Compare adverbial clause in EnglishVietnamese

VINH UNIVERSITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT =✍

English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese

VINH UNIVERSITYFOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT

=✍ ✍ ✍=

Module ENGLISH GRAMMAR

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS

Class : K62 – ENGLISH GRAMMAR

PART A: INTRODUCTION

1 Reasons for choosing the study

The use of English is a topic as broad as the English language itself So far, the majority of usage is uncontrollable and poses no problem for native English

speakers, just because it is their native language However, there are certain

problems for learners of English as a foreign language, especially English

structures Because many of them often don't recognize these types of adverbial clauses

In linguistics, adverbs are considered to be one of the most interesting parts ofMost linguists would say that adverbs have become buzzwords in

investigate grammar, especially in Vietnamese (Nguyen & Nguyen, 2004)

Vietnamese plays an important role and is widely used not only in literature but also

In everyday conversations, similarly, adverbs are the most diverse grammatical structures in

English is considered an indispensable auxiliary part of a sentence

focus disproportionate views on advertising in Vietnamese and Vietnamese through

three aspects: form, function and location Thought this article would help the language

learners have certain knowledge of adverbs in the two language systems as well as

avoid some errors when using them In addition, some teaching suggestions are discussed in

This article can give some ideas for teachers to design adverb-appropriate tasks

❖ Example: I worked twelve hours a day and was completely exhausted.

They suggest that this sentence could be a time clause "I worked a twelve-hour day and was completely exhausted" or "I was completely exhausted after working for twelve hours" This sentence also can be a reason clause "Because I had worked twelve hours a day, I felt exhausted".

Adverb clauses are a very important part of English grammar, but they are not easy to use and often cause difficulties for learners English adverb clauses have been handled by many grammarians But until recent years, there has been no research work on English adverb clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents and how to help learners overcome confusion

2 Aims of the study

The above basis shows that the status of adverbial clauses in English needs to bestudied in more detail not only in terms of structure but also in usage With this trend

in mind, this study aims to:

- Identify Adverbial correctly, use Adverbial in a reasonable sentence, avoid makingmany mistakes and lacking logic in speaking and writing.

- Give descriptions and characteristics of English adverb clauses and their equivalentinterpretations in Vietnamese to illustrate the differences and similarities of adverbclauses in the two languages

- Give suggestions to teach about adverbial clauses for Vietnamese learners

- Find out the difficulties and solutions for learning English in general and the use ofsentence structure for Adverbial in particular

- Bringing conclusions to teaching and learning English in a new way, with theslogan: " Language is a Corridor for Life "

* Research questions

Defined by its objective, this article attempts to find answers to the following questions:

1 What is an adverb clause?

2 What are the characteristics and classification of adverbial clauses?

3 What are the differences and similarities between English adverb clauses and equivalent clauses in Vietnamese and how do they serve to teach English

grammar to Vietnamese students?

4 What are the prediction errors that Vietnamese students may make when learning English adverb clauses?

5 How to remove these errors?

6 Difficulties for English learners?

7 How should effective English learning and teaching methods be devised, consistent with actual requirements?

3 Scope of the study

This thesis is about adverbial clauses, in particular, we focus on types of adverb

clauses, adverbial clauses in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese In addition,

we will provide learners with how to correct errors using adverbial clauses

More specifically, we will take specific texts and analyze them through fields,

information, magazines, English books and research topics in the curriculum

1.5.Compare and contrast methods

1.6.Methods of investigation and survey

1.7.The method of data collection

1.8.Statistical methods

1.9.Experimental method

5 Design of the study:

There are three primary aspects to this subject, as well as references

Part A: The Introduction explains why the study was done, what it was for,

what it was for, what it was for, what it was for, what it was for, what it was for,

what it was for, what it was for, what it was for, what it was for, what it was for,what In addition, the thesis' arrangement is discussed.

