a picture to be less realistic

We are now living in the time of postmodern art Postmodern art developed

in the late 1950s and has allowed for further changes in the world of art In

the case of photography, computers have changed a lot about the way that photographs are made and viewed For example, a photographer can now

take pictures using a digital camera These pictures can be saved on a computer

and changed using a computer program In this way, the photographer can change the colors and many other things about a photograph For example,

the photographer can change all of the colors in a photograph to light or dark

red Or the photographer can make photographs darker or lighter In this way,

Computers are also changing the way people share photographs In the past, a photographer had to make a book in order to show his or her

photographs to lots of people Now, with the Internet, photographers can share their photographs with thousands of people quickly and easily! This means that even teenagers can create interesting photographs as a kind of art

to share with the people around the world

io

-Circle the right answer

1,

The reading is about:

a how to take a picture

b how cameras have changed the

art world

c how people can create art

The first camera was invented:

a Photographs show real things,

so photographs are not really

modern art

b Cameras were not useful for

making modern art until

computers came along

c Some photographers created

modern art with their pictures

Which of the following does the

writer NOT mention about modern

art?

a The name of an artist who made

modern art

b What modern art looks like

c When it was popular

Which age of art are we living in now?

a The modern age

b The postmodern age

c The photography age

Something that helped photographers

make postmodern art was:

a computers

b larger cameras

c special paper for pictures

What does the writer give as an example of what a photographer can do with a computer program?

a Change the colors of a photograph

b Change the people in a photograph

c Change the size of a photograph

The passage explains that these

days:

a most photographers need to create

a book to show their pictures

b it is simple for photographers to

show their pictures on the Internet

c even young children can take pictures using digital cameras

ES

There are many ways to make art You can paint a picture using water colors

or oil paints You can cut wood, or you can bend metal to make sculptures

Also, some art uses paper, like Japanese origami In Japanese, “ori” means

“fold,” and “kami” means “paper.” So origami is the art of folding paper

Origami starts with a square piece of paper Some people like to use special origami paper that is two colors The front of the paper is one color, and the back of the paper is another color Other people prefer to use origami paper

that has patterns on it After you choose your paper, you can find many instructions for folding the paper into different things Many people enjoy making origami flowers, animals, or toys For all of these things, there are a

few kinds of folds that you need to use For example, sometimes you need to fold the paper in half Another common fold is to fold the paper from corner to

corner Or you may need to fold the tips of each corner If you follow the directions carefully, you can create a beautiful paper flower, animal, or toy But origami

is much more than folding paper

First, origami is a reflection of Japanese life For example, nature is

important in Japan In Japanese poetry, people write about the seasons,

weather, water, or other things in nature Origami is also a reflection of nature That is why the most popular origami shapes are things like animals Birds, fish, flowers, —

and stars are all popular shapes CN

Origami is also good for your mind It is a peaceful activity that can relax the mind and body People who

do origami like the activity as much as the art They like it because origami demands a lot of attention When people think hard

about creating something, they forget about their problems This allows them

to calm down

Origami is also good for teaching children First, origami has many steps

Children must follow these steps exactly This way, children can learn to follow instructions They also might learn about math For example, origami has

squares, rectangles, and triangles These shapes are important in math Origami helps children learn about these shapes

Maybe you can try to do origami yourself You only need some paper and

a book of instructions You can also find instructions for folding origami

shapes on the Internet

-Chapter 1:

The reading is about:

a the most popular hobby in Japan

b how to make a paper animal

c the art of folding paper

Which type of origami paper does

the writer NOT mention?

a Paper with two colors

b Paper with patterns

c Special, thin paper

According to the passage, origami

c a game for children

In poetry, Japanese people write

about:

a other people

b nature

c how they feel

According to the passage, which of

the following is true about origami?

a It is usually expensive

b It is good for a person’s mind

c It is only for Japanese people

Art

6 The writer mentions all of the following types of folds EXCEPT:

a folding a piece of paper in half

b folding paper around a box

c folding the tips of a square piece

of paper

The writer thinks that origami is:

a a difficult art

b good for helping a person relax

c only for children in school

What does the word “demands” in this sentence mean?

