Reading for the real world intro 2nd edition SB www kardOOnline com

In his career, Kaczmarek has met many people who do not believe in ghosts, and when they find out that he is a ghost expert, they think he is a fool.. Some people think the story of Atla

S E C O N D E D I T I O N Intro

© 2009 Compass Publishing

All rights reserved No part of this book

may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,

or transmitted in any form or by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,

or otherwise, without prior permission

in writing from the publisher.

Acquisitions Editor: Jordan Candlewyck

Content Editor: Joanna Weinhardt

Copy Editor: Kelli Ripatti

Cover/Interior Design: Design Plus

email: info@compasspub.com

http://www.compasspub.com

The authors of this book would like to acknowledge the following writers for contributing materials to this series: Michael Souza, Michael Pederson, Paul Edmunds, Paula Bramante, Kandice MacDonald, Barbara Graeber

Unit 1

Strange & Unusual

Reading 1 : Researching Ghosts / 5

Reading 2 : The Search for Atlantis / 11

Unit 2

Computers & Technology

Reading 1 : Constantly Changing Music Media / 17

Reading 2 : Hackers and Crackers / 23

Unit 3

Health & Medicine

Reading 1 : Healthy Self-Images / 29

Reading 2 : Pollution in Our Bodies / 35

Unit 4

Social Issues

Reading 1 : Illegal Immigration / 41

Reading 2 : The Glass Ceiling / 47

Unit 5

Environmental Issues

Reading 1 : Living near Volcanoes / 53

Reading 2 : The Future of Water / 59

Unit 6

Law & Crime

Anti-Smoking Laws /

C o n t e n t s

Reading 1 : Steve Jobs’s Commencement Address at Stanford University / 77

Reading 2 : “The Premature Burial” By Edgar Allan Poe / 83

Unit 8

Space & Exploration

Reading 1 : Products From Space / 89

Reading 2 : A New Space Race / 95

People & Opinions

Reading 1 : The Architecture of Wright / 113

Reading 2 : Making Fame Work / 119

Unit 11

Cross-Cultural Viewpoints

Reading 1 : Sons or Daughters? / 125

Reading 2 : Rights for Men / 131

Vocabulary Preview

Match each word or phrase with the correct definition.

1 serious a a way of doing something

2 trail b a path

3 objective c can be seen through

4 transparent d based on fact; without personal opinion or emotion

Pre-Reading Questions

Think about the following questions.

1 Do you believe in ghosts? Why or why not?

2 Do you know people who say that they have seen a ghost?

Do you believe them?

3 Do you know any stories about ghosts?

Researching

Ghosts

S t r a n g e & U n u s u a l 1

D ale Kaczmarek believes in ghosts, and he has been the president of the

Ghost Research Society since 1982 In his career, Kaczmarek has met many people who do not believe in ghosts, and when they find out that

he is a ghost expert, they think he is a fool So one of Kaczmarek’s goals is to

make ghost research more scientific Not all people believe in ghosts, but most

people trust science So if ghost research becomes scientific, more people will respect Kaczmarek’s work

Kaczmarek follows a careful process to

investigate ghosts The first step happens when

someone telephones Kaczmarek about a ghost

During the first phone call, Kaczmarek interviews

the caller to determine if it is a serious case or a

hoax Next, Kaczmarek asks the caller what he or

she wants him to do Some people want him to

find out the cause of the paranormal activity,

while other people want him to remove a ghost

from their house After the phone call, Kaczmarek

contacts other members of the Ghost Research

Society, and Kaczmarek makes a team from a few

members They visit the house where the ghost

was reported, but he never tells the members any

details about the case This is very important to

keep the investigation objective because if they

know the details, they might imagine seeing

something

After a thorough inspection of the location, the team talks to the home

Researching Ghosts

4 expert - a person with special knowledge or skill

5 scientific - following the principles of science

9 investigate - to examine; to look into

12 determine - to decide; to find the truth

18 contact - to communicate with

26 thorough - complete; accurate

Track 1

35

40

45

owner, and they share what they have observed with each other for the first

time By waiting until this time to share the details, Kaczmarek believes that his

method of investigation is more scientific.

Kaczmarek has shared his expertise of

ghosts by writing books and giving tours of

haunted places Kaczmarek wrote a book called

Windy City Ghosts about ghosts in Chicago

One of the stories in this book is about ghost

horses and their ghost riders People sometimes

see these ghosts on 95th Street, which is a busy

street that runs through the forest near some horse stables People ride horses from these stables into the forest, and they must cross 95th Street Over the

years, there have been several accidents in which horses and riders were killed

by fast-moving cars Sometimes at night, people driving through the forest

report seeing transparent horses and riders crossing the street They stop their cars to let the horses and riders pass, but when they look closely, the horses and riders have disappeared! All of these reports have come from the area where the horse trail crosses 95th Street

Kaczmarek gives tours to this location and tries to explain the world of

ghost research to his guests Through his books, tours, and the scientific process

of his investigations, Kaczmarek is improving the reputation of ghost researchers.

