Fedora 11 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux Bible ppt

Christopher Negus and Eric Foster-JohnsonSet up for publishing, multimedia, or gaming Enable file, printer, Web, and mail servers Prepare for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Negus Foster-J

Christopher Negus and Eric Foster-Johnson

Set up for publishing,

multimedia, or gaming

Enable file, printer,

Web, and mail servers

Prepare for Red Hat

Enterprise Linux 6

Negus Foster-Johnson

• Nearly 4GB of official Fedora software • Installable Fedora 11 desktop system Value-Packed

Official Fedora 11 install DVD Official Fedora 11 GNOME desktop live/

install CD

System Requirements: Please see the Preface and Appendix A for details and complete system requirements.

New in Fedora 11

• Ext4 file systems

• RPM 4.6

• Cortado streaming video

• Improved webcam support

• Connection sharing with NetworkManager

• Better printer support

Fedora is the best cutting-edge Linux operating system

available Install it on your own desktop or personal server

and you’ll have your hands on the latest Linux technology

Learn to use it today and you’ll be ready for upcoming

enterprise Linux systems when they arrive Install,

configure, and use Fedora as anything from a desktop to

an Internet server Use this book as a guide to installing

or running Fedora from the included DVD and Live CD.

Spin, wobble, or twist with desktop effects

Graphical administration

tools make configuration easy

Choose from hundreds of desktop and online games

Set up Fedora or Red Hat Enterprise Linux to:

• Create encrypted file systems, use lightweight desktops, and try online

games with new features in Fedora

• Navigate your computer with GNOME®, KDE®, Xfce, or Sugar

(One Laptop Per Child) Desktops

• Manage and use documents, spreadsheets, presentations, music, and images

• Connect easily to your network with NetworkManager

• Draw from massive online Fedora and third-party software repositories

• Build an Internet server with e-mail, Web, DNS, FTP, and database services

Just because Fedora is a serious operating system doesn't mean it can't be fun too Here is a list

of ten fun and useful things to do with Fedora

1 Set Up a Personal Online Desktop: Use the GNOME Online Desktop to connect your

desktop to your friends, multimedia content, and online applications from Google, Facebook, Yahoo!, and others Click right on the desktop to immediately get you all your favorite content (See Chapter 3.)

2 Launch Fedora 11 live on your PC: Insert the live CD that comes with this book,

reboot, and start using Fedora from nearly any PC Fedora won’t touch the contents of your computer unless you tell it to If you like Fedora, select the Install button to install Fedora to your hard disk (See Chapter 3.)

3 Play Commercial Audio/Video: Licensing restrictions keep many popular codecs from

inclusion with Fedora Using third-party repositories with Fedora, you grab the codecs you need to play Windows Media (Audio, Video and MMS), MP3 audio, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 video decoding, and others (See Chapter 8.)

4 Manage music collections: Launch Rhythmbox to gather, organize, and play music from

your hard disk, CDs, or network file systems You can even select from thousands of free songs from Magnatune and Jamendo online music services (See Chapter 8.)

5 Publish your ideas: Choose from dozens of publishing tools to create documents

(OpenOffice.org Writer), presentations (OpenOffice.org Impress) hard-copy page layouts (Scribus), and vector graphics (Inkscape) Then publish your work on paper or the Web (See Chapter 6.)

6 Share an Internet connection: Fedora can be set up as a router and a firewall With a

home or small office LAN set-up, you can use Fedora to share an Internet connection among multiple Linux, Windows, or Mac systems Then set up a firewall in Fedora to protect your LAN from intruders (See Chapters 14, 15, and 16.)

7 Play free games: As always, Fedora includes dozens of simple card games and board

games The Fedora repository includes a ton of games, including fun first-person shooter games such as Doom, strategy games such as fantasy game Wesnoth, and online battle games such as BZFlag (See Chapter 7.)

8 Run Windows applications: By adding the wine software packages, you can run many

Windows applications right from a Fedora desktop (See Chapter 5.)

9 Create an Internet server: Learn to configure a Web server (Chapter 21), FTP server

(Chapter 20) and a mail server (Chapter 19) Then use that knowledge to create a public Internet server (Chapter 25) Your server can run from your home Internet connection

10 Share over the Internet: Share your personal videos, software, or other content with

friends over the Internet, using Bittorrent swarming network transfer software While you’re at it, instant message your thoughts using Pidgin, video-conference your looks with Ekiga, and e-mail your party invitations via Evolution (See Chapter 7.)

Fedora 11

and

Bible

Wiley Publishing, Inc

Fedora® 11 and Red Hat® Enterprise Linux® Bible

Copyright © 2009 by Wiley Publishing, Inc All rights reserved

Published simultaneously in Canada

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA

01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744 Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-

6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with

respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services

If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom The fact that an organization or Website is referred

to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read

For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S at (877) 762-2974, outside the U.S at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available

in electronic books

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009927344

Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John

Wiley & Sons, Inc., and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries and may not be used without written permission Red Hat and Fedora are trademarks or registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc Linux is a registered trademark

of Linus Torvalds All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners Wiley is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book

ISBN: 978-0-470-48504-0

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

–ChristopherNegus

To Katya and Nalana

–Eric Foster-Johnson

About the Authors

Christopher Negus has been working with UNIX systems, the Internet, and (most recently)

Linux systems for more than two decades During that time, Chris worked at AT&T Bell Laboratories, UNIX System Laboratories, and Novell, helping to develop the UNIX operating system Features from many of the UNIX projects Chris worked on at AT&T have found their way into Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Fedora, and other Linux systems

Chris is the author of all editions of what started out as Red Hat Linux Bible, which because of

the name changes of Red Hat’s Linux projects has evolved into the book you are holding

