Lacey, Wells and Quick Reconstructing Criminal Law Text and Materials Fourth edition pdf

Since the publication of the first edition, this textbook has offered one ofthe most distinctive and innovative approaches to the study of criminal law.Looking at both traditional and em

Since the publication of the first edition, this textbook has offered one ofthe most distinctive and innovative approaches to the study of criminal law.Looking at both traditional and emerging areas, such as public order offencesand corporate manslaughter, it offers a broad and thorough perspective onthe subject Material is organised thematically and is clearly signposted at thebeginning of each section to allow the student to navigate successfully throughthe different fields This new edition looks at topical issues such as policing,the Serious Crime Act 2007, and reform of the Fraud Act 2006 Relevant caselaw and extracts from the most topical and engaging debates give the subjectimmediacy The book is essential for both undergraduate and postgraduatestudy of criminal law and justice.

Celia Wells is Professor of Criminal Law at the , where her

research focuses on criminal law and, in particular, corporate criminal liability

In 2006 she was awarded the OBE for services to legal education

Oliver Quick is a Senior Lecturer in Law at the School of Law, University of

Bristol, where he teaches undergraduate and postgraduate courses in CriminalLaw, Criminal Justice, Medical Law and Public Health Law

Editors William Twining (University College London),

Christopher McCrudden (Lincoln College, Oxford) and

Bronwen Morgan ()

Since 1970 the Law in Context series has been in the forefront of the movement tobroaden the study of law It has been a vehicle for the publication of innovative scholarlybooks that treat law and legal phenomena critically in their social, political and economiccontexts from a variety of perspectives The series particularly aims to publish scholarlylegal writing that brings fresh perspectives to bear on new and existing areas of lawtaught in universities A contextual approach involves treating legal subjects broadly,using materials from other social sciences, and from any other discipline that helps toexplain the operation in practice of the subject under discussion It is hoped that thisorientation is at once more stimulating and more realistic than the bare exposition

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Reed: Internet Law: Text and Materials

Richardson: Law, Process and Custody

Roberts & Palmer: Dispute Processes: ADR and the Primary Forms of Decision-Making Rowbottom: Democracy Distorted: Wealth, Influence and Democratic Politics

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Twining: Rethinking Evidence

Twining & Miers: How to Do Things with Rules

Ward: A Critical Introduction to European Law

Ward: Law, Text, Terror

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Wells & Quick: Lacey, Wells and Quick: Reconstructing Criminal Law

Zander: Cases and Materials on the English Legal System

Zander: The Law-Making Process

Reconstructing Criminal Law Text and Materials

Fourth edition

CELIA WELLS

OLIVER QUICK

São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

First published in print format

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521737395

This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the

provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy

of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,

accurate or appropriate.

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org

Hardback eBook (Dawsonera) Paperback

Preface pagexiii

Section I Approaching Criminal Law

a Theories of criminal law: history, sociology and philosophy 5

c Constructing crime: processing suspects and offenders 33

ii The presumption of innocence: in search of ‘the golden

iii The ‘actus reus’/‘mens rea’ combination 117

v Inchoate offences and participatory liability 123

Section II Law, Order and Security

4 Social and Political Constructions of Disorder 129

b Breach of the peace: arrest and binding over 146

7 Criminal Law and Justice: Emerging Themes 198

Section III Interpersonal Violence; Drug and Alcohol Abuse; Offence Preparation and Participation

ii Occasioning actual bodily harm, wounding and grievous

9 Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Legal Constructions of a Social Problem 268

10 Offence Preparation and Participation 292

iv Inchoate liability, impossibility and patterns of criminality 311

Section IV Property and Propriety

11 Defining and Defending Private Property 341

a Conceptions of property in social and political thought 341

c Occupational and ‘white collar’ crime and conceptions of fraud 354

12 Constructing Property in Criminal Law 372

ii Contemporary conceptions of theft: ordinary language

13 Property Rights and Criminal Enforcement 449

b Enforcement patterns: ‘real’ crime and ‘intangible’ property 463

Section V Regulating Sexuality and Bodily autonomy:

A Crisis of Trust and Intimacy?