They like it because origami demands a lot of attention

a forces

b gets

c needs

Realism in Art

Often, one form of art will be popular

among artists for a number of years, and then another form will come into fashion One form

of art attempts to show people, animals, and objects exactly as they act or appear in life

This type of art is called realism Realism

appears in art at many points in history, but it

was in the middle of the 19" century that it

was really most popular It replaced a form of art in which artists used their imagination,

producing beautiful works that did not show

realistic life

Realism is concerned with what people can see with their senses, rather

than what they can imagine in their minds Using realism, a painter will try to paint an object or scene so that it looks almost like a photograph The painter

will show the subject as close to real life as possible A writer using realism will describe real people and events as they might happen every day, instead

of how the writer dreams or imagines they might happen Realism looks for beauty in common, even “ugly,” objects A painting might show poor people working in a field A book might describe what it is like to live and work on a farm

Realism started to become popular with artists around 1850 One group

of realism painters in France became well-known for painting nature and

country life At the same time, a group of realism painters in England also

painted nature, but this group also tried to show the bad social conditions of that time Artists in this English group wanted their paintings to teach people

something about life in their country Writers at this time, in both England and the United States, also tried to teach people about social conditions One

book, called The jungle, showed readers how badly workers in a United States

meat factory were treated

Like other forms of art, realism began to fall out of fashion By the early part of the twentieth century, it was no longer popular for artists to paint and

write about real people and objects However, realism has not disappeared It still exists today In the 1970s, an artist from the United States painted one of

the most famous realistic paintings of all time What was the subject of this

famous painting? A common can of soup

iin

Reading 3: Realism in Art

15

Circle the right answer

1 The reading is about:

a anew form of art

b a type of art that was more

- popular in Europe than America

c a type of art that was popular in

the 19" century

Which of the following would a

person NOT see ina realism

painting?

a A group of people working

b Some animals ona farm

c Something unusual that a

person could only dream of

According to the passage, realism

developed into a major art movement

in:

a the 1500s

b the 1800s

c the 1900s

According to the passage, what is

most important in realism?

a Showing ugly things in nice ways

b Showing problems in everyday

A book called The Jungle was about:

a how people from England lived

According to the passage, what

made the US government make

a A person ina factory

b Acan of soup

c Ascene from nature

Eo

This is how the Native people of the North American Pacific coast kept their

stories alive They used art to remind people of the stories and to remind them

to tell the stories to their children These reminders were called totem poles

Totem poles are tree trunks with images carved into them and painted with different colors These images serve as characters in a story They are often animals, but sometimes

people can be used as well A totem pole can be used to tell

a legend It reminds people of an important life lesson

Some legends explain certain things in nature For example,

there is one legend that explains how there came to be light

on Earth A true story or important event that should not be

forgotten may also be represented in a totem pole Certain

families might have their very own totem pole that tells of their family’s history In this way, totem poles can be used to

show how rich or important the family is

You may have heard the expression, “low man on the totem pole” to refer

to a person of little importance People who use this expression do not understand totem poles An image’s spot on the pole does not reflect the importance of the character it represents In fact, artistically speaking, the lower figures are more important because people get a better view of them Carvers, therefore, take special care when they make the lower images It is more

important that the lower images look nice because people will see these images close up

Because totem poles are made of wood, they do not last very long As such, we do not really know when people

began making totem poles or what the first totem poles looked like However, artwork made of bones and of stone does last a long time We can see that more modern

totem poles have a similar artistic style seen in older pieces of art It is, therefore, clear that the artistic quality

of totem poles has not changed a lot over time

1€

The reading is about:

a art used for remembering

b art made for the gods

c art used during wars

The writer says that long ago:

a words were written on totem

According to the passage, totem

poles were used:

a to decorate a place

b to help tell stories

c to mark special places

The writer mentions all of the

following stories related to totem

poles EXCEPT:

a a legend about how something

began

b the history of a family

c how a god used a totem pole

Where does the most important

character in the story appear on the

totem pole?

a At the top

b At the bottom

c Anywhere because no place ona

totem pole is more or less important

Chapter 1: Art

6 According to the passage, the images carved on the bottom of a totem pole:

a should be made last

b should tell something about the carver

c should have more details

What does the writer say about

bone carvings?

a They do not last very long

b They last for a longer time than wooden totem poles

c They do not last for as long as wooden totem poles

What does the word “reflect” in this sentence mean?