Most recently, Chris co-authored multiple books in the Linux Toolbox series: Fedora Linux Toolbox, Ubuntu Linux Toolbox, Mac OS X UNIX Toolbox, SUSE Linux Toolbox, and BSD UNIX Toolbox (Wiley Publishing) Besides that, Chris authored Linux Bible 2009 Edition and co-wrote CentOS Bible, Linux Troubleshooting Bible and Linux Toys II for Wiley Publishing Chris also authored Live Linux CDs and co-authored the Official Damn Small Linux Book, as

part of the Negus Software Solutions Series

Today, Chris works as a Linux instructor for Red Hat, Inc and has achieved certification as a Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE) and Red Hat Certified Examiner (RHCX) At home, Chris enjoys spending time with his wife, Sheree, and his boys, Caleb and Seth His hobbies include soccer, singing, and exercising with Sheree

Eric Foster-Johnson is a veteran programmer who works daily with Linux, Unix, and

Windows and other operating systems By day, he writes enterprise Java software for

ObjectPartners, a Minnesota consulting firm He has authored and co-authored a number of

Linux and Unix titles including Red Hat RPM Guide, Teach Yourself Linux, Teach Yourself Unix, and Perl Modules

Mary Beth Wakefield

Vice President and

Johnna VanHoose Dinse

Media Development Project Manager

Acknowledgments

A special acknowledgment goes to the people at Red Hat, Inc and members of the Fedora Project In particular, Paul Frields (Fedora Project leader), Max Spevack (outgoing Fedora Project leader) and Greg DeKoenigsberg (Fedora Community leader) deserve praise for their leadership in producing a consistently high-quality Linux distribution Special thanks to Pete Hnath (my new boss at Red Hat) for allowing me to complete my work on this book after hiring me to be an instructor at Red Hat

Eric Foster-Johnson continues to be a major contributor to the new content in this book I feel very fortunate to have someone as skillful as Eric as partner with me on this book that I have put so much effort into in the past decade

At Wiley, I’d like to thank Jenny Watson, Ashley Zurcher, and Laura Moss-Hollister for helping work out issues related to the publicity, media, and covers for this book Thanks to Sara Shlaer for her continued great editing and production work on this book, and for keeping

me on schedule so we could bring this book to you on time

Thanks to Daniel Scribner for shepherding the book through the final stages of production Rob Shimonski provided a thorough technical editing pass Thanks also to Margot Maley Hutchison and the others at Waterside Productions for bringing me this project

Thanks, as always, to my dear family for helping me through this project

Finally, a special thanks goes to those of you who bought this and earlier editions of Red Hat Linux Bible Go out and become a force for Linux in your work, home, and community If you

feel like expanding your Linux horizons, try some of these other books I’ve written:

• Linux Bible 2009 Edition — Contains 18 different bootable and installable Linux

distributions on DVD and CD, along with descriptions characterizing those and other

popular and interesting Linux distributions (Look for the Linux Bible 2010 Edition

coming in November 2009.)

• Fedora Linux Toolbox with François Caen — Includes 1000+ command lines to help

Fedora, RHEL, and CentOS power users get the most out of Linux To try other similar

distributions, check out Ubuntu Linux Toolbox, SUSE Linux Toolbox and BSD UNIX Toolbox by the same authors

• Linux Troubleshooting Bible with Thomas Weeks — Goes beyond this book to help

you safely deploy and troubleshoot Linux systems

• Linux Toys II — If you’re looking for something fun to do with Linux, this book