14 The Social Construction of Sexuality and Bodily Autonomy 477

ii Investigating and prosecuting sexual violence 494

iii Consent, belief and mistake – the background 506

iv Consent, belief and mistake – the 2003 reforms 513

i Pornography, obscenity and freedom of speech 577

Section VI Making a Killing: Conceptions of Violence

18 The Social Construction of Violence and Personal Harm 643

c Definitions of death 707

Reconstructing Criminal Law first appeared 20 years ago at a time when the law

in context movement in legal education was further from the mainstream thannow Yet we sense that criminal law teaching often still relies on a view of thesubject against the grain of which this book has always tried to venture Wecontinue to believe that historical, sociological and philosophical insights help

to explain and bring to life the complexity that is criminal law and justice Thishas eased our task in producing this fourth edition We have considered all ofthe material in the book, asking ourselves whether it is still relevant or has beenovertaken by new developments, but we have not replaced extracts merely forthe sake of it In many cases, the writings on which we drew in 1990 continue

to shine a powerful light on the shifting terrain of criminal law and justice.The intellectual drive behind the book came largely from Nicola Lacey whohas played an advisory role in this edition The re-ordering, re-writing, andselection of extracts have been carried out by the two of us In terms of leadauthor, we have always done some swapping around between editions; for thisedition Celia was mainly responsible for Sections I to IV and Oliver for V and

VI We have re-ordered some parts and updated all of it The pace of legislativechange has been relentless But other major transformations have taken place.The impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 can now be seen more clearly than

at the time of the last edition in 2003 The book has always emphasised theimportance of public order law, of policing and of enforcement strategies inthe study of criminal law and justice This meant we were very well placed

to incorporate discussion of the G2O protests in 2009 and of the increaseduse of hybrid civil criminal mechanisms such as Anti-Social Behaviour Orders

We have also been able to consider judicial interpretation of the all importantconsent provisions in the Sexual Offences Act 2003

There has been a revolution of another sort since 1990 No longer do we need

to go to the library to seek out law reports, or consult in hard copy Halsbury’s Laws, or even the Index to Legal Periodicals This not only affects the work of

editing, it also affects the editorial decisions we have made We do not need toprovide such lengthy extracts from cases, we can point readers to a plethora

of web sources of statutory, government and other publications Our aim hasnever been to provide a comprehensive account of criminal law and criminal

justice but we can now more confidently assert that the aim of the book is tostimulate rather than to answer questions.

Many people have helped to get this edition out We wish to thank in particularWill Turner and Lyndy Davies who provided some initial research assistance,and to Sharon Cowan, Richard Huxtable and Emily Jackson for providing uswith some useful sources Our fantastic colleague Richard Young read andprovided extremely useful comments on a draft of Section II Most of all, wewould like to thank our families Celia’s children – Joe Wells, Alice and LydiaMorgan – were 14, 9 and 4 when the black and shocking pink first editionarrived in 1990 They contributed lively arguments then, and still do as adults,but we haven’t let Lydia choose the cover colours again Oliver would like tothank Celia and Niki for inviting him to contribute to a text which muchinspired him as a student of Celia’s back in 1996 As ever, he is indebted to hiswonderful family (the Welsh and Spanish) for all their support

Celia Wells and Oliver Quick February 2010

References printed in bold type indicate an extract from the case.

A (children) (conjoined twins: surgical separation), Re [2001] Fam 147, [2000] 4

All ER 961, [2001] 2WLR 480, [2000] 3 FCR 577, [2001] 1 FLR 1, [2001]Fam Law 18, [2001] Crim LR 400, CA 122, 442, 446, 626, 627, 695–6,

761, 814

A National Health Service Trust v D [2000] 2 FCR 577, [2000] 2 FLR 677,

[2000] Fam Law 803, 55 BMLR 19, [2000] 2 Lloyd’s Rep Med 411

704

Abbott v R [1977] AC 755, [1976] 3 All ER 140, [1976] 3WLR 462, 63

Cr App Rep 241, 140 JP 567, [1976] Crim LR 563, 128 Sol Jo 538, PC 412441

A-G Jersey v Holley [2005] 2 AC 580 792

A-G’s Reference (No 1 of 1975) [1975] QB 773 317

A-G’s Reference (No 6 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 250, 549