An image’s spot on the pole does not reflect the importance of the

Reading

It is said that in the 20" century, all of the rules for art went out the window Thus, we have surrealists, like Salvador Dali, who painted things that were impossible, such as melting watches We also have Pablo Picasso, who painted people’s faces in a style that shows different views of the face at the same time But there was one movement in art that is said to have been the greatest influence for the 20" century This movement opened the door for modern art It was called “Dada.”

Dada began around the time of World War | World War | was a terrible

time in Europe Some artists felt that the old system and the old ways of

thinking were not useful any longer So, they developed a new kind of art and called it Dada

No one knows where the word “Dada” came from One story says that an

artist stuck a knife into a French-German dictionary to pick a word “Dada” is a child’s word for a toy horse in French This story may or may not be true How

the name of the movement was chosen is not important The development and

results of the movement are important

Dada has been called “anti-art,” or the “opposite of art.” If art is supposed

to be beautiful and to have meaning, then Dada would be ugly or without

meaning Dada would be the opposite of all of the old ideas

Dada’s first leader was Tristan Tzara, an artist from Romania Tzara and

other artists started Dada in Zurich, Switzerland in a café called the Cabaret Voltaire In the café, artists put on performances and discussed art As other artists learned about Dada, they formed

their own groups to create Dada art in Berlin, New York,

The most famous Dada piece of art is called the arm

Fountain by Marcel Duchamp In reality, this piece of art is just an old men’s toilet that Duchamp found and signed with

the name “R Mutt.” It was turned away by the Society of

Independent Artists because, they said, it was not art Other famous Dada works include a painting of Mona Lisa with hair

on her face, and another, which is simply a fork covered in fur

Dada died out during World War Il Some of the artists d died during the war, and others joined new art movements ' j

bi

Reading 5: Dada

Circle the right answer

c an unusual type of art

What was Dada?

a Astyle of painting

b Aclub where artists met

c An art movement

According to the writer, all of the

following were important for Dada

EXCEPT:

a making ugly art

b making art from natural things

c making art without meaning

Who was the artist that led the first

Dada group?

a Marcel Duchamp

b R Mutt

c Tristan Tzara

According to the passage, when did

the first Dada group form?

a In the 1800s

b Around the time of World War |

c After World War Il began

6 According to the passage, what happened after the first Dada group formed?

a Groups formed in other cities

b The group changed the Cabaret Voltaire into a museum

c The Society of Independent Artists gave money to the group

7 According to the passage, what is true about the Fountain?

a It was a beautiful painting

b An artist did not make it He just found it

c It was worth a lot of money because Duchamp made it

The writer says that today:

a many artists create works of Dada

b there is a Dada museum in Europe

c no works of Dada exist because

they were destroyed in World War Il

EE

2 What is cheaper than yogurt? ALL: ‘MART

| 3 Compare the prices of cereal

00 Which is more CEREAL 001862783300 F 2.88 0 and hele o W FLAVORED TEA 007073405317 F 1.98 0

SAPENSIVE! , «that thi CAN TENDERS 002370003748 F 5.28 0

- at thi BH MAPLE BAC 003130006042 F 2.000

4 What was t mã that this NOP COFFEE O7S¢7@S005s7 F 5 6# M

i WIRL STRING 004171684408 F 2.98 0 customer paid? tđ Fhï h APPLE JuIGE 002340035000 0.97 X

CG SHR 003500056207 1.86 X C6 SHR 003500056207 1.86 X

TOOTHBRUSH 067293510969k 0.93 X

0NES0URCE AC 068113186556 894N SHAMPOO 007940092280 0.96 X

EQ CITRUS Mw 007906800253 227N

SUBT0TAL 52.59 TAX 1 8.250 X 0.70

TOTAL 53.29 VISA on w 29

BỊ Write the right word or phrase in each blank

1 Parents should give their children when their children

spend their allowance rather than wasting it

2 When a company determines that an is not doing his

or her job, the company may consider that employee

3 Asurvey of the spending habits of the general

showed that people tend to value over quantity

4 Some governments have a high of control over

5 Within a free system, it is possible for

to develop

1 Do you receive money from your parents in exchange for household

chores like dusting and vacuuming? If so, how much?