contains nine fun projects you can build with a PC and open source software

Chris Negus

Contents

Part I: Getting Started in Fedora and RHEL

Chapter 1: An Overview of Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3

Introducing Fedora 11 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4

What Is Linux? 5

Linux’s Roots in UNIX 6

What Is an Operating System? 7

Common Linux Features 8

Primary Advantages of Linux 10

What Are Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora? 11

Red Hat forms the Fedora Project 11

Red Hat shifts to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 14

Choosing between Fedora and Enterprise 14

Why Choose Fedora or Red Hat Enterprise Linux? 15

Moving Toward Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 17

New Features in Fedora 11 17

Faster Boot Times 18

PackageKit Software Management 18

Many desktop improvements 19

Firefox 3.5 Web browser 19

Ext4 file systems 19

Improved IPv6 support 19

Encrypted file systems 19

RPMfusion.org third-party software repository 19

Identity management with freeIPA 19

NetworkManager 20

Many security improvements 20

Getting custom Fedora spins 20

Creating your own spins 21

Firewall Configuration 21

The Culture of Free Software 21

Summary 22

Chapter 2: Installing Fedora 23

Understanding Fedora Installation Media 24

Using the Fedora 11 Live CD 24

Quick Installation 26

Detailed Installation Instructions 28

Installing Fedora 11 28

Choosing an installation method 29

Choosing computer hardware 32

Installing Fedora on a Laptop 33

Preparing for installation using the live CD 33

Beginning the installation 37

Choosing Different Install Modes 39

Running Fedora Firstboot 44

Enabling Authentication 45

Going forward after installation 46

Special Installation Procedures 47

Alternatives for starting installation 47

Installing from other media 50

Starting a VNC install 52

Performing a kickstart installation 53

Special Installation Topics 59

Setting up to dual-boot Linux and Windows 59

Partitioning your disks 65

Using the GRUB boot loader 73

Troubleshooting Installation 79

Spinning Your Own Fedora Install or Live Media 81

Summary 82

Chapter 3: Getting Started with the Desktop 83

Logging in to Fedora or RHEL 84

Why Do I Need a User Login? 86

Getting Familiar with the Desktop 86

Using the GNOME Desktop 95

Using the Metacity window manager 97

Using the GNOME panels 98

Using the Nautilus file manager 104

Changing GNOME preferences 106

Managing removable media 108

Trying other GNOME applications 108

Switching to another user 110

Exiting GNOME 110

Switching Desktop Environments 111

Using the KDE Desktop 112

New Features in KDE 4.2 112

Starting with KDE 113

KDE desktop basics 114

Managing files with Dolphin and Konqueror File Managers 116

Using the Konqueror browser features 121

Configuring Konqueror and Dolphin options 122

Managing windows 124

Configuring the desktop 126

Contents xv

Adding widgets 127

Running 3D Accelerated Desktop Effects 128

Using the Xfce Desktop Environment 131

Troubleshooting Your Desktop 132

GUI doesn’t work at start-up 132

What Happens During Desktop Startup? 133

Tuning your video card and monitor 134

Configuring video cards for gaming 136

Getting more information 136

Summary 136

Chapter 4: Using Linux Commands 139

The Shell Interface 139

Checking your login session 140

Checking directories and permissions 141

Checking system activity 143

Exiting the shell 144

Understanding the Shell 144

Using the Shell in Linux 145

Locating commands 146

Getting Help with Using the Shell 147

Rerunning commands 149

Connecting and expanding commands 154

Using shell environment variables 156

Managing background and foreground processes 160

Configuring your shell 162

Working with the Linux File System 165

Linux File Systems Versus Windows-Based File Systems 167

Creating files and directories 168

Identifying Directories 169

Moving, copying, and deleting files 173

Using the vi Text Editor 174

Starting with vi 174

Exploring Other Text Editors 175

Moving around the file 177

Searching for text 178

Using numbers with commands 178

Summary 179

Part II: Using Fedora and RHEL Chapter 5: Accessing and Running Applications 183

Getting and Installing Software Packages 184

Downloading and installing applications with yum 186

Getting Fedora and RHEL software updates 194

Managing RPM Packages 195

Using the PackageKit Add/Remove window 196

Using the rpm command 197

Using Software in Different Formats 208

Understanding software package names and formats 208

Using Binary RPMs versus Building from Source 209

Using different archive and document formats 210

Building and installing from source code 212

Using Fedora or RHEL to Run Applications 216

Finding common desktop applications in Linux 217

Investigating your desktop 219

Starting applications from a menu 219

Starting applications from a Run Application window 220

Starting applications from a Terminal window 221

Running remote X applications 222

Running Microsoft Windows, DOS, and Macintosh Applications 227

Running DOS applications 229

Running Microsoft Windows applications in Linux 232

Running Applications in Virtual Environments 237

Running applications virtually with Xen 238

Running applications virtually with KVM and QEMU 242

Summary 244

Chapter 6: Publishing with Fedora and RHEL 245

Desktop Publishing in Linux 246

Using Text Editors and Notepads 246

Using Word Processors 246

Using Traditional Linux Publishing Tools 253

Creating Documents in Groff or LaTeX 254

Text processing with Groff 254

Text processing with TeX/LaTeX 257

Converting documents 259

Creating DocBook documents 260

Understanding SGML and XML 261

Displaying PDF Files with Adobe Acrobat Reader 264

Doing Page Layout with Scribus 266

Working with Graphics 267

Manipulating images with GIMP 268

Taking screen captures 269

Creating vector graphic images with Inkscape 270

Using Scanners Driven by SANE 272

Web Publishing 273

Summary 274

Contents xvii

Chapter 7: Gaming in Fedora and RHEL 275

Jumping into Linux Gaming 276

Basic Linux Gaming Information 278

Where to get information on Linux gaming 278

Choosing a video card for gaming 279

Running Open Source Linux Games 281

GNOME games 281

KDE games 282

Adding more games from Fedora repository 284

Commercial Linux Games 294

Getting Started with commercial games in Linux 295

Playing commercial Linux games 295

id Software Games 296

Gaming with Cedega 298

Loki Software game demos 299

Neverwinter Nights 302

Summary 303

Chapter 8: Music, Video, and Images in Linux 305

Understanding Multimedia and Legal Issues in Linux 305

Extending Freedom to Codecs 306

Listening to Music in Linux 307

Configuring a sound card 309

Choosing audio players 316

Automatically playing CDs 317

Playing and managing music with Rhythmbox 317

Troubleshooting Your CD-ROM 318

Playing music with XMMS Audio Player 321

Using ogg123, mpg321, and play command-line players 325

Using MIDI audio players 325

Converting audio files with SoX 326

Extracting and encoding music 328

Creating your own music CDs 331

Creating CD labels with cdlabelgen 335

Viewing TV and Webcams 336

Watching TV with TVtime 337

Video conferencing and VOIP with Ekiga 339

Taking Webcam videos and snapshots with Cheese 342

Playing Video 343

Examining laws affecting video and Linux 345

Understanding video content types 346

Converting Video to Theora 347

Watching video with Xine 347

Using Totem movie player 351

Using a Digital Camera 352

Displaying images in gThumb 353

Using your camera as a storage device 354

Summary 355

Chapter 9: Using the Internet and the Web 357

Overview of Internet Applications and Commands 357

Browsing the Web 360

Understanding Web browsing 361

Browsing the Web with Firefox 365

Setting up Firefox 369

Using text-based Web browsers 377

Communicating with E-mail 378

E-mail basics 380

Using Evolution e-mail 381

Thunderbird mail client 384

Text-based mail programs 385

Mail readers and managers 385

Participating in Newsgroups 386

Instant Messaging with Pidgin 387

Sharing Files with BitTorrent 389

Using Remote Login, Copy, and Execution 390

Getting files with FTP 390

Getting files with wget 396

Using ssh for remote login/remote execution 399

Using scp for remote file copy 400

Using the “r” commands: rlogin, rcp, and rsh 400

Summary 401

Part III: Administering Fedora and RHEL Chapter 10: Understanding System Administration 405