A-G’s Reference (No 1 of 1983) [1985] QB 182, [1984] 3 All ER 369, [1984] 3

WLR 686, 79 Cr App Rep 288, [1984] Crim LR 570, 128 Sol Jo 596, [1984]

LS Gaz R 2458, CA 400

A-G’s Reference (No 1 of 1989) [1989] 3 All ER 571, [1989] 1WLR 1117, 90 Cr

App Rep 141, 11 Cr App Rep (S) 409, [1989] Crim LR 923, CA 562

A-G’s Reference (No 3 of 1994) [1997] 3 All ER 936, [1997] WLR 421 111,

607, 718, 746

A-G’s Reference (No 1 of 1992) (1993) 96 Cr App R 298 296

A-G’s Reference (No 3 of 1992)(1994) 98 Cr App R 383 294

A-G’s Reference (No 2 of 1999) [2000] QB 796, [2000] 3 All ER 182, [2000] 3

WLR 195, [2000] 2 Cr App Rep 207, [2000] IRLR 417, [2000] Crim LR 475,

A-G’s Reference for Northern Ireland (No 1 of 1975) [1977] AC 105, [1976] NI

169, [1976] 2 All ER 937, [1976] 3WLR 235, 120 Sol Jo 524, HL 810

A-G’s References (Nos 1 and 2 of 1979) [1980] QB 180, [1979] 3 All ER 143,

[1979] 3WLR 577, 69 Cr App Rep 266, 143 JP 708, [1979] Crim LR 585,

123 Sol Jo 472, CA 295

Airedale National Health Service Trust v Bland [1993] 1 All ER 103, 626,

697, 703, 706–8, 725

Albert v Lavin [1982] AC 546, [1981] 1 All ER 628, [1981] 2WLR 1070, 72 Cr

App Rep 178, 145 JP 184, 125 Sol Jo 114, [1981] CLR 238, CA; affd [1982]

AC 546, [1981] 3 All ER 878, [1981] 3WLR 955, 74 Cr App Rep 150, 146 JP

78, 125 Sol Jo 860, HL 121, 146

Anderton v Burnside [1984] AC 320, [1983] 3 All ER 288, [1983] 3WLR

697, 77 Cr App Rep 309, 148 JP 1, [1983] Crim LR 813, 127 Sol Jo 713,

Anderton v Ryan [1985] AC 560, [1985] 1 All ER 138, [1985] 2WLR 23, 80 Cr

App Rep 235, 149 JP 79, [1984] Crim LR 483, 128 Sol Jo 850, [1984] LS Gaz

Austin and Saxby v The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2007] EWCA

Civ 989 162, 167, 208

B (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment), Re [1990] 3 All ER 927, [1981] 1

WLR 1421, 80 LGR 107, 3 FLR 117, 12 Fam Law 25, 125 Sol Jo 608, CA701

B (a minor) v DPP [1998] 4 All ER 265, [1999] 3WLR 116, [1999] 1 Cr App

Rep 163; revsd [2000] 2 AC 428, [2000] 1 All ER 833, [2000] 2WLR 452,

[2000] 2 Cr App Rep 65, [2000] Crim LR 403, [2000] 11 LS Gaz R 36, 144

Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 2 All ER 118, [1957] 1

WLR 582, 101 Sol Jo 357, 1 BMLR 1 625

Brown and Isaac v The State [2003] UKPC 10 324

Brutus v Cozens See Cozens v Brutus Bucknell v DPP [2006] EWCH 1888 208

Buckoke v Greater London Council [1971] 1 Ch 655, [1971] 2 All ER 254,

[1971] 2WLR 760, 69 LGR 210, [1971] RTR 131, 115 Sol Jo 174, CA443

Burmah Oil v Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75 422

C (a minor) v Eisenhower [1984] QB 331, [1983] 3WLR 537, 78 Cr App Rep

48, 129 Sol Jo 425, sub nom JJC (a minor) v Eisenhower [1983] 3 All ER 230,

Chambers and Edwards v DPP [1995] Crim LR 896 192

Chan Wing-Sui v R [1985] AC 168, [1984] 3 All ER 877, [1984] 3WLR 677, 80

Cr App Rep 117, [1984] Crim LR 549, 128 Sol Jo 685, [1984] LS Gaz R 216,

Chief Constable of Avon and Somerset Constabulary v Shimmen (1986) 84 Cr

App Rep 7, [1986] Crim LR 800 110

Clingham v Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea [2002] UKHL 39, [2003]