Reading Time _ minutes _ seconds 461 words

27 observe - to watch; to note with one’s senses

29 method - a way of doing something; process

30 expertise - special knowledge or skill

47 reputation - what others think of a person, thing, or place

R eading Comprehension

A Mark each statement as either true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.

1 Dale Kaczmarek is the president of the Ghost Research Society.

2 The first step in a ghost investigation is to visit the place where the

paranormal activity was reported

3 Kaczmarek’s only job is removing ghosts.

4 Kaczmarek thinks that talking about details first helps the research

team

B Choose the best answer according to the reading.

1 What is one of Kaczmarek’s goals?

a To be an expert on ghost horses

b To catch the ghosts of 95th Street

c To prove that ghosts exist

d To make ghost research more scientific

2 Why doesn’t Kaczmarek describe the paranormal activity to his team before

inspecting the location?

a He doesn’t like to frighten the team members

b Kaczmarek doesn’t want them to expect anything

c He doesn’t know any details until he arrives at the location

d Kaczmarek and his team live far away from each other

3 Which activity does Kaczmarek NOT do?

a Write books about ghosts

b Give tours of haunted places

c Speak to ghosts for other people

d Investigate paranormal activity

C For the next two questions, look for the answers in the reading

passage and write them on the lines provided.

1 When Kaczmarek visits a house where ghosts have been reported, why does he

not share any details of the case to the team members?

V ocabulary Extension

Here are six words or phrases that are related to the topic but are not in the reading Fill in each blank with the best one from the list Use each

word or phrase only once.

1 A(n) _ can see the future.

2 I carry this magical _ with me for good luck and protection from

evil

3 Like a ghost, a(n) _ can be seen, but it can’t be touched.

4 When a group of people hold a(n) _, they can speak to dead people.

5 Breaking a mirror has serious consequences: a(n) _ of bad luck for

seven years

6 The girl in the movie The Exorcist was _ by a powerful demon.

Dale Kaczmarek sometimes receives serious calls 1 _

houses that are haunted by ghosts During the inspection, Kaczmarek follows a(n)

2 _ His team members need 3 _ as

they inspect the location, or they 4 _ some paranormal

activity Sometimes, the call 5 _; the caller is just playing a

joke

Near Chicago, there are reports of ghost horses and riders The ghosts appear near

some horse stables and 6 _ that crosses a busy road People

who see them say the ghosts are transparent The people can see through them!

Fill in the blanks with phrases from the list Use each phrase only once.

might imagine seeing to be objective scientific process

G o into a room with a mirror Turn off all the lights

Light a candle, look into the mirror, and start chanting “Bloody Mary.” Say this spooky phrase thirteen times, and the image of Bloody Mary will appear in

the mirror! She will be standing behind you, over your left

In 1978, folklorist Janet Langlois became interested in the legend At that time, the legend was already widespread around the United States Langlois visited a Catholic girls’ school and interviewed eighty students She compared their stories and determined that the story of Bloody Mary might come from an old legend about the crying ghost of a woman who eternally searches for her murdered children However, no one really knows who Mary may have been.The Bloody Mary legend is renewed with each generation of daring adolescents Generations from now, school children will probably still be scaring themselves with this timeless, terrifying legend

Bloody Mary

Discussion

Discuss the following questions.

1 Have you ever done something like in the “Bloody Mary” story? Explain.

2 Why do you think some people are interested in scary things?

Track 2

Vocabulary Preview

Match each word or phrase with the correct definition.

1 extent a something left behind; a remnant

2 proof b the space or degree that something covers

3 enormous c a finding of new information

4 fiction d very large

Pre-Reading Questions

Think about the following questions.

1 Why are the names of some famous places described in myths?

2 What do you know about Atlantis?

3 Why do you think people continue to search for Atlantis?

The Search for Atlantis

S t r a n g e & U n u s u a l 2

A tlantis—this is the name of a civilization

said to have been lost under the ocean thousands of years ago But was Atlantis a real place? Many people believe it

was Millions of dollars have been spent by

researchers trying to find the lost city.

In fact, there is little reason to believe

Atlantis exists The only record of Atlantis was

written by the philosopher Plato Many people believe he

was just writing fiction No money, pottery, art, language, or people

from Atlantis have ever been found In his writing, Plato described a wonderful

kingdom: “an island greater in extent than Libya and Asia.” If there were such

a place, there should be some trace of it left

In April 2004, American Robert Sarmast claimed that he had gathered proof that Atlantis sank between Cyprus and Syria Sarmast used digital imaging technology that was not available to previous explorers “What we have discovered

is a hidden landmass that fits Plato’s description almost exactly,” he said

He said he located forty-eight of the fifty geographical features mentioned

by Plato One feature is the landmass It is the same size as the one Plato

described Another feature is a large rectangular plain that could be the

location of the capital city Plato also guessed that the highest mountains of Atlantis might still be above water If Sarmast is correct, the island of Cyprus might actually be the top of the mountains of Atlantis!