Using the root user account 406

Becoming Super User (The su Command) 406

Learning about Administrative GUI Tools, Commands, Configuration Files, and Log Files 408

Using graphical administration tools 408

Becoming Super User in X 409

Administrative commands 413

Administrative configuration files 413

Administrative log files 418

Using other administrative logins 418

Administering Your Linux System 421

Configuring Hardware 421

Checking your hardware 422

Managing Hardware with HAL 422

Contents xix

Reconfiguring hardware with kudzu 423 Configuring modules 424 Managing File Systems and Disk Space 427 Mounting file systems 429 Using the mkfs command to create a file system 438 Adding a hard disk 439 Using RAID disks 441 Checking system space 444 Monitoring System Performance 446 Watch computer usage with System Monitor 447 Monitoring CPU usage with top 448 Monitoring power usage on laptop computers 448 Fixing Your System with the FirstAidKit 451 Choosing Software Alternatives 451 Selecting Java alternatives 452 Selecting mail and printing alternatives 452 Using mail alternatives 453 Using Security Enhanced Linux 453 Understanding Security Enhanced Linux 454 Types and roles in SELinux 455 Users in SELinux 455 Policies in SELinux 456 Tools in SELinux 456 Using SELinux in Fedora and RHEL 457 Getting SELinux 457 Checking whether SELinux is on 458 Checking SELinux status 459 Learning More about SELinux 460 Summary 460

Chapter 11: Setting Up and Supporting Users 463

Creating User Accounts 463 Adding users with useradd 464 Adding users with User Manager 469 Setting User Defaults 471 Supplying initial login scripts 474 Supplying initial bashrc and bash_profile files 474 Supplying an initial tcshrc file 475 Configuring system-wide shell options 476 Setting system profiles 477 Adding user accounts to servers 477 Creating Portable Desktops 478 Providing Support to Users 480 Creating a technical support mailbox 480 Resetting a user’s password 481

Modifying Accounts 482 Modifying user accounts with usermod 482 Modifying user accounts with User Manager 484 Deleting User Accounts 485 Deleting user accounts with userdel 485 Deleting user accounts with User Manager 486 Checking Disk Quotas 487 Using quota to check disk usage 487 Using du to check disk use 491 Removing temp files automatically 492 Sending Mail to All Users 492 Summary 494

Chapter 12: Automating System Tasks 495

Understanding Shell Scripts 495 Executing and debugging shell scripts 496 Understanding shell variables 497 Performing arithmetic in shell scripts 500 Using programming constructs in shell scripts 500 Some useful external programs 506 Trying some simple shell scripts 508 System Initialization 509 Starting init 510 The inittab file 510 System Startup and Shutdown 515 Starting run-level scripts 515 Understanding run-level scripts 515 Understanding what startup scripts do 519 Changing run-level script behavior 520 Reorganizing or removing run-level scripts 521 Adding run-level scripts 523 Managing xinetd services 524 Manipulating run levels 525 Scheduling System Tasks 526 Using at.allow and at.deny 527 Specifying when jobs are run 527 Submitting scheduled jobs 528 Viewing scheduled jobs 528 Deleting scheduled jobs 529 Using the batch command 529 Using the cron facility 529 Summary 533

Contents xxi

Chapter 13: Backing Up and Restoring Files 535

Making a Simple Backup Archive 536 Doing a Simple Backup with rsync 537 Backing up files locally 538 Backing up files remotely 539 Choosing Backup Tools 540 Selecting a Backup Strategy 541 Full backup 541 Incremental backup 541 Disk mirroring 541 Network backup 542 Selecting a Backup Medium 542 Magnetic tape 543 Writable CD drives 545 Writable DVD drives 549 Writing CD or DVDs with growisofs 551 Backing Up to a Hard Drive 551 Backing Up Files with dump 552 Creating a backup with dump 553 Understanding dump levels 555 Automating Backups with cron 556 Restoring Backed-Up Files 557 Restoring an entire file system 559 Recovering individual files 559 Configuring Amanda for Network Backups 562 Creating Amanda directories 563 Creating the amanda.conf file 563 Creating a disklist file 566 Adding Amanda network services 566 Performing an Amanda backup 567 Using the pax Archiving Tool 568 Summary 571

Chapter 14: Computer Security Issues 573

Linux Security Checklist 573 Using Password Protection 576 Choosing good passwords 577 Using a shadow password file 577 Securing Linux with the iptables Firewall 580 Using the Firewall Configuration window 580 Configuring an iptables firewall 582 Controlling Access to Services with TCP Wrappers 594 Checking Log Files 597 Understanding the rsyslogd service 597

Tracking log messages with logwatch 601 Using the Secure Shell Package 602 Starting the SSH service 602 Using the ssh, sftp, and scp commands 603 Using ssh, scp, and sftp without passwords 604 Securing Linux Servers 606 Understanding attack techniques 606 Protecting against denial-of-service attacks 607 Protecting against distributed DOS attacks 610 Protecting against intrusion attacks 614 Securing servers with SELinux 617 Protecting Web servers with certificates and encryption 618 Exporting Encryption Technology 627 Managing Identities with FreeIPA 627 Setting up the FreeIPA Server 628 Setting up FreeIPA Clients 629 Summary 629

Part IV: Fedora and RHEL Network and Server Setup

Chapter 15: Setting Up a Local Area Network 633

Connecting to the Network with NetworkManager 633 Connecting to a wireless network 635 Connecting to a wired network 636 Setting up a virtual private network connection 637 Understanding Local Area Networks 638 Planning, getting, and setting up LAN hardware 639 Configuring TCP/IP for your LAN 643 Setting Up a Wireless LAN 650 Understanding wireless networks 651 Choosing wireless hardware 652 Getting wireless drivers 657 Installing wireless Linux software 660 Configuring the wireless LAN 661 Wireless Security 665 Testing distances 666 Setting wireless extensions 666 Understanding Internet Protocol Addresses 668