1 AC 787, [2002] 4 All ER 593, [2003] 1 Cr App Rep 419, 166 JP 657, [2003]Crim LR 269, 146 Sol Jo LB 239, [2002] All ER (D) 246 (Oct) 155

Collins v Wilcock [1984] 3 All ER 374, [1984] 1WLR 1172, 79 Cr App Rep 229,

148 JP 692, [1984] Crim LR 481, 128 Sol Jo 660, [1984] LS Gaz R 2140

Crook v Edmondson [1966] 2 QB 81, [1966] 1 All ER 833, [1966] 2WLR 672,

66 Cr App Rep 90n, 130 JP 191, 110 Sol Jo 147 573

David Janway Davies v Health and Safety Executive [2002] EWCA Crim 2949,

[2003] IRLR 170 662

Dobson v General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corpn plc [1990] 1 QB 274,

[1989] 3 All ER 927, [1989] 3WLR 1066, [1989] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 549, [1990]Crim LR 271, 133 Sol Jo 1445, CA 392

Doody v Secretary of State for the Home Department See R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Doody 729–33

DPP for Northern Ireland v Lynch [1975] AC 653, [1975] 2WLR 641, 61 Cr App Rep 6, 119 Sol Jo 233, sub nom Lynch v DPP for Northern Ireland

[1975] NI 35, [1975] 1 All ER 913, 139 JP 312, [1975] Crim LR 707, HL

430, 437, 439, 441

DPP for Northern Ireland v Maxwell [1978] NI 42, [1978] 3 All ER 1140,

[1978] 1WLR 1350, 68 Cr App Rep 128, 143 JP 63, 122 Sol Jo 758, HL321

DPP v Beard [1920] AC 479, 14 Cr App Rep 159, [1920] All ER Rep 21, 64 Sol

Jo 340, 36 TLR 379, sub nom R v Beard 84 JP 129, 89 LJKB 437, 26 Cox CC

573, 57 SLR 743, 122 LT 625, HL 281

DPP v Bull [1995] QB 88, [1994] 4 All ER 411, [1994] 3WLR 1196, [1995] 1

Cr App Rep 413, 158 JP 1005, [1994] Crim LR 762 571

DPP v Capon (1998) Independent, 23 March 101

DPP v Dziurzynski [2002] EWHC 1380 (Admin), (2002) 166 JP 545, [2002]

35 LS Gaz R 36, [2002] All ER (D) 258 (Jul), Times, 8 July 191

DPP v Gomez See R v Gomez DPP v Jones [1999] 2 AC 240, [1999] 2 All ER 257, [1999] 2WLR 625, [1999]

2 Cr App Rep 348, 163 JP 285, [1999] Crim LR 672, [1999] 11 LS

Gaz R 71, [1999] 13 LS Gaz R 31, [1999] EGCS 36, 143 Sol Jo LB 98, HL

173

DPP v K and C [1997] Crim LR 121 503

DPP v K (a minor) [1990] 1 All ER 331, [1990] 1WLR 1067, 91 Cr App Rep

23, 154 JP 192, [1990] Crim LR 321, 134 Sol Jo 636, [1989] NLJR 1455236

DPP v Majewski [1977] AC 443, sub nom R v Majewski [1975] 3 All ER 296,

[1975] 3WLR 401, 62 Cr App Rep 5, 139 JP 760, 119 Sol Jo 560, CA; affd sub

nom DPP v Majewski [1977] AC 443, [1976] 2 All ER 142, [1976] 2WLR

623, 62 Cr App Rep 262, 140 JP 315, [1976] Crim LR 374, 120 Sol Jo 299,

DPP v Nock [1978] AC 979, [1978] 3WLR 57, 67 Cr App Rep 116,

122 Sol Jo 128, CA; revsd [1978] AC 979, [1978] 2 All ER 654,[1978] 3WLR 57, 67 Cr App Rep 116, 142 JP 414, 122 Sol Jo 417, HL316