2 Would you buy a second-hand car with no damage to it? Why or why not?

3 Describe any memories that you have of an activity you did in school last year

4 How does society influence the way you spend and save money?

ID Which price is usually more expensive? Draw “<” or “>” in the circle

1 a reservation for an international flight two concert tickets

2 a pack of cigarettes a tank full of gasoline

3 a year of health insurance a year of a magazine subscription

5 public transportation service limousine service

NOTE: The following phrase is mentioned in a reading in this chapter

Laissez-faire — a French term translated as “let (people) do (as they choose).” The

term describes a point of view that the government should not control or interfere

in business beyond simply making sure that basic laws are followed

Chapter 2: Money

| 6 Saving Money

We have to pay for the things we need-housing, food, clothes, medicine, school-and things we want-CDs, movies, toys, and so on If you are like most people, you want to have

some money left after paying for the things you need so that you can buy the things you want Sometimes this seems difficult, because both the things we want and the things we need keep

getting more expensive However, using some simple tips can

help you save lots of money Here are some helpful ideas for

saving more and spending less

1 Consider buying second-hand Instead of buying new clothes and new tables and chairs for your house, see if you can find some nice things that have already been used Often second-hand things are almost as good as new and are much cheaper If a second-hand thing does have a problem or some

damage, you might be able to fix it for only a small amount of money

2 Visit the library instead of buying books Books often seem cheap, so

we buy a lot of them However, usually after we read them, we do not use

them anymore The books just sit in a room in our houses collecting dust So,

next time instead of going to a bookstore, go to the library You can find lots

of good books to read there After you finish reading a book, you just return it

to the library

3 Do not shop for famous names Products with well-known names, such as Coca-Cola and Nike, usually cost more than other products that might

be just as good Look for good products that do not have a famous name With

the money you save, you can probably buy a few of the products with famous names that you want

4 Find new ways to enjoy your free time Sometimes you might spend a lot of money on the weekends because you want to have some fun after a busy week Instead of

going to an expensive park with rides or seeing a show at

a theater, try taking a bicycle ride, going hiking, or eating

in the park with your friends These kinds of activities are

not only cheaper, but they will also give you nice memories

5 Make a shopping list Before you go into a store,

write a list of everything you need to get Then, you are

less likely to buy things you do not really need

Circle the right answer

1 The reading is about:

a different types of activities you

can do b different ways to save money

c places to go on the weekend

2 Why does the writer suggest buying

second-hand things?

a To buy things that will be worth

more in the future

b To help the environment

c To spend less money

3 The writer says that second-hand

things that are damaged:

a are always better than new

things

b can often be fixed

c may break soon after you buy

them

4 The writer says that:

a books are cheaper when you

buy them from library sales

b though books are cheap, there

is a way to Save money on them

c books are too expensive to buy

c People do not need to visit lots of different places to find interesting books

Which of the following does the writer suggest?

a Eating in cheaper restaurants

b Not buying expensive brand names

c Making food at home more often

One other good way to save money that the writer mentions is:

a putting money into a bank each week

b shopping on weekends when stores have sales

c doing other things with friends

on weekends

According to the writer, what is the benefit of making a shopping list?

a You can finish shopping quickly

b You can look for cheaper products in different stores

c You do not buy so many extra things

Eo

Credit Cards

When you go to a restaurant or when you go to the store to buy some

food, how do your parents usually pay the bill? Do they pay with money? Do

they write a check, or do they use a credit card? If your parents are like most people these days, they probably pay with a credit card Nowadays, credit cards are a very popular type of payment, but did you know that the credit card was invented a long time ago?

The idea of the “credit card” was first thought of in 1887 when a man wrote a book about a perfect place in which people could pay for things with

a card Credit cards, as they are known today, were not actually used in real life until the 1920s At that time, they were used in the United States for buying

gasoline for cars Because lots of people were buying cars, they needed an

easy way to pay for their gasoline

Buying goods from stores with a credit card became popular in the 1950s During this time, popular cards like Diner’s Club and American Express were used by many people to buy everything from a new pair of shoes to food

in restaurants Since then, the credit card has become more and more popular

Today people use credit cards to buy almost anything People can not only buy food, but they can also buy everything from airplane tickets to

stamps at the post office They can pay for expensive things

like hotel reservations or concert tickets, or very cheap

things like a cup of coffee, all with the same credit card

Since credit cards are so easy to use, recent problems

related to owning one have come up The main problem is

that many people spend much more money with their

credit card than they have saved in the bank This

card bills each month Credit card companies actually j like this situation When a person does not pay his or

her full bill, the credit card company can charge the

person extra money This extra cost is called credit J

card interest Today millions of people owe money

to credit card companies Many of these people

each pay hundreds of dollars in interest each

Circle the right answer

a paying interest on credit cards people buy with credit cards today?