IP address classes 669 Understanding netmasks 669 Classless Inter-Domain Routing 670 Getting IP addresses 671 Troubleshooting Your LAN 672 Did Linux find your Ethernet driver at boot time? 672 Can you reach another computer on the LAN? 673

Contents xxiii

Is your Ethernet connection up? 674 Troubleshooting a wireless LAN 676 Watching LAN traffic with Wireshark 679 Using Wireshark Filters 683 Summary 684

Chapter 16: Connecting to the Internet 685

Understanding How the Internet Is Structured 686 Internet domains 688 Hostnames and IP addresses 689 Routing 691 Proxies 691 Using Dial-Up Connections to the Internet 692 Getting information 692 Setting up dial-up PPP 693 Creating a dial-up connection with the Network Configuration window 694 Launching your PPP connection 696 Launching your PPP connection on demand 697 Checking your PPP connection 698 Connecting Your LAN to the Internet 704 Setting Up Linux as a Router 705 Configuring the Linux router 706 Configuring network clients 709 Configuring a Virtual Private Network Connection 710 Understanding IPsec 711 Using IPsec protocols 711 Using IPsec in Fedora or RHEL 712 Configuring an OpenVPN Server 713 Setting Up Linux as a Proxy Server 719 Starting the squid daemon 720 Using a simple squid.conf file 721 Modifying the Squid configuration file 724 Debugging Squid 728 Setting Up Proxy Clients 730 Configuring Firefox to use a proxy 730 Configuring other browsers to use a proxy 731 Summary 732

Chapter 17: Setting Up a Print Server 733

Common UNIX Printing Service 733 Setting Up Printers 734 Choosing a Printer 735 Using the Printer Configuration window 735 Using Web-based CUPS administration 743

Configuring the CUPS server (cupsd.conf) 747 Configuring CUPS printer options 748 Using Printing Commands 749 Using lpr to print 749 Listing status with lpc 750 Removing print jobs with lprm 750 Configuring Print Servers 751 Configuring a shared CUPS printer 751 Configuring a shared Samba printer 752 Summary 753

Chapter 18: Setting Up a File Server 755

Goals of Setting Up a File Server 755 Setting Up an NFS File Server 756 Sharing NFS file systems 758 Using NFS file systems 765 Unmounting NFS file systems 771 Other cool things to do with NFS 772 Setting Up a Samba File Server 772 Getting and installing Samba 774 Configuring a simple Samba server 774 Configuring Samba with SWAT 778 Assigning Guest Accounts 782 Working with Samba files and commands 787 Setting up Samba clients 790 Troubleshooting your Samba server 793 Summary 796

Chapter 19: Setting Up a Mail Server 797

Introducing SMTP and sendmail 798 Installing and Running sendmail 798 Other Mail Servers for Fedora or Red Hat Linux 799 Starting sendmail 800 Other programs 800 Logging performed by sendmail 801 Configuring sendmail 802 Getting a domain name 803 Configuring basic sendmail settings (sendmail.mc) 803 Defining outgoing mail access 807 Configuring virtual servers 809 Configuring virtual users 810 Adding user accounts 811 Starting sendmail and generating database files 811 Redirecting mail 813

Contents xxv

Introducing Postfix 815 Stopping Spam with SpamAssassin 816 Using SpamAssassin 816 Setting up SpamAssassin on your mail server 817 Setting e-mail readers to filter spam 819 Getting Mail from the Server (POP3 or IMAPv4) 820 Accessing mailboxes in Linux 820 Configuring IMAPv4 and POP3 with dovecot 821 Getting Mail from Your Browser with SquirrelMail 822 Administering a Mailing List with mailman 823 Summary 827

Chapter 20: Setting Up an FTP Server 829

Understanding FTP Servers 830 Attributes of FTP servers 830 FTP user types 831 Using the Very Secure FTP Server 831 Quick-starting vsFTPd 832 Securing vsFTPd 833 Configuring vsFTPd 833 Getting More Information about FTP Servers 839 Summary 839

Chapter 21: Setting Up a Web Server 841

Introduction to Web Servers 842 The Apache Web server 842 Other Web servers available for Fedora and RHEL 843 Quickstarting the Apache Web Server 844 Configuring the Apache Server 846 Configuring the Web server (httpd.conf) 847 Configuring modules and related services (/etc/httpd/conf.d/*.conf) 878 Starting and Stopping the Server 879 Monitoring Server Activities 881 Displaying server information 882 Displaying server status 882 Further security of server-info and server-status 883 Logging errors 884 Logging hits 884 Analyzing Web-server traffic 885 Statistics Packages Available for Fedora and RHEL 887 Summary 887

Chapter 22: Setting Up an LDAP Address Book Server 889

Understanding LDAP 890

Defining information in schemas 891 Understanding OIDs 892 Structuring your LDAP directories 892 Setting Up the OpenLDAP Server 893 Installing OpenLDAP packages 893 Configuring the OpenLDAP server (slapd.conf) 893 Creating an Encrypted Password 896 Starting the OpenLDAP service 896 Setting Up the Address Book 896 More Ways to Configure LDAP 902 Accessing an LDAP Address Book from Thunderbird 903 Summary 905

Chapter 23: Setting Up a DHCP Boot Server 907

Using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 907 Setting Up a DHCP Server 908 Opening your firewall and SELinux for DHCP 909 Configuring the /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf file 910 Starting the DHCP server 916 Setting Up a DHCP Client 917 Summary 919