DPP v Orum [1988] 3 All ER 449, [1989] 1WLR 88, 88 Cr App Rep 261, 153

JP 85, [1988] Crim LR 848, 132 Sol Jo 1637 192

DPP v Smith [1961] AC 290, sub nom R v Smith [1960] 2 All ER 450, [1960] 3 WLR 92, 104 Sol Jo 510, CCA; revsd sub nom DPP v Smith [1961] AC 290,

747–8 [1960] 3 All ER 161, [1960] 3WLR 546, 44 Cr App Rep 261, 124 JP

F (mental patient: sterilisation), Re [1990] 2 AC 1, [1989] 2WLR 1025, [1989]

2 FLR 376, [1989] Fam Law 390, 133 Sol Jo 785, [1989] NLJR 789, sub nom

F v West Berkshire Health Authority (Mental Health Act Commission intervening) [1989] 2 All ER 545, 4 BMLR 1, HL 610, 623

Fagan v Metropolitan Police Comr [1969] 1 QB 439, [1968] 3 All ER 442,

[1968] 3WLR 1120, 52 Cr App Rep 700, 133 JP 16, 112 Sol Jo 800 102,235

Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 1881, [2002] 1

WLR 1052, [2002] ICR 412, [2002] IRLR 129, [2001] All ER (D) 125 (Dec);

revsd sub nom Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2002] UKHL 22,

[2003] 1 AC 32, [2002] 3 All ER 305, [2002] 3WLR 89, [2002] ICR 798,[2002] IRLR 533, 67 BMLR 90, [2002] NLJR 998 101

Gammon (Hong Kong) Ltd v A-G of Hong Kong [1985] AC 1, [1984] 2 All ER

503, [1984] 3WLR 437, 80 Cr App Rep 194, [1984] Crim LR 479, 128 Sol Jo

CMLR 613, [2001] 31 LS Gaz R 30, 145 Sol Jo LB 186; affd sub nom Gough

v Chief Constable of Derbyshire Constabulary [2002] EWCA Civ 351, [2002]

I v DPP [2001] UKHL 10, [2002] 1 AC 285, [2001] 2 All ER 583, [2001] 2

WLR 765, [2001] 2 Cr App Rep 216, 165 JP 437, [2001] Crim LR 491,

[2001] 20 LS Gaz R 40, [2001] NLJR 385, 145 Sol Jo LB 101 178

J (a minor) (medical treatment), Re [1993] Fam 15 704

Jepson v The Chief Constable of West Mercia Police Constabulary [2003] EWHC

Kamara v DPP [1974] AC 104, [1973] 2 All ER 1242, [1973] 3WLR 198, 57 Cr

App Rep 880, 137 JP 714, 117 Sol Jo 581, HL 299

Kelly v Kelly [1997] 2 FLR 828, [1997] Fam Law 788, 1997 SC 285, 1997 SLT

896, 1997 SCLR 749, Times, 5 June 599

Knuller (Publishing, Printing and Promotions) Ltd v DPP See R v Knuller (Publishing, Printing and Promotions) Ltd 579

L, Re [2004] EWHC 2713 (Fam) 704

Lawrence v Metropolitan Police Comr [1972] AC 626, [1971] 2 All ER 1253,

[1971] 3WLR 225, 55 Cr App Rep 471, 135 JP 481, 115 Sol Jo 565, HL

389, 393–5

Longford, The (1889) 14 PD 34, 58 LJP 33, 6 Asp MLC 371, 37 WR 372, 60 LT

373, 5 TLR 256, [1886–90] All ER Rep Ext 1433, CA 247

Luc Thiet Thuan v R [1997] AC 131, [1996] 2 All ER 1033, [1996] 3WLR 45, [1996] 2 Cr App Rep 178, [1996] Crim LR 820, [1996] 16 LS Gaz R 30, 140

Sol Jo LB 107, PC 787

M v DPP [2001] UKHL 10, [2002] 1 AC 285, [2001] 2 All ER 583, [2001] 2

WLR 765, [2001] 2 Cr App Rep 216, 165 JP 437, [2001] Crim LR 491,

[2001] 20 LS Gaz R 40, [2001] NLJR 385, 145 Sol Jo LB 101 178

McConnell v Chief Constable of the Greater Manchester Police [1990] 1 All ER

423, [1990] 1WLR 364, 91 Cr App Rep 88, 154 JP 325, 134 Sol Jo 457, CA146

Meridian Global Funds Management Asia Ltd v Securities Commission [1995] 2

App Rep 223, 243n, 115 Sol Jo 264, 16 WIR 499, 511, PC 811

Paton v British Pregnancy Advisory Service Trustees [1979] QB 276, [1978] 2

All ER 987, [1978] 3WLR 687, 142 JP 497, 122 Sol Jo 744 595 601

Percy v DPP [2001] EWHC Admin 1125, (2001) 166 JP 93, [2002] Crim LR

185–7

Quintavalle v HFEA [2005] UKHL 28 185, 609

R (on the application of Axon) v Secretary of State for Health & Another [2006]