Part B, "Investigation," is broken down into three chapters.

The first, "Theoretical preliminaries," provides an overview of English sentence,clause, and adverbial clauses

The second chapter, "Concrete situations of adverbial clauses in English andtheir Vietnamese equivalents," compares and contrasts English and Vietnameseadverbial clauses The focus of the presentation is on the syntacticalcharacteristics, functional functions, and concrete examples of each type ofadverbial phrase in the sentence

The study's applicability to the teaching of English adverbial clauses toVietnamese students are discussed in the last chapter

Part C is a summary of the important points mentioned in the preceding

sections

The internal structure of a phrase must be used to define it linguistically Aphrase will be made up of a number of distinct pieces in a specified order, as well as words or portions of words.

A sentence is made up of a group of words that are ordered in a specific sequence and structure to communicate a thought, inquiry, or instruction

Subject, Verb, Complement, Adjective, Complement, and Adverb are the six essential parts that make up an English sentence These six factors are regarded

as the six essential requirements for the formation of sentences

An adverb clause is a clause that has the grammatical function of an

adverb (modifies another clause) Adverb clauses are often called subordinate clauses (which are clauses that do not express a complete idea and cannot stand alone.)

predicate is made in reference to a

"subject" is a word that has previously been used in a previous sentence The following chart and sample clearly explain the elements of a sentence:

1.1.3 Functions of adverbials in sentence

❖ Adverbial is a part of a sentence It can be an adverb phrase, preposition phrase,

or noun phrase They can tell us something about the action in the sentence bymodifying a verb

Eg:

Adverb phrase: He left his grammar book in the study

She plays piano well, but her brother plays quite well

(Quoted from Masterclass)

Preposition phrase: My train leaves in the afternoon

My brother is in Mexico

(Quoted from MacMillan - Destination B1 Grammar And Vocabulary)

Noun phrase: Those houses are very expensive I've lived in a lot of houses.

(Quoted from learnenglish.britishcouncil)

❖ Adverbial modifies different parts in the sentence

Eg The car in front of us was a police car.

You were getting really impatient.

They are going very slowly.

They inspected the car thoroughly Then you decided to overtake.

1.2 Clause

1.2.1 Common features

A clause is normally understood as a group of words containing a subject andfinite verb, forming a sentence or part of a sentence, and often doing the work of anoun, adjective or adverb

In the traditional view, clauses are sentences that are part of larger sentences That is to say, clauses are seen as the minimal sentences while the term sentence is used for the larger or maximal sentence (Palmer (1994: 11))

To put it in another way, the “traditional” clause is a component of thesentence Though arbitrary, this conception has indicated what is meant andillustrated a very important characteristic of natural language

Quirk et al (1972: 42) give a simple explanation, more structurally andformally biased, of the clause A clause is a unit that can be analyzed into theelements: S, V, O, C, and A (subject, verb, object, complement and adverb)

Later Leech and Svartvik (1992) modify this conception, proposing thatclauses are the principal structures of which sentences are composed They also putforward three important ways in which clauses may be described and classified

❖ In terms of clause elements (subject, verb etc.) from which they are constructedand the verb patterns which are formed from the elements

❖ In terms of the use in which a clause is made by verb phrase structure to helpdistinguish between finite clauses, non-finite clauses, and verbless clauses

❖ Clause functions (what a clause does in a sentence), such as nominal clauses,adverbial clauses, and so on et al, the formal and structural view of sentencesappears to be clearer and more exact than the conventional one since it touches

on other parts of linguistics and serves as a superior instrument for linguisticstudy Halliday (1985: 67) describes a sentence as a functional unit with a tripleconstruction of meaning, which is more concerned with language function Aclause, according to him, serves two purposes at the same time.

⮚ As the expression of the phenomena of experience.