Angela Henderson, a member of Sarmast’s team, said that finding Atlantis would be “the single most important archaeological discovery in history.” Some scientists, though, do not respect the work of researchers like Sarmast They

The Search for Atlantis

6 researcher - a person who tries to find information

8 record - written history

9 philosopher - one who studies philosophy, the study of knowledge

10 pottery - ceramics; clay fired until very hard

12 kingdom - area of land ruled by a king

18 geographical - having to do with land or the Earth

20 rectangular - having two sets of sides of different lengths and four 90° angles

Track 3

35

40

think he is just trying to make money After all, Sarmast is not a scientist He

studied architecture in university People who search for myths and legends

like Atlantis, Bigfoot, or the Loch Ness Monster are not usually respected as

scientists One archaeologist said about Sarmast’s search for Atlantis, “This is

not archaeology This is just another ridiculous claim.”

Some scientists believe that Atlantis was a real city, but not really an island They think that the people who translated Plato’s writings made a mistake The ancient Greek word for “island” is very similar to the word for “coastline.” They think that Atlantis was a city on the coast of Cyprus and that a great flood

destroyed the city They do not believe that an enormous island actually

disappeared under the ocean

Will Atlantis ever be found? If Sarmast does not discover the lost city, other explorers will surely continue looking for it It might actually be good if we never

find Atlantis That way, future generations can continue to enjoy the mystery

and wonder about the lost city

Reading Time _ minutes _ seconds 459 words

28 myth - a traditional fictitious story

28 legend - a traditional story that may be fictitious or factual

40 generation - the people of a certain time

R eading Comprehension

A Mark each statement as either true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.

1 Researchers have discovered artifacts from Atlantis.

2 Plato’s description is the only record of Atlantis.

3 Sarmast claimed to find most of the geographical features Plato

mentioned

4 All scientists support Sarmast’s research.

B Choose the best answer according to the reading.

1 Which traces of Atlantis have been found?

a Pottery

c Written records

d None of the above

2 According to the reading, why do some scientists NOT respect Sarmast’s

work?

a They are jealous of his success

b They do not think his work is real science

c He does not use proper equipment

d They do not trust scientists who are funded by companies

3 Some scientists think people are looking for Atlantis in the wrong place

because _

a Plato’s writings may have been mistranslated

b new technology suggests Atlantis is really a mountain

c a great flood changed the location of the city

d instead of searching the coastline, they should be looking for a lost island

C For the next two questions, look for the answers in the reading

passage and write them on the lines provided.

1 What advantage does Sarmast have that previous explorers did not have?

V ocabulary Extension

Here are six words that are related to the topic but are not in the reading

Fill in each blank with the best one from the list Use each word only once.

cartographer continent folklore sham unravel utopian

1 Investigators proved the video of Bigfoot was a(n) _ The “monster”

was just a man in a gorilla costume

2 Atlantis was a(n) _ society Everyone was safe, healthy, and happy.

3 She always liked drawing maps, so she became a(n) _.

4 Asia is a(n) _; Japan is a country; and Bangkok is a city.

5 To learn the traditional beliefs of a culture, just study its _.

6 Someday, when researchers find absolute proof of Atlantis, they will finally

_ the mystery of the lost civilization

Some people think the story of Atlantis is just fiction They say that if a(n)

1 _ that was as enormous as a country disappeared, there

would be 2 _ of its existence, such as money, pottery, or other records After all, Atlantis was 3 _ than Asia! Also, the only

description of Atlantis comes from Plato Other people think the story

4 _ They think the landmass was not an island but an area

5 _ of Cyprus Explorers and some archaeologists continue to

6 _ that Atlantis existed But no one has found the legendary

city yet!

Fill in the blanks with phrases from the list Use each phrase only once.

Discuss the following questions.

1 Is there a story of a wonderful place like Atlantis in your culture? If so, compare

the story to the one of Atlantis

2 What is another legendary place explorers have searched for in the past? Is

anyone still looking for that place?

The Story of Atlantis

T his is a summary of the story of Atlantis as told by Plato around 360 BC

in his dialogs Timaeus and Critias Plato may have used the story of

Atlantis to demonstrate what happens when a nation’s rulers become unlawful

Over 11,000 years ago, Atlantis was a very rich city located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean The climate on the island was so good that two harvests were possible each year The island’s people were noble and powerful, and their rulers influenced Europe and Africa Because Atlantis was an island, it was subject to Poseidon, the god of the sea Poseidon fell in love with a woman, Cleito, and made a home for her on top of a hill in the middle of the island Cleito’s sons became the first rulers of Atlantis

Poseidon cared very much for Atlantis and its people He carved canals around the city to protect it Poseidon also created hot and cold water springs from the ground Atlanteans always had fresh water to drink and warm water for bathing Poseidon also gave the city a list of laws to follow As long

as the people adhered to Poseidon’s laws, Atlanteans enjoyed a

beautiful life

Over time, however, the people became greedy and arrogant, ignoring Poseidon’s laws When Zeus saw

their immoral lifestyle, the gods decided to destroy

Atlantis with a powerful flood In just one day, the

island, city, people, and all traces of their existence were

swallowed by the ocean

Track 4

Vocabulary Preview

Match each word or phrase with the correct definition.