R (on the application of Corner House Research and others) (Respondents) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office (Appellant) (Criminal Appeal from Her Majesty’s High Court of Justice) [2008] UKHL 60 35

R (on the application of Crown Prosecution Service) v Chorley Justices [2002] EWCA 2162 (Admin) (2002) 166 JP 764, sub nom R (DPP) v Chorley Justices [2002] 43 LS Gaz R 34 222

R (on the application of F) v Secretary of State for Justice [2009] 2 Cr App R

R (on the application of Purdy) v DPP [2009] UKHL 45 631, 636

R (on the application of Quintavalle) v Secretary of State for Health [2001] 4 All

R (Lichniak) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] EWCA

Admin 294 [2002] QB 296, [2001] 4 All ER 934, [2001] 3WLR 933; affd

sub Nom R (Lichniak) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002]

QB 296, 2001] 4 All ER 934, [2001] 3WLR 933, 145 Sol Jo LB 127, CA743

R (McCann) v Crown Court at Manchester [2001] 1WLR 358, sub nom R v Crown Court at Manchester, ex p McCann 165 JP 225, [2001] 02 LS Gaz R

40, 144 Sol Jo LB 287, DC; affd sub nom R (on the application of McCann) v Crown Court at Manchester [2001] EWCA Civ 281 [2001] 4 All ER 264, [2001] 1WLR 1084, 165 JP 545; on appeal sub nom R (McCann) v Crown Court at Manchester [2002] UKHL 39 [2003] 1 AC 787, [2002] 4 All ER 593,

[2003] 1 Cr App Rep 419, 166 JP 657, [2003] Crim LR 269, 146 Sol Jo LB

239, [2002] All ER (D) 246 (Oct) 155

R (Pretty) v DPP (Secretary of State for the Home Department intervening) [2001] UKHL 61 [2002] 1 AC 800, [2002] 1 All ER 1; affd sub nom Pretty v United Kingdom [2002] 2 FCR 97, [2002] 2 FLR 45, [2002] Fam Law 588, 66 BMLR 147, [2002] All ER (D) 286, sub nom R (on the application of Pretty)

v DPP [2002] NLJR 707, ECtHR; 626, 628

R (Pyrah) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] EWHC Admin

294 [2002] QB 296, [2001] 4 All ER 934, [2001] 3WLR 933; affd sub nom R

v (Pyrah) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] QB 296,

[2001] 4 All ER 934, [2001] 3WLR 933, 145 Sol Jo LB 127, CA 743

R v A (No 2) [2001] UKHL 25, [2002] 1 AC 45, [2001] 3 All ER 1, [2001] 2

WLR 1546, [2001] 2 Cr App Rep 351, 165 JP 609, [2001] Crim LR 908, 11BHRC 225, [2001] UKHRR 825 529, 531

R v Abdroikof, R v Green and R v Williamson [2007] UKHL 37 56

R v Ahluwalia [1992] 4 All ER 889, 96 Cr App Rep 133, [1992] NLJR 1159,

[1993] Crim LR 63, CA 775, 782–85

R v Aitken (1992) 95 Cr App R 304 250, 253

R v Allan [1965] 1 QB 130, [1963] 2 All ER 897, [1963] 3WLR 677, 47 Cr App

Rep 243, 127 JP 511, 107 Sol Jo 596, CCA 318

R v Anderson [1986] AC 27, [1985] 2 All ER 961, [1985] 3WLR 268, 81 Cr App Rep 253, [1985] Crim LR 651, 129 Sol Jo 522, [1985] LS Gaz R 3172,