⮚ As the expression of speech function

⮚ As the bearer of a message, this is organized in the form of theme plusexposition

In the view of speech function, Halliday’s “clause” has a two-part structureconsisting of modal element and proposional elements

A sentence normally consists of five elements: S, V, O, C, and A, regardless

of whether you employ a conventional, structural, or functional approach Clausesare divided into three categories: adverbial clauses, adjective clauses, and nounclauses An adverbial clause is a clause that modifies the main clause's verb or, incertain cases, the entire phrase The adjective clause modifies a preceding noun orpronoun, while a noun clause can be used as a subject, subjective complement,object of verb, prepositional objective, or apposite In this study, we'll look atadverbial clauses and the characteristics and functions of each type

1.2.2 Clause elements

A clause can be analyzed into five different types of clause elements : (subject,

verb, epithelial, complement, and adverb)

Eg Suddenly, I feel angry

1.2.3 More about clauses

Independent clauses and dependent clauses are the two primary kinds ofclauses The terms "major clause" and "subordinate clause" are also used todescribe them A clause that is "capable of constructing a simple sentence" (Quirk,Randolph, et al., 1972: 721) or "that can start alone as a sentence" (Bu (1994: 65) is

an independent clause A dependent clause is a clause that "makes up agrammatical sentence only if it is subordinate to another phrase" (Quirk, Randolph,

et al., 1972: 721) or that "makes up a grammatical sentence only if it is subordinate

to another clause" (Quirk, Randolph, et al., 1972: 721)

Later on, dependent clauses are further functionally divided as subject, directobject, disjunct, and conjunct They have a wide range of structures As a result, theanalysis will be carried out in this research

Clauses are divided into three categories based on their structure type: finiteclauses, non-finite clauses, and verbless clauses

A finite clause is defined as one that contains a finite verb, whereas a finite clause is defined as one that contains a non-finite verb The non-finite verbcan take the form of an infinitive with "to," an infinitive without "to," a –ingparticiple, or a –ed participle A verbless phrase is one that has no verbal elements

non-at all One of the most significant differences between the finite clause and theother two is that the former always has a subject, but the latter frequently does not.The ellipsis present in non-finite clauses and verbless clauses is used for stylisticpurposes, particularly in written language

In the context of a functional approach, the phrase can also be seen in adifferent manner The concept of Halliay (1995: 73) is representative of thisviewpoint "Every clause is likewise constructed as a message," he believes When

we extend our analysis beyond the syntactic scope, the Theme-Rhyme structure isbased on to work out a sound explanation It consists of two parts: a Theme, which

is the point of departure-what the message is about, and another element thatconstitutes the body of the message, known as the Rhyme " and the Theme usuallycome first in the message structure when we extend our analysis beyond thesyntactic scope, though only occasionally, The Theme-Rhy

1.3 Adverbial clauses in English

1.3.1 Definition of Adverbial clauses

According to Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue “An adverbial clause is another type

of dependent clause introduced by a subordinator It is used to modify the verb of the noun clause, and it answers such questions as Where?, Why?, How?, When?,… etc, for what purpose”.

An adverbial clause begins with a subordinating conjunction, whichmakes the subordinate (dependent) clause

Common subordinating conjunctions:

er

er

in case (that) Till

Example of adverbial clause answering when?

When is spring coming? Answer: When the peach blossoms bloom.

when(subordinating conjunction) the peach blossoms bloom (Adverbial clause) Spring coming.( main clause)

Example of adverbial clause answering why?

Why did you go to bed late last night? Answer: Because i had to finish my

homework.

You go to bed late last night.(main clause)

Beacause(subordinating conjunction) l had to finish my homework(adverbial clause) Example of adverbial clause answering where?

Where is there fire? Answer: where there is smoke

Where(subordinating) there is smoke(adverbial clause).

There is fire(main clause).

Example of adverbial clause answering how?

How did he answer the question? Answer: as if he

knew the subject quite well.

He answered the question(main clause).

As if(subordinating conjunction) the knew the subject

quite well(adverbial clause).