expensive

a these days, credit cards are not things

very popular

c more people use checks than c people are spending too much

credit cards when buying things money

at a store

8 What does the word “interest” in

3 According to the passage, the idea this sentence mean?

of the credit card was first written This extra cost is called credit card

about: interest

a in a book a the amount charged by a store

b in a government law to use a credit card

c in a university newspaper b the total amount that your bill

c To buy expensive things

4 For which reason was the credit

card mostly used in the 1920s?

Ea

5 When did using credit cards in

stores become popular?

a Inthe late 1800s

b In the 1950s

c In the last ten years

26 _ Chapter 2: Money

Reading ( )

Our society uses bills and coins for money, but there have been societies that used such things as salt, shells, or other things

as money Even today there are societies that use different forms

of money Maybe you have seen in movies when people in prison use cigarettes to buy things from other prisoners So the actual thing

that people use for money really does not matter What matters is the value that people give to the thing that they use to buy other things The piece of paper used to make a hundred dollar bill is

not worth any more than the piece of paper used to make a one

dollar bill The value of each bill is determined by the people using them A store clerk will accept a one dollar bill in exchange for a bottle of juice But she will not accept a one dollar bill in exchange for a television For that, a person

must give the clerk at least a hundred dollars

Money was first used as a way of making trade more efficient Without some form of money, in order to get goods or services, people would have to

first find someone who had those goods, or was able to perform those services

Then, if people did not have money, they would need to think of something that others might want Then, they could give others those things to get what

they needed For example, if you make food, you can trade your food for other goods and services you might need But the problem is, in order for you to use your food for trade, your trading partner has to want that food So, if you want

some meat, but the person with the meat does not want your food, you are out

of luck You have to find out what the person with the meat needs Hopefully,

what the person needs is something you have or you can get

So, money is useful because you do not have to worry about what your trading partner wants Money

is useful to everyone Money

is also good because you can save it Unlike food, which will

go bad and not be worth anything, money should be worth about the same

in a week or in a month With money, everyone

agrees on its value, and you can generally count

on its value staying the same

Circle the right answer

1 The reading is about:

a why money is useful

b where money is made

c different types of money

Which of the following does the

writer NOT mention has been used

as money?

a Salt

b Credit cards

c Cigarettes

According to the writer, which of

the following statements is true?

a Money itself has no value It just

represents a value

b The paper of a hundred dollar

bill has more value than a one dollar bill

c Today all societies use the same

form of money

What does the example of the store

clerk in the passage show?

a Different bills will buy different

goods

b Some stores do not think money

has the same value as other

stores

c It is more difficult to buy a

television than to buy juice

“© Chapter 2: Money

What is a problem the writer mentions happened in the past?

a Most people were too poor to

have real money

b Sometimes people did not have the correct type of goods to trade with someone

c Most people did not want to trade food with people from other countries because the food was old

Why does the writer describe

trading food for meat?

a To explain the difference in value

The writer says that all of the following

are benefits of money EXCEPT:

a making goods more expensive

so that people can become rich

b making saving easier

c making trade more efficient so that people can get the things they need

ES

Reading

Kids naturally study the ways their parents get, spend, and save money Parents need to play an active part in teaching their kids good habits related to money Here are some ideas that have worked for many parents to teach their kids how to earn, spend, and save money wisely