[1985] NLJ Rep 727, HL 304

R v Aramah (1982) 76 Cr App Rep 190, 4 Cr App Rep (S) 407, 147 JP 217,

[1983] Crim LR 271, 127 Sol Jo 85, CA 277

R v Arnold [1997] 4 All ER 1, [1997] Crim LR 833, CA 386, 400

R v Associated Octel Co Ltd [1994] 4 All ER 1051, [1995] ICR 281, [1994] IRLR 540, [1994] 36 LS Gaz R 37, [1994] NLJR 1312, 138 Sol Jo LB 194, CA;

affd [1996] 4 All ER 846, [1996] 1WLR 1543, [1996] ICR 972, [1997] IRLR

R v Bailey [1983] 2 All ER 503, [1983] 1WLR 760, 77 Cr App Rep 76, 147 JP

R v Berry, (Arthur John) (1988) 10 Cr App Rep (S) 13, CA 536

R v Billam [1986] 1 All ER 985, [1986] 1WLR 349, 82 Cr App Rep 347, 8 Cr App Rep (S) 48, [1986] Crim LR 347, 130 Sol Jo 167, [1986] LS Gaz R 870,

R v Bournemouth Magistrates’ Court, ex p Cross, Griffin and Pamment (1988)

89 Cr App Rep 90, 153 JP 440, [1989] Crim LR 207 222

R v Burstow [1997] 1 Cr App Rep 144, CA; affd [1998] AC 147, [1997]

4 All ER 225, [1998] 1 Cr App Rep 177, [1998] 1 FLR 105, [1998] FamLaw 137, [1997] Crim LR 810, [1997] NLJR 1273, HL 238, 244, 251,

262

R v Butler [1992] 1 SCR 452 590

R v C (1992) 156 JP 649, [1992] Crim LR 648, CA 528

R v Calder and Boyars Ltd [1969] 1 QB 151, [1968] 3 All ER 644, [1968] 3

WLR 974, 52 Cr App Rep 706, 133 JP 20, 112 Sol Jo 688, CA 579

R v Caldwell (1980) 71 Cr App Rep 237, CA; affd sub nom Metropolitan Police Comr v Caldwell [1982] AC 341, [1981] 2WLR 509, sub nom R v Caldwell

[1981] 1 All ER 961, 73 Cr App Rep 13, 145 JP 211, 125 Sol Jo 239, HL

Cr App Rep 14, 142 JP 320, 122 Sol Jo 280, sub nom DPP v Camplin [1978]

2 All ER 168, HL 780, 787, 792, 794

R v Cannings (Angela) [2004] EWCA Crim 1 36

R v Carrera (or Lozano) [2002] EWCA Crim 2527 274

R v Case (1850) 14 JP 339, 1 Den 580, T & M 318, 19 LJMC 174, 4 Cox CC

220, 14 Jur 489, 4 New Sess Cas 347, 15 LTOS 306, CCR 509

R v Cato [1976] 1 All ER 260, [1976] 1WLR 110, 12 In, 62 Cr App Rep 41, 140

R v Cox (1992) 12 BMLR 38 706

R v Cunningham [1957] 2 QB 396, [1957] 2 All ER 412, [1957] 3WLR 76, 41

Cr App Rep 155, 121 JP 451, 101 Sol Jo 503, CCA 110, 243

R v Cunningham [1982] AC 566, [1981] 2 All ER 863, [1981] 3WLR 223, 73

Cr App Rep 253, 145 JP 411, 125 Sol Jo 512, HL 746

R v Dagnall [2003] EWCA Crim 2441 296

R v Daiichi (2003) [2003] EWHC 2337 (QB) 191

R v Daniel [2002] EWCA Crim 959, [2003] 1 Cr App Rep 99, [2002] 20 LS Gaz R 31, 146 Sol Jo LB 93 517

R v Dear [1996] Crim LR 595, CA 712

R v Devonald [2008] EWCA Crim 527 524

R v Dias [2001] EWCA Crim 2986, [2002] 2 Cr App Rep 96, [2001] All ER (D)

198 (Dec) 712

R v Dica [2004] EWCA Crim 1103 239, 251, 254, 256, 259

R v Dietschmann [2003] UKHL 10, [2003] 1 All ER 897, [2003] 2 WLR 613, [2003] 2 Cr App Rep 54, [2003] 14 LS Gaz R 27, 147 Sol Jo LB 265