Example of adverbial clause answering to what degree?

To what degree of lateness will Jones arrive?? Answer: (later) than Smith

(will arriver)

Jones will probably arrive late r (main clause).

Than< subordinating conjunction> Smith<adverbial clause> (will arrive) >

“understood”.

1.3.2 Common features of Adverbial clause

-Adverbial clauses are dependent clauses that function as other adverbials They can have functions as adverb phrases, preposition phrases, and noun phrases.

Ex:

+ After winning the game, i went out with my friends

+ I went out with my friends before dinner

+ I went out with my friends before I had dinner

-Adverb clauses frequently convey additional information regarding the action or situation mentioned in the rest of the phrase, such as when, where, or how it occurred.-Adverbial clauses usually come before or after the main clause When the adverbial clause comes first, we often use a comma

Ex:

+When she comes back, she will buy food

+she will buy food when she comes back (Grammar for IELTS)

-The order of clauses is determined by whether or not the information conveyed is new and important When there is fresh and crucial information, it is frequently placedtowards the end of the phrase

Ex: + Before the class started, my friend requested that the teacher excuse me from

class because I was late for the bus.

-> Here is the new information about me when I was late

-There are non-finite adverbial clauses: - Ing clauses, -Ed clauses, and verbless

clauses

Ex:

+Winning the game, we will get the rewards

+After being exposed to the sun for so long, we got sunburned

+Too tall to enter the room, he remained standing at the door

1.3.3 Types of Adverbial clauses

Linguists have proposed different views about kinds of Adverbial clauses in theirfamous grammar books and websites Generally, they are very diverse FollowingL.G Alexander, there are ten main kinds of Adverbial clauses: Clauses of time,clauses of place, clauses of manner, clauses of concession, clauses of result,clauses of reason, clauses of purpose, clauses of comparison, clauses of condition,and abbreviated adverbial clauses.

Used to answer the question where (where) something happens

Eg: I live in central London (2)

3 Clauses of manner

Used to answer How questions

Eg: It’s hard to think of a job that a computer won’t be able to do (3)

4 Clauses of concession

The subordinate clause shows the contrast of two actions in the sentence

Eg: Although beavers used to be common in the area in the seventeenth century (4)

5 Clauses of result

Used to achieve the result of a job or an action

Eg: It’s true that there are already some factories where all the work is done by robots

(5)

6 Clauses of reason

Used to express reason

Eg: That’s because the vegetables don’t have to be packaged (6)

7 Clauses of purpose

Used to indicate a purpose

Eg: They started the journey early in order that they would get there on time (7)

8 Clauses of comparison

Adverb clauses of comparison are of two types:

1, Adverb clauses of comparison of degree

2, Adverb clauses of comparison of manner

Adverb clauses of comparison of degree are introduced by the subordinating

conjunction than or by the relative adverb as

In most cases the verb of the adverb clause of comparison of degree is not expressed

In such cases, we are more likely to use an object pronoun after than

Eg: Jack run more quickly than john (8)

Adverb clauses of comparison of manner are introduced by the relative adverb as.Eg: Martina can run as fast as Silivia (9)

9: Clauses of condition

With an adverbial clause of condition, you can communicate the conditions related to the verb, adverb, or adjective in the sentence’s main clause These examples

demonstrate a few ways to use adverbial clauses of condition:

Eg: We’ll be sitting in the conference room until they tell us to leave(10)

References

1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9: source from books “LIFE”

7, 10: source from books “ Tổng ôn tập các chuyên đề tiếng anh’’

CHAPTER 2 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES IN ENGLISH AND THEIR VIETNAMESE

EQUIVALENTS

2.1 Functions of adverbial clause in English sentence structures

According to S Greenbaum and R Quirk (1990) “Adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts In those functions they are like Adverbial phrases, but in their potential for greater explicitness, they are more often like preposition phrases”.