1 social a done alone

2 privately b relating to human society

3 compact c a part; a section

4 portion d containing something for future use

Pre-Reading Questions

Think about the following questions.

1 When and how do you listen to music?

2 When and how did people listen to music in the past?

3 How do you think people will listen to music twenty years from

Constantly Changing Music Media

C hances are you own some music CDs and have downloaded numerous

MP3 files You might listen to music on your computer, and you probably own an MP3 player These days, we have so many music

formats to choose from How did we get so many choices? Well, ever since the

music industry was born, companies have been trying to make it more

convenient for people to take music wherever they go This has resulted in a

series of different media for storing music.

The first medium used for music was vinyl records This was the most

popular music format from the 1950s until the 1990s One kind of vinyl record

was the LP LP stands for “long play.” Users of vinyl records always had to

know the speed at which to play them Some records played at 78 rpm—

revolutions per minute—and some played at 45 or 33 rpm So there were actually several kinds of vinyl records Of course, no one could carry their records and listen to them on the bus or subway

Record players, or turntables, were too big

So teenagers usually gathered at a

friend’s house, and they

listened to records

together In that way,

music was a social

activity

In the 1970s, Sony began selling a revolutionary

device: the Walkman This portable

device allowed music lovers to take their

4 format - a form; a layout

5 industry - a specific kind of manufacture or trade

6 convenient - easy to use

7 media - materials used to store or transmit something

7 store - to keep for future use

8 vinyl - a flexible plastic material

10 stand for - to mean; to signify

15 turntable - a machine used to play vinyl records

Cassettes started to disappear with the introduction of the compact disc, or

CD CDs have dominated music media since the 1990s CD technology was

released in the United States in 1983, but

by 1990, only 28 percent of American

households had a CD player because CD

technology was pretty expensive in the

early years Another reason was that many

people thought vinyl records sounded

better than CDs In fact, there are still

some LP enthusiasts who prefer listening

to records

At the start of the 21st century, CDs

were the highest selling portion of the

music market, but by 2007 sales of CDs

had plummeted as people turned to new media formats, such as MP3 The

introduction of MP3 technology has signaled a new chapter in music storage

media By converting music to MP3 format, users can store several times more music on a CD Not only that, but MP3 players can hold hundreds of songs, all in

a device smaller than a wallet Plus, users can constantly add new music to their MP3 players without having to buy compact discs We have no idea what the

future holds for music media, but we can be sure that there will be a revolutionary new way to store and listen to music before very long

Reading Time _ minutes _ seconds 464 words

32 release - to introduce for sale

41 market - the business of buying and selling a certain product

43 signal - to indicate; to show

R eading Comprehension

A Mark each statement as either true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.

1 At the start of the 21st century, LPs were the highest selling portion of

the music market

2 The Walkman played a new kind of music format.

3 It was important to know at which speed to play the vinyl records

because they played at different speeds

4 By 2020, MP3s will be the primary source of music.

B Choose the best answer according to the reading.

1 Which is true about vinyl records?

a Nobody uses them today

b They are the latest medium used for music storage

c They were very popular for decades

d They replaced the audio cassette tape

2 What do audio cassettes and MP3 devices have in common?

a They are both very cheap

b They both proved to be more successful than LPs or CDs

c They were both introduced in the 1990s

d They each helped make music more portable

3 When were compact discs first introduced in the US?

a In the 1950s

b In the 1970s

c In the 1980s

d In the 1990s

C For the next two questions, look for the answers in the reading

passage and write them on the lines provided.

1 Why couldn’t people listen to vinyl records on the bus or the subway?

V ocabulary Extension

Here are six words or phrases that are related to the topic but are not in the reading Fill in each blank with the best one from the list Use each

word or phrase only once.

1 That song has stayed at number one for three months It’s really

a(n) _

2 I couldn’t get a ticket to the concert They’re _.

3 Some people _ MP3 songs onto a CD to store them permanently.

4 I don’t like the new CD by the Thrills, but I do like one song, their hit

_

5 The singer became so rich and famous that she started her own record

_

6 I like to read the _ when I listen to my favorite songs.

The way that people listen to music has really changed over time Listening to

music became a(n) 1 _ activity with vinyl records because teenagers

could listen to them together at a friend’s house The Walkman took listening to music

a step further; one could now listen to music anywhere with a portable cassette player,

2 _ at home or together in public places 3 _ discs replaced

cassettes, and they were the highest selling 4 _ of any music format at the

start of the 21st century Currently, MP3 format has replaced CDs, and this has begun a

new type of 5 _ media MP3 players can hold hundreds of songs all in

a(n) 6 _ smaller than a wallet!