Chapter 24: Setting Up a MySQL Database Server 921

Finding MySQL Packages 922 Getting More MySQL Packages 923 Configuring the MySQL Server 924 Using mysql user/group accounts 924 Adding administrative users 924 Setting MySQL options 925 Using sample my.cnf files 930 Starting the MySQL Server 932 Checking That MySQL Server Is Working 932 Working with MySQL Databases 933 Starting the mysql command 933 Creating a database with mysql 935 Adding data to a MySQL database table 936 Understanding MySQL Tables 940 Displaying MySQL Databases 945 Displaying all or selected records 946 Displaying selected columns 947 Sorting data 947 Making Changes to Tables and Records 948 Altering the structure of MySQL tables 948 Updating and deleting MySQL records 949

Contents xxvii

Adding and Removing User Access 950 Adding users and granting access 950 Revoking access 951 Backing Up Databases 952 Checking and Fixing Databases 952 Summary 954

Chapter 25: Making Servers Public with DNS 955

Determining Goals for Your Server 956 Using a hosting service 956 Connecting a Public Server 957 Choosing an ISP 957 Getting a domain name 960 Configuring Your Public Server 962 Configuring networking 962 Configuring servers 963 Managing security 964 Setting Up a Domain Name System Server 966 Understanding DNS 967 DNS name server example 970 Quick-starting a DNS server 972 Checking that DNS is working 980 Getting More Information about BIND 982 Summary 982

Chapter 26: Integrating Fedora with Apple Macs 983

Looking Inside Mac OS X 984 Using Network Services from Mac OS X 985 Using AppleTalk (netatalk) from Mac OS X 986 Using AppleTalk from Mac OS 8 or OS 9 988 Using Mac, Windows, and Linux servers (Samba) 988 Sharing X applications 990 Configuring an AppleTalk Server in Linux 991 Before you start using netatalk 992 Setting up the netatalk server 992 Securing netatalk volumes 998 Troubleshooting netatalk 1004 Accessing NFS Servers from the Mac 1005 Connecting to NFS from the Connect to Server window 1005 Connecting to NFS from the command line 1007 Installing Fedora on an Intel-based Mac 1008 Before installing Fedora on your Mac 1008 Installing Fedora 1009 Summary 1010

Appendix A: About the Media 1011

Fedora Source Code 1012

Appendix B: Running Network Services 1013

Checklist for Running Networking Services 1013 Networking Service Daemons 1015 The xinetd super-server 1016 The init.d start-up scripts 1017 Choosing Alternatives 1017 Referencing Network Services 1018 Web server 1019 File servers 1019 Login servers 1020 E-mail servers 1021 News server 1022 Print servers 1022 Network administration servers 1022 Information servers 1024 Database services 1025 User services 1025 Network Services Reference 1028

Appendix C: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 Features 1013

What’s in RHEL 5? 1031 What’s New in RHEL 5.3? 1034 Choosing an RHEL System 1034 Getting RHEL Evaluation Subscriptions 1035 Hardware Compatibility and Commercial Software 1036 Training and Certification 1036 Documentation and Support 1037 Managing RHEL Systems 1037 Using Red Hat Network 1038 Using RHEL for high-performance computing clusters 1039 Using RHEL Global File System 1039 More Information on RHEL 1040 What’s in RHEL 5? 1031 What’s New in RHEL 5.3? 1034 Choosing an RHEL System 1034 Getting RHEL Evaluation Subscriptions 1035 Hardware Compatibility and Commercial Software 1036 Training and Certification 1036 Documentation and Support 1037 Managing RHEL Systems 1037

Contents xxix

Using Red Hat Network 1038 Using RHEL for high-performance computing clusters 1039 Using RHEL Global File System 1039 More Information on RHEL 1040

Index 1041

With the Fedora Linux operating system and the instructions in this book, you can transform your PC into a safe, powerful, and free computer system Starting with Fedora, you can simply replace (or coexist with) Microsoft Windows on your everyday desktop computer You can also configure your computer to share your files, printers, Web pages, or directory services to other computers Then, if you choose, you can transition your skills to manage anything from a small office to a large, corporate Red Hat Enterprise Linux computer installation

This book tells you how and gives you all the software you need to do it

Who Are You?

You don’t need to be a programmer to use this book You may be someone who just wants to use Linux (to run programs, access the Internet, and so on) Or you may simply want to know how to administer a Linux system in a workgroup or on a network

I assume that you are somewhat computer literate but have little or no experience with Linux (or UNIX) You may be migrating from Microsoft operating systems to Linux because of its networking and multiuser features You may be looking to start a career as a computer

technician or network administrator and find that spending a few dollars for an entire operating system and book is more economical than taking technical classes offered on late-night television Or you might just think a “free” operating system is cool

In any case, after you peruse this book you should have a good idea of how to run applications, set up a small network, connect to the Internet, and configure a variety of server types (Web servers, print servers, file servers, and so on) This book represents a great first few steps toward your becoming someone who can set up a home network or a small office network and maintain a group of computers

This Book’s Learn-Through-Tasks Approach

The best way to learn a computer system is to get your hands on it To help you learn Linux, this book takes a task-oriented approach Where possible, I step you through the process of working with a feature, such as setting up a network or configuring your desktop

When you are done with a task, you should have a good, basic setup of the feature that it covers After that, I often provide pointers to further information on tweaking and tuning the feature

Instead of assuming that you already know about cryptic topics such as troff, NFS, and TCP/IP, I ease you into those features with headings such as “Publishing with Fedora and RHEL,” “Setting up a File Server,” and “Connecting to the Internet.” Heck, if you already

knew what all those things were and how to get them working, you wouldn’t need me, would you?