Before anyone can spend money, they have to earn

it Some kids “earn” money through allowances Often a child’s allowance is

related to doing work around the house, but this is not really the best idea It

is better to teach kids that work around the house needs to be done without

expecting to be paid for it That is what parents do every day! So, regular work

around the house should be done by all family members for free However,

when special jobs around the house come up, these can be paid jobs Or, when a child is old enough, he or she might find a part-time job outside the home Earning money by working teaches kids how making money depends

on time, special skills, and putting effort into a job

After a child has earned some money, they have the choice of spending

it or saving it They might also choose to give the money to a good cause, but that is another lesson For now, we will just consider spending and saving When teaching kids about spending money, the hardest part for parents is letting

a child make a mistake But that is how everyone learns Parents need to

stand back and let kids waste their money at times so that kids can learn the

difference between good and bad ways to spend money However, parents

also need to remember to set a good example for spending wisely They need

to let their kids see them compare prices at the store, look at differences in the

quality of products, and separate between wants and needs

Parents also need to teach kids about

saving money Saving is a difficult lesson for kids to learn, but the benefits can really pay

off if kids learn it early A good way to teach

kids to save is by telling them they are

doing a good job when they save and earn interest Parents should say it again each

time their kids save money and earn interest This kind of encouragement can work wonders with small children

1 The reading is about:

a teaching children math lessons

The writer says that:

a children watch how their parents

save money

b children are not interested in

how their parents save money

c children should not be given

money at a young age

According to the writer, children

should:

a get an allowance every week

only if they do housework

b learn to do housework without

getting money for it

c do housework in order to prepare

for a part-time job

Which of the following does the

writer believe?

a Children should be told how to

spend their money

b Children should be able to spend

their money how they like

c Children should be able to

choose how to spend half of

their money

Chapter 2: Money

5

6

The writer says that:

a parents usually give their children too much money

b it can be difficult for parents to let their children make mistakes with money

c parents should not allow their kids

to make mistakes with money

The writer says that parents should let children see them do all of the following EXCEPT:

a look at the price of toys and candy in stores

b look at the prices of different products in stores

c look at the quality of different products in stores

Which piece of advice is given?

a Parents should help their

children look for a good bank

b Parents should encourage their

children when they earn interest

c Children are too young to understand about banks, so parents should keep money ina jar at home

What does the phrase “stand back”

in this sentence mean?

Parents need to stand back and let

kids waste their money at times

a get up

b not get in the way

c turn the opposite way

Laissez-faire is a French term meaning “let do” or “let make.” Basically, it

means a system in which the government does not try to control business or trade Under such a system, a country has what is often called a “free market.”

People buy and sell goods and services freely, both within the country and with other countries Also, in free markets there are no special laws to control the

activities of people or businesses Can you think of any countries that have laissez-faire systems today?

Actually, there are no countries with laissez-faire systems Many countries have what is referred to as a “free market,” but some degree of government control is always used Of course, some governments have more control over

business and trade than other countries But either way, with little government control or lots of government control, people feel that some control is needed

for a variety of reasons

The first main reason for some government control is to fight monopolies

A monopoly is when one company becomes so powerful that it controls a product or part of life entirely This is usually bad for everyone, especially the general public A company with a monopoly can charge any price for its goods

or services, even unfair prices There are no other companies to offer a similar good or service at a better price A company with a monopoly may also provide

poor service because its customers will not have any other choices When a monopoly develops, the government usually steps in and forces the company

to divide into smaller companies

Another big problem for free markets is workers’ rights Without government control, workers can be treated very badly Maybe a company would make employees work 12-hour days and 7-day weeks for very little money Or a company might not give employees any health insurance,

or they could fire employees without reason Nowadays, most countries have laws so that companies must treat their workers well They must give them 8-hour days, some vacation time, health insurance, and they must have

a reason for firing employees

There is one place that came very close to a laissez-faire system This was Hong Kong when it was under British rule

In the 1970s, a British leader in Hong Kong started this kind

of system People who support laissez-faire systems say that this was the reason for Hong Kong’s success

Reading 10: Free Markets

24

3

1 The reading is about:

a Hong Kong

b a type of market system

c.: the way French people do business

2 According to the passage, in a true

laissez-faire market:

a the government controls all trade

b the government does not control

any part of trade

c the government has some control

c Most western countries

4 The passage mentions all of the

following reasons for governments

to have some control over a market

EXCEPT:

a to stop monopolies

b to protect workers

c to keep the country’s money strong

5 According to the passage, why are

c They make the government give

them special benefits

Chapter 2: Money

6 Which of the following rights of workers

a Health care and time off to care for children

b Hours of work and vacation time

c The amount to pay workers and

c what happens in a country that

tries to change its market system

8 According to the passage, what do people who support laissez-faire systems say?

a Hong Kong’s market became weaker after 1970

b The government of Hong Kong made too many laws to control business

c This system helped Hong Kong’s

market become successful

Score

~ Communication

cy Use the words in the box and the clues to complete the puzzle

Across

1 The opposite of war is

3 people recorded their ideas in

stone

5 Data from satellites can help researchers

the weather pattern of a place over consecutive weeks or months

BỊ Read the information about these two satellites Fill in the blanks

ECHO Telstar

» NASA's first satellite - the first active communication that

- entered the and burned : —————to orbit in 1962

3 Circle the right answer

1 Which meaning could two thumbs up communicate?

a | fully understand b | made a mistake

2 Who was a president of the United States?

3 What was created during the space age?

4 When you listen to simultaneous translation, who do you hear?

a Both the original speaker and the translator b Only the original speaker

Cj Match the word to the right description

1 aconversation - - someone that you can influence

2 aneighbor ~ + what a speaker presents

3 asignal » «something a satellite reflects

6 the Earth ~ «what the moon orbits

NOTE: The following languages and places are mentioned in the readings in this

chapter

Languages: English, Spanish, French, Latin, German, Hindi, Sanskrit, Greek,

Italian, Chinese, Russian

Places: India, Asia, Europe, the Americas, Great Britain, the United States, Eastern

Europe

Readi ng

Talking to People from Other Countries

People often do not understand each other even though they are speaking the same language and live in the

same country When two people from different countries talk

with each other, it is even easier for mistakes to happen We should take special care, then, to make sure someone from

a different country understands what we are saying

One famous story tells of an English man and his wife who went to Asia with their dog One day, they took their dog with them to a restaurant, and they wanted to get the dog some food One of the men working in the restaurant spoke a little English, so they asked him if he could get food for the dog The man took the dog to the back of the restaurant A little later, he returned with

the man and woman's dinner The dinner was the dog! This is an example of the kind of mistake that can happen when people do not fully understand each other

Problems in understanding people from other countries can happen for different reasons Sometimes words have different meanings to people from different countries That means, even when you understand all the words a person says, you might still not understand the right meaning For example, in China the word “lost” applies to something that is stolen If someone steals a Chinese person’s wallet, that person will say, “I lost my wallet.” Someone from the United States

might not understand this, because it sounds like the person just left his or her wallet somewhere

Another problem is that sign language is not the same in all countries In many places, putting your thumbs up means “good,” but not everywhere A United States president once did this in a country where putting up your thumbs means exactly the opposite of good

Another cause of many problems is not understanding a country’s

customs In a best-selling book, a writer describes how a Chinese

woman took her American boyfriend to her mother’s home for dinner

The mother served her best dish last As was the custom, the mother

told everyone that the dish really would not taste very good The

friend should have eaten a little, and then told the mother how

wonderful it was Instead, he ate one bite, and then told her, “You are right, it’s not very good It needs a little more sauce!”

i

Reading 11: Talking to People from Other Countries

Circle the right answer

1

The reading is about:

a traveling in other countries

b not understanding correctly

c learning facts about other

countries The writer says that:

a people from the same country

do not make mistakes when talking to each other

b people from different countries

do not try to communicate

c even people from the same

country have problems communicating

In the example the writer gives:

a a couple order dog ata

According to the writer, a problem

with a word like “lost” could be:

a the word does not exist in the

languages of some other countries

b the word is hard for Chinese peo-

a Misunderstanding certain words

b Misunderstanding sign language

c Misunderstanding the faces people make

Inthe passage, the writer describes

an important person in the US

What example does the writer give

of someone not understanding a foreign custom?

a Aman eating too much food at his girlfriend’s house

b Aman saying the wrong thing in

b It was a custom in her culture

c She did not want her daughter’s boyfriend to get sick

Ea

Reading

Imagine going to a meeting where nobody else in the room speaks your language On top of that, you do not understand the language of the person presenting the information in the meeting Now imagine that the manager of your company wants you to tell him the information that you hear in the meeting

How will you be able to understand what is happening? And how will you be able to give a report to your manager if you do not understand a word of what

is said? Luckily, there are special people who are called translators Translators are people who change information from one language into another So imagine you are a speaker of Russian who does not yet understand English A translator can listen to the information being said in English, and then say it to you in Russian Translators can do this job in two ways They can do consecutive translating, or they can do simultaneous translating