Fill in the blanks with words from the list Use each word only once.

Discuss the following questions.

1 How important is it for you to take your music wherever you go? Why?

2 Have you ever bought something that became obsolete soon afterward?

U ntil the 1980s, the audio cassette and the vinyl record were the only

ways to listen to music Cassettes had a definite advantage over vinyl records because they were easy to carry around Vinyl records, on the other hand, were fragile and easily scratched, chipped, or broken if not handled

with care

In the early 1980s, the introduction of the compact disc (CD) marked the opening of a whole new era This new music storage format was sold as being virtually impossible to break or damage A compact disc is made from a very thick disc of polycarbonate plastic and weighs about sixteen grams A thin layer of aluminum is painted onto the surface to make it reflective Finally, it is protected

by a layer of lacquer Now, of course, we know that this indestructibility is a myth, although CDs are much stronger than the old vinyl.The CD soon made vinyl records almost completely obsolete The first CD ever was a recording of classical music Over thirty years after its introduction, the compact disc remains the standard medium for the sale of audio recordings.However, since the start of the 21st century, the sales of pre-recorded CDs have been falling Despite their strength and durability, the large size of CDs means they are no match for the MP3 file People no longer want to store piles of discs in their homes or carry a heavy bag when they go out They want to fit everything in their pocket While one CD can carry just fourteen or fifteen songs,

an MP3 player can carry hundreds of songs in a device the size of a USB stick

Vocabulary Preview

Match each word or phrase with the correct definition.

1 consider a to find the answer to

2 efficient b having a sense of what is right and wrong

3 ethical c not wasteful

4 malicious d to make use of something selfishly

Pre-Reading Questions

Think about the following questions.

1 Have you ever suffered a computer virus attack?

2 Do you have any computer programming skills?

3 Do you think computer hacking should be illegal?

Hackers and

Crackers

C o m p u t e r s & Te c h n o l o g y 2

T hese days, computers and information technology are common around

the world Because of this, many words related to computers are used

in everyday conversations For example, almost everyone knows the word “hacker.” Hackers are excellent programmers They can write programs that are efficient and even artistic They take great pride in their work

The term “hacker” was first used at MIT (the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) around 1969 The word “hack” was already

in use at MIT to describe student pranks These were often very

creative tricks or jokes Computers were new to universities at

that time, and there were not many computer manuals

available So the students had to figure things out by

themselves In the process, they often wrote

small sections of code to make programs

do what they wanted This soon became

known as “hacking” because the students had

to use their creativity, just as they used their

creativity for their pranks Because of this history,

hackers consider themselves noble and curious

people They use hacking to satisfy their curiosity and

to learn new computer skills, but they do not believe in

destroying information or causing trouble

In fact, hackers have an ethical belief: “Do no harm.”

They believe it is all right to probe a computer system for vulnerabilities, as long

as none of the data is damaged In addition, they always notify the

administrator of the system so that the weakness can be patched.

On the other hand, some malicious programmers exploit weaknesses in

Hackers and Crackers

10 manual - a book with instructions

13 section - a part; an area

13 code - a system of symbols that control computer actions

18 noble - showing high moral character

24 notify - to inform; to communicate specific information

25 administrator - a manager

Track 7

systems Hackers call these people “crackers.” Crackers

are people who break into (or crack open) computer

systems for selfish reasons Sometimes they steal

information, and sometimes they release viruses into the

systems Hackers are not happy when computer criminals

are called hackers Unfortunately, most people use the word

“hacker” for both hackers and crackers The actions of crackers give hackers a

bad reputation

Hackers are sometimes hired by companies to test computer security This

kind of hacker is called a “white hat.” The white hat will try to break into the

company’s computer system If he or she finds a way to break in, the company can fix the problem Crackers also try to break into computer systems, but they are not invited In recent years, even governments have been hiring hackers to improve national security

Hackers spend a lot of time developing technology In fact, if it were not for hackers, the only products available to computer users would be expensive

commercial products from companies like Microsoft Who do you think writes

those freeware programs we download? For example, Netscape Navigator was

developed by hackers Hackers have also contributed to the Linux operating

system, as well as many other open source programs They spend hundreds

of hours working on projects and receive no pay at all They do it because it is

challenging or because they want to make a better product

Hackers are misunderstood heroes of modern culture Without them, we

would not have such excellent computer systems While there are some

unethical crackers in the world, we should be careful not to blame hackers for

what crackers do

Reading Time _ minutes _ seconds 524 words

35 security - a form of safety

43 commercial - having profit as a main goal

44 freeware - software available for free

46 open source program - a program code for free use

R eading Comprehension

A Mark each statement as either true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.