When many tools can be used to achieve the same results, I usually present one or two

examples In other words, I don’t describe six different Web browsers, twelve different text editors, and three different news servers I tell you how to get one or two similar tools really working and then note the others that are available

What You Need

This book covers two different Linux systems: Fedora 11 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 Because Fedora is most recently released and is included on the media with this book,

examples primarily focus on Fedora However, because Fedora technology feeds into

distributions besides RHEL, such as CentOS (www.centos.org), StartCom

(www.startcom.org), White Box Enterprise Linux (www.whiteboxlinux.org) and Oracle’s Unbreakable Linux (www.oracle.com/technologies/linux), you can use this book to learn about those distributions as well

To follow along with this book, you can install the official Fedora 11 software found on the accompanying DVD If you don’t have a DVD drive, you can use the CD that comes with this book to try out Fedora and install a desktop Fedora system to your hard disk Or you can follow along with your CentOS system (which is free) or Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 system, (which you can obtain with a subscription from Red Hat, Inc.)

To install Fedora 11 with the media that come with this book, you need a PC with the

following general configuration:

• An Intel Pentium or compatible CPU, 200MHz Pentium or better (for text mode); 400MHz Pentium II or better (for GUI mode) Fedora 11 has been optimized for

Pentium 4 processors (Intel 486 computers will not work with Fedora 11.)

• At least 64MB of RAM (text-based install) or 128MB of RAM (graphical install) To run the GNOME or KDE desktop 192MB are needed, although the Fedora Project recommends at least 512MB (For low RAM systems, try the Xfce desktop described in Chapter 2.)

• At least 620MB of hard disk space (you have to select a minimal install) You need 2.3GB of hard disk space for a personal desktop install, 3.0GB for a typical workstation installation, or at least 1.1GB of space for a server installation

• A DVD or CD drive This is recommended for installation (because we give you the installation DVD), although you can install from CD (we provide a live CD that can also

be installed to hard disk), over a network, or from a local hard disk instead For network and hard disk installs, booting installation from a 3.5-inch floppy disk drive is no longer supported Chapter 2 describes methods of launching installation if you don’t have a bootable DVD drive: Once the install is started, you need either an extra hard disk partition or another computer (that can be reached over the network) that has packages or

Preface xxxiii

images of the Fedora distribution on it (I tell you how to do that in Chapter 2, in case

you’re interested.)

Not every piece of PC hardware works with Fedora While there is no official hardware

compatibility list as there is for Red Hat Enterprise Linux (available at http://

hardware.redhat.com), overall hardware support should be improved in Fedora 11 In

fact, wireless LAN cards, FireWire devices, and some other components have seen improved

support in recent versions of Fedora

There are versions of Fedora available for other computer architectures as well If you have a

Power PC or X86 64-bit computer, you can download official install and live CDs and DVDs

from the Fedora project (http://fedoraproject.org/en/get-fedora.html)

Likewise, you can get X86 and X86 64-bit versions of CentOS from that project’s site

(http://mirror.centos.org/)

Fedora 11 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux Bible

Improvements

Fedora® 11 and Red Hat® Enterprise Linux® Bible represents the continuing development of

Red Hat Linux Bible, which I began in 1999 About every six months since Red Hat Linux 6.1,

I followed new versions of Red Hat Linux with updates of this book

Red Hat, Inc split its Red Hat Linux development efforts into two tracks: the Fedora Project

and the Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) product This book now covers the latest of those

two Linux distributions: Fedora 11 and RHEL 5 By learning the features in Fedora 11, you

will also be preparing yourself for future releases of RHEL

The foundation for Fedora, RHEL, and this book rests on the tradition begun with Red Hat

Linux The enhancements included in this edition reflect that foundation, plus some bold new

cutting-edge Linux technology

This edition covers a wide range of features in Fedora 11 The following list describes new

features of this book over the previous edition:

• Fedora 11 Official Install DVD — We provide Fedora 11 on DVD with this edition

This is the exact DVD produced by the Fedora project, offering a wide range of desktop,

workstation, and server software

• Fedora 11 Desktop Live/Install CD — Before you install Fedora, you can try out a

desktop-oriented live version of Fedora 11 by booting the CD that comes with this book

For this edition, we decided to use the GNOME live CD (there is also a KDE live CD

available for download) While that CD is running, you can use it to prepare your

computer to do a permanent installation The contents of that CD can also be installed

directly to your hard disk

• GNOME 2.26 Desktop — Although primarily a bug-fix release, GNOME 2.26 includes

some new features for burning CDs, file sharing, and multi-monitor support There have also been improvements to PulseAudio audio system, GNOME’s Media Player, and Epiphany Web browser

• KDE 4.2.2 Desktop — Several new applets were added to the relatively new Plasma

desktop included with KDE In particular, there is now a Network Manager Plasma applet There are also several new applets that run in the panel for features such as PowerDevil (power management) and NetworkManager (network connection manager) (KDE is not on the CD that comes with this book, but you can install it from the DVD.)

• Fast Startup — Fedora’s goal in this release is to be able to boot up and display the

login screen within 20 seconds If it hasn’t quite reached that goal, it is certainly a lot faster than it was

• Palimpset Disk Utility — Instead of just displaying disk space information (although it

does that too), the Palimpset Disk Utility can provide information about the status and

health of your storage media Type palimpset to start it The window that appears lets

you see an assessment of the disk’s health, how long it has been powered on, its current temperature, and other information

• Firefox 3.1 — This latest release of the Firefox browser features many code

enhancements to improve overall performance of the browser

• Minimal install — By only installing the packages in the core group, you can install a

Fedora system that includes only the minimal number of packages it needs to run This can be useful for appliances or as the basis for very efficient single-purpose servers

• Nouveau NVIDIA video driver — Instead of using the open source nv driver for video

cards that include NVIDIA graphics chipsets, Fedora now use the open source Nouveau driver (xf86-video-nv)

In addition to new features just described, procedures throughout the book have been tested and corrected to match changes that have occurred to Fedora 11 software in this version