Adverbial clauses can be identified by asking and answering the questions:when?, where?, How?, why?, etc

When?: Surprise her as soon as he arrives (Time)

Where?:We can go where you like (Place)

How?: Ông ấy nói như thể ông ấy có ý sáng lập một

2.2 Concrete cases of adverbial clauses in English and their Vietnamese equivalents.

This part of the study will focus on common features, functions, concretecases of the ten kinds of English adverbial clauses, as already mentioned in theprevious chapter, and their Vietnamese equivalents

2.2.1. Clauses of time

2.2.1.1 Common features

Adverbial clauses of time are dependent clauses, often introduced by one

of the following subordinators: After, as, before, once, since, till, until, when

(ever), while, now that, as long as, immediately (that), directly (that) We

generally use a comma when adverbial clauses come first

Eg: I was singing when she came in

My family will go camping after this term

We can do whatever we want as long as we're happy

When she has a stable job, she will manage her own time

2.2.1.2 Functions

An adverbial clause of time tells us when the action described by the main verb took place

Eg: I will come over as soon as I finish eating.

Gemma hasn’t stopped working since she arrived.

(Quoted from Destination B2 Grammar Vocabulary)

2.2.1.3 Some Concrete cases of adverbial clauses of time in English and

their Vietnamese equivalents.

Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by concrete main subordinators

● When

When I write, I feel like an armless legless man with a crayon in his mouth.

-> Khi tôi viết, tôi cảm thấy mình giống như một người đàn ông cụt tay không chân với một cây bút chì màu trong miệng (Vonnegut)

When people are motivated by money, they make bad decisions.

->Khi mọi người bị thúc đẩy bởi tiền, họ sẽ đưa ra những quyết định tồi

(Steven Magee)

When you take care of yourself, things around you start changing positively!

-> Khi bạn chăm sóc bản thân, mọi thứ xung quanh bạn bắt đầu thay đổi tích cực! (Jaya Bhateja)

Adverbial clauses of time with subordinator: “when” in English and their Vietnamese equivalents: (rồi khi…, khi…, lúc…, khi…thì, khi xong.)

● Before:

Before anything else, preparation is the key to success

->Trước bất cứ điều gì khác, chuẩn bị là chìa khóa thành công

(Alexander Graham Bell)

We're running the most dangerous experiment in history right now, which is to

see how much carbon dioxide the atmosphere can handle before there is an

environmental catastrophe

->Hiện tại, chúng tôi đang thực hiện một thí nghiệm nguy hiểm nhất trong lịch

sử, đó là xem bầu khí quyển có thể xử lý bao nhiêu carbon dioxide trước khi xảy ra thảm họa môi trường (Elon Musk)

Adverbial clauses of time with subordinator: “before” in English and their

Vietnamese equivalents: (trước lúc…, trước khi)

● Once:

The only reason for time is so that everything doesn't happen at once

->Lý do duy nhất của thời gian là để mọi thứ không xảy ra cùng một lúc

(Albert Einstein)

Every child is an artist The problem is how to remain an artist once we grow up

-> Mỗi đứa trẻ là một nghệ sĩ Vấn đề là làm thế nào để vẫn là một nghệ sĩ khi chúng ta trưởng thành (Pablo Picasso)

Adverbial clauses of time with subordinator: “once” in English and their Vietnamese equivalents: (khi…thì, một khi…)

● After:

Never give up Today is hard, tomorrow will be worse, but the day after

tomorrow will be sunshine

-> Đừng bao giờ bỏ cuộc Hôm nay khó khăn, ngày mai có thể sẽ tệ hơn, nhưngngày kia sẽ là một ngày nắng (Jack Ma)

After climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to

climb

->Sau khi leo lên một ngọn đồi lớn, người ta chỉ thấy rằng còn nhiều ngọn đồi nữa để leo lên (Nelson Mandela)