1 According to the reading, hackers and crackers are very similar.

2 The word “hacker” was first used to describe programmers because

they were very curious

3 Some hackers try to find a computer’s weak points.

4 Hackers develop a lot of free software.

B Choose the best answer according to the reading.

1 What is NOT true about hackers?

a Their programs are sometimes artistic

b Their programs are efficient

c Their programs are unethical

d Their programs are creative

2 What is probably the writer’s opinion of hackers?

a They are popular

b They are helpful to society

c They are unethical

d They are dangerous

3 What is something that crackers do NOT do?

a Help to fix security problems

b Release harmful programs into computers

c Steal information

d Exploit weaknesses in systems

C For the next two questions, look for the answers in the reading

passage and write them on the lines provided.

1 What does a cracker do?

V ocabulary Extension

Here are six words or phrases that are related to the topic but are not in the reading Fill in each blank with the best one from the list Use each

word or phrase only once.

1 At least once each day, run a program to _ for viruses.

2 It is important to _ your hard drive in case of a system crash.

3 If your computer gets a virus, you need to _ your hard drive.

4 Programs that cause unwanted pop-up ads to appear on your screen are called

_

5 Software that performs maintenance or other services for your computer is called

_ software

6 Many worms and viruses are sent as _ in email messages.

Fill in the blanks with words from the list Use each word only once.

Many people 1 _ hackers and crackers to be the same Their names may sound funny, but crackers’ 2 _ activities are not just pranks

Crackers sometimes 3 _ a company’s security codes and then

4 _ its computer systems illegally Hackers, on the other hand, will

report the vulnerability of the system in a(n) 5 _ way, so the program

can be patched Hackers feel they are 6 _ programmers because they

try to help the computer community For example, they create free software, which is also called freeware

efficient malicious exploit consider ethical figure out

M ost people use popular words like

“bug,” “worm,” and “virus” all the time But have you ever wondered exactly what they mean or where these terms

A “worm” is a program that searches for and uses information on your

computer The word comes from John Brunner’s 1975 science fiction novel, The

Shockwave Rider In the novel, “worms” could replicate themselves, just as real

worms can The term was made popular in the computing community by

engineers at a Xerox research center in 1979 They used the word to describe a short program that could search a network for idle processors Today, worms travel through email and steal personal data from our computers

The term “virus” came from a student at the University of Southern California in 1983 He used the word to describe a program that could change other programs Often, viruses replicate themselves and cause damage just like biological viruses

Some Popular Computer Terms

Discussion

Discuss the following questions.

1 What is a recent story in the news that you have heard about hackers, crackers,

or viruses?

2 Do you know any interesting stories about the origins of words or expressions

used in your language?

Track 8

Vocabulary Preview

Match each word or phrase with the correct definition.

1 disappoint a unable to tolerate waiting

2 impatient b a mental pressure related to worries and problems

3 negative c quickly; without delay

4 immediately d to think highly of

Pre-Reading Questions

Think about the following questions.

1 What do you think of your body?

2 What are some ways we can change our bodies?

3 Do you think being in good shape is important? Why or why not?

Healthy

Self-Images

H e a l t h & M e d i c i n e 1

T he way you think about your own body is called your body image If you

have a negative body image, it means you don’t like your body If you don’t like your body, you probably don’t like yourself In this way, body image is connected to self-esteem Self-esteem is how much you value yourself

There are several ways to improve your body; however, they do not always

result in higher self-esteem

Plastic surgery is one way of

changing your body In the past,

people thought only famous people

had plastic surgery, but now, millions

of people have plastic surgery each

year Some people with a negative

body image think plastic surgery can

solve their problems In fact, people

who have low self-esteem are often

disappointed after plastic surgery

They expect the surgery to change

their body image, but many patients are still not happy with their appearance.

Sometimes, the real reason for a negative body image is psychological, not

physical So plastic surgery alone cannot help them They need to learn to

appreciate everything about themselves, not just their appearance

You can also try to improve your body through how and what you eat A good diet consists of eating the proper amounts of good foods If you follow a good diet for a long time, you can lose weight and feel better about yourself over time Unfortunately, many people are impatient They have a negative body image, and they want to change their body immediately To lose weight, they

Healthy Self-Images

5 improve - to make better

7 surgery - an operation performed by a doctor

14 solve - to fix

18 appearance - the way someone or something looks

20 physical - related to the body

Track 9

image, but crash dieting is usually not successful.

A third way to change your body is through exercise Exercise can change

the shape of your body, and it can also make you feel more energetic and

relieve your stress These are important because changing how you feel can

change your body image, too But too many people go to a health club and then stop after a few days because exercise is difficult Their

muscles hurt, and they do not see immediate results,

so they give up They think they have failed, and

this can lower their self-esteem Exercise, like a

proper diet, can take a long time to have a

noticeable effect People who include

regular exercise in their daily life experience

long-term benefits Exercising for only a few

days will not produce the desired effects.