Conventions Used in This Book

Throughout the book, special typography indicates code and commands Commands and code are shown in a monospaced font:

This is how code looks

In the event that an example includes both input and output, the monospaced font is still used, but input is presented in bold type to distinguish the two Here’s an example:

Preface xxxv

NOTE: A Note box provides extra information to which you need to pay special attention

TIP: A Tip box shows a special way of performing a particular task

CAUTION: A Caution box alerts you to take special care when executing a procedure, or damage to

your computer hardware or software could result

CROSS-REFERENCE: A Cross-Reference box refers you to further information on a subject that you

can find outside the current chapter

How This Book Is Organized

The book is organized into four parts

Part I: Getting Started in Fedora and RHEL

Part I consists of Chapters 1 through 4 Chapters 1 and 2 contain brief descriptions of the

Linux technology and tell you what you need to get the operating system installed Chapter 1

serves as an introduction to the Linux operating system and to Fedora in particular I also pay

special attention to the division Red Hat, Inc., makes between the Fedora Project and Red Hat

Enterprise Linux Chapter 2 discusses what you need to install Fedora and how to make the

decisions you’ll be faced with during installation It includes procedures for installing from

DVD, CD-ROM, hard disk, or network connection (NFS, FTP, or HTTP servers)

In Chapter 3, you learn about the GNOME, KDE, and Xfce desktop environments, as well as

the X Window system These GUIs provide graphical means of using Fedora and RHEL

Chapter 4 describes ways of exploring and understanding Fedora and RHEL, primarily from

the Linux shell command interpreter You learn how to use the bash shell, the vi text editor,

and the commands for moving around the Linux file system

Part II: Using Fedora and RHEL

Part II consists of Chapters 5 through 9, which include information for the average user who

wants to use Linux to run applications and access the Internet

Chapter 5 contains information on obtaining, installing, and running Linux applications It also

helps you run applications from other operating systems in Linux Chapter 6 describes both

old-time publishing tools and new, graphical word processors that are available with Fedora

and RHEL Old tools include the troff and TeX text processing tools, whereas newer

publishing software includes OpenOffice.org utilities (included on the DVD) and StarOffice

(commercially available)

GNOME and KDE games that run in Fedora and RHEL are described in Chapter 7 This chapter also describes how to run commercial Windows games using Cedega, and commercial Linux games, such as Civilization: Call to Power and Myth II, some of which have demo versions available Chapter 8 describes how to use audio and video players, as well as how to configure sound cards and CD burners Chapter 9 describes tools for browsing the Web (such

as the Firefox browser) and related tools (such as e-mail clients and newsreaders)

Part III: Administering Fedora and RHEL

Part III consists of Chapters 10 through 14, which cover general setup and system maintenance tasks, including how to set up user accounts, automate system tasks, and back up your data Chapter 10, in which you learn what you need to know about basic system administration, describes the root login, administrative commands, configuration files, SELinux, and log files Chapter 11 describes how to set up and provide support for multiple users on your Fedora or RHEL system

In Chapter 12 you learn to create shell scripts and to use the cron facility to automate a variety

of tasks on your Fedora and RHEL system Techniques for backing up your system and restoring files from backup are described in Chapter 13 Chapter 14 describes issues related to securing your computing assets in Fedora and RHEL

Part IV: Fedora and RHEL Network and Server Setup

Part IV consists of Chapters 15 through 26, which describe step-by-step procedures for setting

up a variety of server types Simple configurations for what might otherwise be complex tasks are contained in each chapter Learn to arrange, address, and connect your Linux computers to

a local area network (LAN) in Chapter 15 Chapter 16 describes techniques for connecting your Linux computer and LAN to the Internet, using features such as Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), IP forwarding, IP masquerading, routing, and proxy servers

Chapter 17 describes how to set up different types of print server interfaces, including Samba (to share with Windows systems) and native Linux CUPS printing Chapter 18 describes file servers, such as Network File System (NFS) servers and Samba file servers Chapter 19 describes how to configure sendmail or postfix e-mail servers

Chapter 20 describes how to configure and secure an FTP server, as well as how to access the server using FTP client programs Chapter 21 teaches you how to set up Fedora or RHEL as a Web server, focusing on the popular Apache server software Chapter 22 explains how to use LDAP to create a shared address book Chapter 23 describes how to set up a DHCP server to distribute information to client workstations on the network

Chapter 24 describes how to set up and use a MySQL database server in Linux Chapter 25 takes you through the process of making the servers you configured in the other chapters available on the Internet Setting up a Domain Name System (DNS) server is also described in Chapter 25 Chapter 26 describes how to set up Fedora or RHEL to be a Macintosh file and

Preface xxxvii

printer server It also describes how to install Fedora on a new Intel-based Mac, so you can

dual boot between Mac OS X and Fedora

Appendixes

This book contains three appendixes Appendix A describes the contents of the companion

media Appendix B provides an overview of setting up and running network services

Appendix C covers features in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5

About the Companion Media

The Fedora 11 DVD that accompanies this book provides the software you need for a

complete working Fedora system With this software, you can install sets of software packages

that result in an installation from a few hundred megabytes to up to well over 7 gigabytes of

software

We also include a Fedora 11 GNOME Desktop Live/Install CD That CD can be booted to run

a live Fedora GNOME desktop system, without touching the contents of your hard disk You

can install the contents of the live CD to your hard disk, to use that desktop system

permanently from your hard disk

This book describes how to configure and use the software for those different media See

Appendix A for specifics on the media

Like the binary software packages, the source code packages are available from the Fedora

Project site (http://fedoraproject.org/get-fedora.html)

Reach Out

If you have any questions or comments about this book, feel free to contact me by e-mail at

chris@linuxtoys.net I get busy sometimes, but I'll do my best to help