The word “consecutive” means that first one thing happens, and then

something else happens later In the case of translating, a consecutive translator will first listen to a certain amount of information Once the original speaker stops speaking, the translator will translate all of the information into the other language This type of translating is good because it is easier for the translator

to do his or her work The only problem is that sometimes the speaker forgets

to stop speaking long enough for the translator to translate everything

The other way of translating is called simultaneous translating

“Simultaneous” means that two things happen at the same time So in the

case of translating, this means that the translator is talking at the same time as

the original speaker This type of translating is much harder for translators because they have to listen and then speak very quickly However, the advantage

of this type of translating is that there is not a large amount of time that one has to wait to hear the message Also, meetings go much faster using this type

of translating

The next time you need to understand

the information being said at a meeting

which is not in your language, try to find

a translator You will be given the choice

to have a consecutive or simultaneous translator Either way, you will be able to

go home and give a good report about

i

Circle the right answer

1 The reading is about: 5 Asimultaneous translator:

a the first translators a translates everything a person

b how translators work says at the same time he or she

c the best way to translate a book says it

b listens to a person speak for a

2 The writer describes things for a while and then translates it

b studying in another country afterwards

c trying to read information online

6 Which type of translating does the

3 The main thing the writer wants to writer think is more difficult?

a compare two different ways of b Simultaneous translating

b explain the steps that a translator more difficult than the other

must follow

c show a problem that a good 7 One advantage to simultaneous

translator could solve translating is that:

a it is easier

4 A consecutive translator: b a person hears what is being

a translates everything a person said without much delay

b listens to a person speak for a

while and then translates it 8 What does the phrase “a word” in

c records everything a person this question mean?

says and then translates it And how will you be able to give a afterwards report to your manager if you do not

understand a word of what is said?

Speaking Situations

We do not usually think about how our language works Talking is such a

natural, everyday activity that we do not often stop to consider how it actually

works When we do study our language, though, we are often surprised that we are able to understand our conversations Words can mean so many different

things However, it turns out that the speaking situation helps a lot in making

language work

First, the speaking situation helps make words more particular For example,

the word dog can describe many different animals In one conversation, dog can

mean a dog that someone saw yesterday on the street But in another conversation dog may describe a dog that a speaker saw in a dream A speaker can also use the word dog to discuss a neighbor’s dog No language has a separate word

for the idea “dog that | saw yesterday” and another word for the idea “dog that

| saw in a dream.” This is because the speaking situation makes it clear what

speakers mean when they use words So, when you have a conversation with your neighbor, the knowledge that you have a dog tells your neighbor what the word dog probably means in that situation

The speaking situation also helps make language more clear For example,

the word bank has two possible meanings It can mean “a place where people

keep money,” but it can also mean “the side of a river.” So the sentence / went

to the bank is not clear It could mean / went to the side of the river or it could mean / went to the place where my money is However, people do not usually say only one sentence at a time So, information before and after this sentence tells others the meaning that they should give to the word “bank” in this case

If the speaker is already talking about money, others can guess that bank probably means “money place.”

However, if the speaker is talking about fishing or

going to the mountains, others probably know that bank means “the side of a river.”

The things that speakers say may not always be

clear Sometimes the words are not very particular, but the speaking situation can provide the meaning

Other times words may have many meanings Then the speaking situation limits the right meaning This extra knowledge from the situation is very important

Circle the right answer

1 The reading is about:

a the best time and place to talk

to others b: how something we say is affected

by where we Say it

c what to say in difficult situations

The writer says that:

a speaking is not very natural for

most people

b we often do not consider how

talking works

c most people think a lot about

how talking works

According to the passage, a speaking

situation:

a does not affect words used ina

conversation

b gives meaning to the words that

are used in a conversation

c is not important because the

words we Say have particular meanings

What does the writer want to show

by using the example of the word

c How people in a conversation

learn new information

How many languages have separate words for “dog that | saw yesterday” and “dog | that | saw in a dream?”

a A place where money is kept

b A thick group of clouds

c The side of a river

According to the passage, how would

a person know the meaning of the word bank in a conversation?

a From looking at the time and place where the conversation happens

b From studying the dictionary

c From understanding earlier or later parts of the conversation

What does the phrase “turns out” in this sentence mean?

However, it turns out that the speaking situation helps a lot in making language work

a becomes

b has been found

c normally produces

ES