People with a negative body image

might benefit from plastic surgery, diet, or

exercise However, these methods are most

successful when people use them correctly

Reading Time _ minutes _ seconds 471 words

33 energetic - full of energy

34 relieve - to remove an unpleasant condition

37 result - an outcome; an effect of an action

41 noticeable - able to be seen; significant

44 desire - to want

R eading Comprehension

A Mark each statement as either true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.

1 Self-esteem is based on how we think, not how we look.

2 Regular exercise can improve your body, but not your body image.

3 The effects of crash dieting last a long time.

4 Unlike diets, exercise changes your body shape immediately.

B Choose the best answer according to the reading.

1 According to the reading, if you don’t like your body, you probably

a don’t like crash dieting

b have high self-esteem

c don’t like yourself

d don’t have a negative body image

2 Which is true about plastic surgery?

a It is probably the most effective way to improve one’s body image

b Only celebrities are concerned enough about their image to have plastic surgery

c It always results in a positive body image

d Millions of people have plastic surgery each year

3 What is NOT a way to change your body shape permanently?

a Plastic surgery

b Regular exercise

c Crash dieting

d Proper dieting

C For the next two questions, look for the answers in the reading

passage and write them on the lines provided.

1 How are negative body image and poor self-esteem connected?

V ocabulary Extension

Here are six words or phrases that are related to the topic but are not in the reading Fill in each blank with the best one from the list Use each

word or phrase only once.

1 To increase strength and help your body lose weight, you should _.

2 I take off my shirt and _ my muscles in the mirror after exercising.

3 Each month, I _ for three days I only drink water during this time.

4 Running and cycling are examples of _ exercise.

5 My brother has the right _ about exercise He does it for fun.

6 After I start a diet, I always fail Then I eat a lot of food in a few days This

_ eating just makes me gain more weight

First Sentence: There are various ways of improving our body image, but not all of

them enhance our self-esteem

1 A person may be disappointed if they pay for diet advice.

2 People who try to change their bodies through exercise are sometimes impatient

if they do not get results immediately

3 The stress of having plastic surgery makes people commit suicide.

4 Dieting can also help body image and self-esteem, but many impatient people are

disappointed when they try crash diets and only see temporary effects

5 Plastic surgery is one way of changing the body, but it may not always produce

the desired effects

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below Select THREE answer choices to complete the summary

W e have known for a long time that women are pressured by images

in advertising and media We see hundreds of ads every day In our lives, we spend three years just watching television commercials, according to Dr Jean Kilbourne Although people claim to be unaffected by it, she says that advertising affects all of us subconsciously

Women frequently compare their bodies to others, and researchers have found that continually seeing beautiful bodies can negatively affect a woman’s body image In one study, some women were shown pictures of thin models, and other women were shown pictures of average and overweight models In a body image survey, the “thin model” group said the models made them feel insecure about their own attractiveness

Lately, we have learned that men are also affected by advertisements In one study, one group of men watched a television show and saw ads

featuring sexy male models without shirts Another group of men

saw ads with men in business suits The “shirtless male model”

group felt depressed and less satisfied with their own muscles

and body image

Women and men are both victims of the pressure they feel from advertisements When companies begin to advertise

products with realistic models, people will feel more secure

with their own bodies

Advertising and Self-Image

Discussion

Discuss the following questions.

1 How much time do you spend each day trying to look good? Do you do it to

please yourself or others?

2 The reading says that “women and men are both victims of the pressure they

feel from advertisements.” Have you ever felt this pressure?

Track 10

Vocabulary Preview

Match each word or phrase with the correct definition.

1 average a to cause to remember

2 contain b an item made by a company

3 pollution c harmful substances in the air, soil, and water

4 product d to hold; to have within

Pre-Reading Questions

Think about the following questions.

1 Where can you find pollution?

2 What does your country do to protect the environment?

3 Do you do anything to protect your body from pollution?

Pollution in

Our Bodies

H e a l t h & M e d i c i n e 2

E veryone knows about pollution in the environment The water, air,

and land are all polluted, which means that pollution is everywhere Now, scientists are looking inside our bodies to find out about body pollution

In 2003, the Environmental Working Group studied nine people to

measure the chemicals in their bodies These nine people had an average of

fifty-three cancer-causing chemicals in their bodies They also had an average of sixty-two chemicals that can damage the brain and fifty-five that can harm babies in pregnant women Even though a lot of chemicals were found in human bodies, they were in small enough amounts that they were probably not hurting people However, scientists are worried because most of these chemicals were

created by humans, and they did not exist seventy-five years ago This proves

that we have not only polluted the world—we have polluted our own bodies! But how does pollution get into our bodies?