Adverbial clauses of time are with subordinator: “after” in English and their

Vietnamese equivalents: (sau khi…)

● Till/ until:

Never put off till tomorrow what you can do the day after tomorrow

->Đừng bao giờ gác lại cho đến ngày mai những gì bạn có thể làm vào ngày

mốt (Mark Twain )

Nobody cares how much you know, until they know how much you care

->Không ai quan tâm đến việc bạn biết bao nhiêu, cho đến khi họ biết bạn quan tâm đến mức nào (Theodore Roosevelt)

Adverbial clauses of time with subordinator: “till/ until” in English and their Vietnamese equivalents: ( mãi cho đến khi…, cho tới khi…, đến khi…)

Adverbial clauses of time with subordinator: “since” in English and their

Vietnamese equivalents: ( từ khi…)

● As soon as: (ngay khi…, khi nào…)

- The impulse in television news is to tell viewers everything you know, as soon as

you know even a piece of it

->Sự thúc đẩy trong tin tức truyền hình là nói cho người xem biết mọi thứ bạn biết, ngay khi bạn biết dù chỉ một phần của nó (The New York Times)

- Let someone know, as soon as you know you will be a no-show.

->"Hãy cho ai đó biết, ngay sau khi bạn biết bạn sẽ là một người không có mặt.(BBC)

2.2.2. Clauses of place 2.2.2.1 Common features

Adverbial clauses of place are dependent clauses, introduced by subordinators:

Where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere.

Eg.Let us go to where they asked us to wait.

Wherever you live, I will come to that place to live.

We met kind people everywhere we went.

2.2.2.2 Functions

Adverbial clauses of place tell where the action described by the main verb took place

Eg.I’m not sure where she lives

We met kind people everywhere we went.

(Quoted from MacMillan - Destination B1 Grammar And Vocabulary)

2.2.2.3 Some concrete cases of adverbial clauses of place in English and their

“A man's self-motivation is to know where he is and where he will arrive.”

->Động lực tự thân của một người đàn ông là biết mình đang ở đâu và sẽ

đến nơi nào (Alan Maiccon)

Adverbial clauses of place with subordinator: “where” in English and their Vietnamese equivalents: (nơi mà…, nơi nào…, một nơi…, ở cho…)

● Wherever:

To find woke politics, look wherever there is a shortage of competition.

->Để tìm ra nền chính trị đã thức tỉnh, hãy tìm bất cứ nơi nào có sự thiếuhụt cạnh tranh

( Dan Mclaughlin, National Review, )

Wherever you go, there they are

->Bất cứ nơi nào bạn đi, họ đều ở đó (Annabelle Gurwitch)

Adverbial clauses of place with subordinator” wherever” in English and their Vietnamese equivalents: ( ở chỗ nào…, bất cứ chỗ nào…).

2.2.3. Clauses of manner

2.2.3.1 Common features

Adverbial clauses of manners are dependent clauses, introduced by

subordinators: “As”, “in the way that” They normally come after the main

clause

Eg Type this again as I showed you a moment ago.

This steak is cooked in the way that I like it.

Adverbial clauses of manners also express comparison when they are

introduced by expression: like, (in) the way, (in) the same way,( in) the same way as.

Eg She is behaving in the same way her elder sister used to.

Adverbial clauses of manners can also be introduced by the conjunctions As if,

as though after the verbs: be, act, appear, behave, feel, look, seem, smell, sound.

Eg I feel as if / as though I am floating on air.

It sounds as if/ as though the situation will get worse.

“As though” and “as if” can be used after any verbs describing behavior

Eg She acts as if she were mad.

Lillian was trembling as if she had seen a ghost.

2.2.3.2 Functions

Adverbial clauses of manners are dependent clauses, used to talk about someone’s behavior or the way something is done

Eg.She looked as though she was in pain.

Ryan walked past as if he hadn’t seen us.

(Quoted from IELTS Basic Grammar)