We come into contact with many chemicals every day For example, everyone uses soap,

skin lotion, and shampoo However, few people

know that these products contain harmful

chemicals For example, some of these chemicals

may cause memory loss Chemicals known as

DEA (diethanolamine) and TEA (triethanolamine)

may seep into the skin and then stop the skin

from absorbing a helpful nutrient called choline

Choline is a nutrient that plays a crucial role in

the memory cell production in the developing

brain Some people worry that every time we

Pollution in Our Bodies

1 environment - a physical surrounding, i.e., air, land, and water

6 measure - to find the exact quantity of

6 chemical - a substance of distinct molecular form

12 exist - to be in the world; to be real

23 absorb - to take in through very small holes

Track 11

wash our hair, we are erasing our memories

Everyone knows they should brush their

teeth regularly, but now research has shown that

some toothpastes can cause cancer Fluoride is a

key ingredient in many toothpastes; however,

studies show that fluoride does not really protect

our teeth and has been implicated in bone

cancer and other diseases While we are trying to

save our smiles, we could be damaging our

health

Women are probably exposed to more

chemicals than men because they use more

beauty products Recently, harmful chemicals called phthalates have been found

in nail polish, hair spray, deodorant, and perfume Studies on animals have

shown that phthalates can damage the liver, the kidneys, and the lungs

Cosmetic companies say that their products contain safe levels of phthalates, but

consumer protection groups disagree They say women use so many products

where the levels are actually high So the more women try to look beautiful, the more they could be harming their health

In a futuristic story by Ray Bradbury, a man found a pristine stream on a

new planet When he drank from the stream, he died! Why? His body was so

polluted that pure water was a poison to him! Perhaps that is only science

fiction, but it reminds us to be careful about our bodies We must find ways to reduce the pollution we take in

Reading Time _ minutes _ seconds 474 words

31 ingredient - a part of something, especially food or medicine

37 expose - to put into contact

40 polish - a substance used to clean, color, or shine

43 consumer - someone who buys; a shopper

46 futuristic - related to the future

R eading Comprehension

A Mark each statement as either true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.

1 A study found dangerous chemicals inside people’s bodies.

2 Fluoride is an example of a safe chemical that only helps the body.

3 Cosmetics do not contain any harmful chemicals.

4 Men are probably exposed to more chemicals than women are.

B Choose the best answer according to the reading.

1 Why should women be especially careful of harmful chemicals?

a A study of nine people found more chemicals in men than women

b Women wear more cosmetics than men

c The chemicals in beauty products are relatively safe

d All of the above

2 Which of the following is helpful to the human body?

b phthalates

d choline

3 Some companies say that their products are not dangerous because .

a the products were tested on animals

b women are probably exposed to less harmful chemicals than men are

c the amounts of the harmful chemicals are low

d cosmetics make us look beautiful

C For the next two questions, look for the answers in the reading

passage and write them on the lines provided.

1 Why were the scientists in the Environmental Work Group worried?

2 According to the reading, what are some chemicals that we come into contact

with every day?

1 _, which are poisons that kill insects, are sprayed on crops.

2 Most solid garbage is taken to _.

3 Real wine comes from grapes, but _ wine is made in factories.

4 I read that every lake and river in the world has been _ by

pollution

5 To avoid harmful chemicals, I buy only _ fruits and vegetables.

6 Cigarettes contain lots of _ They have been connected to lung

cancer

First Sentence: Scientists now know that there is pollution in our bodies.

1 Some common cosmetics contain small amounts of chemicals that seep into our

skin when we use the products

2 Pregnant women need to stay out of the direct sunlight.

3 Those harmful chemicals can block important nutrients our bodies need.

4 So it is important that we find ways to reduce the amounts of chemicals in our

bodies

5 Toothpaste contains fluoride which has been proven to cause certain cancers.

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below Select THREE answer choices to complete the summary

carcinogens contaminated organic pesticides landfills synthetic

O ne way we can reduce the amount of pesticides our children are

exposed to is to feed them organic produce These days, most fruits and vegetables have pesticides sprayed on them as they grow Organic foods are grown without any chemical pesticides

Recently, the University of Washington conducted a study to compare children who eat normal produce and children who eat organic produce They watched forty families for three days Each family

wrote a diary of what food their children ate

The doctors in the study analyzed the different

chemicals found in the children’s urine They

discovered that children who ate an organic

diet had six to nine times less the amount of

toxic pesticides in their bodies

Organic foods are grown without pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, growth hormones, or other genetically engineered substances Such foods cost more than conventional produce because less of the crop is harvested When farmers don’t use pesticides, insects destroy part of the crops Also, farmers spend more time taking care of their crops by hand instead of using chemicals

Still, organic foods benefit the environment by reducing the amount of poison in our soil, water, and bodies Most people also say that organic foods have more flavor than conventional produce Finally, people feel peace of mind when they eat organic produce They can help save the environment and protect their children’s health

Organic Diets for Kids

Discussion

Discuss the following questions.

1 When you eat something, do you consider the ingredients in the food? If yes,

what are you concerned about?

2 Besides buying organic food, can you think of other ways to protect your body

and the environment from pollution?

Track 12