771–3

R v Dixon [1993] Crim LR 579, CA 178

R v Dobinson [1977] QB 354, [1977] 2 All ER 341, [1977] 2 WLR 169, 64 Cr

App Rep 186, 141 JP 354, 121 Sol Jo 83, CA 633

R v Dodd (1977) 66 Cr App Rep 87, CA 573

R v Doody, Times Law Report 26 November 2008 534

R v Dougal (unreported) 24 November 2005, Crown Ct at Swansea 518,520

R v Doukas [1978] 1 All ER 1071 406

R v DPP, ex p Kebilene [1999] 4 All ER 801, [1999] 3 WLR 175, [2000] 1 Cr

App Rep 275, [1999] Crim LR 994; revsd [2000] 2 AC 326, [1999] 4 All ER

801, [1999] 3WLR 972, [2000] 1 Cr App Rep 275, [2000] Crim LR 486,

R v Emmett (1999) Times, 15 October, CA 553

R v English (1981) Guardian, 11 November 659

316

R v Flattery (1877) 2 QBD 410, 46 LJMC 130, 13 Cox CC 388, 25 WR 398, 36

LT 32, CCR 509

R v Gold [1988] AC 1063, [1988] 2 All ER 186, [1988] 2 WLR 984, 87 Cr App

Rep 257, 152 JP 445, [1988] Crim LR 437, 132 Sol Jo 624, [1988] NLJR 117,

R v Gomez [1991] 3 All ER 394, [1991] 1WLR 1334, 94 Cr App Rep 1, 93 Cr App Rep 156, 156 JP 39, CA; revsd sub nom DPP v Gomez [1993] AC 442, [1992] 3 WLR 1067, 96 Cr App Rep 359, 157 JP 1, [1993] 9 LS Gaz R 43, 137 Sol Jo LB 36, sub nom R v Gomez [1993] 1 All ER 1, [1993] Crim LR 304,

R v Hall [1973] QB 126, [1972] 2 All ER 1009, [1972] 3WLR 381, 56 Cr App

Rep 547, 136 JP 593, [1972] Crim LR 453, 116 Sol Jo 598, CA 400

R v Hancock (1986) 8 Cr App Rep (S) 159, [1986] Crim LR 697, CA

R v Hann (Phillip) [1995] Crim LR 907 536

R v Hardie [1984] 3 All ER 848, [1985] 1WLR 64, 80 Cr App Rep 157, 128 Sol

R v Hicklin (1868) LR 3QB 360, 37 LJMC 89, 11 Cox CC 19, 16 WR 801, sub nom R v Wolverhampton Recorder, Re Scott v Wolverhampton Justices 32 JP

533, 18 LT 395 578

R v Hinks [2000] 1 Cr App Rep 1, [1998] Crim LR 904, CA; affd [2001] 2 AC

241, [2000] 4 All ER 833, [2000] 3WLR 1590, [2001] 1 Cr App Rep 252, 165

R v F Howe & Son (Engineers) Ltd [1999] 2 Cr App Rep (S) 37 666, 671

R v Howell [1982] QB 416, [1981] 3 All ER 383, [1981] 3WLR 501, 73 Cr App

Rep 31, 146 JP 13, [1981] Crim LR 697, 125 Sol Jo 462, CA 162 146

R v Hudson [1971] 2 QB 202, [1971] 2 All ER 244, [1971] 2WLR 1047, 56 Cr

App Rep 1, 135 JP 407, 115 Sol Jo 303, CA 432

R v Humphreys [1995] 4 All ER 1008, [1996] Crim LR 431, [1995] NLJR 1032,

R v Knuller (Publishing, Printing and Promotions) Ltd [1972] 2 QB 179, [1971]

3 All ER 314, [1971] 3WLR 633, 135 JP 569, 115 Sol Jo 772, CA; on appeal

sub nom Knuller (Publishing, Printing and Promotions) Ltd v DPP [1973]

AC 435, [1972] 2 All ER 898, [1972] 3WLR 143, 56 CrApp Rep 633,

136 JP 728, 116 Sol Jo 545, HL 304, 419

R v Konzani [2005] EWCA Crim 706 251, 252, 256, 259

R v Lambert [2002] QB 1112, [2001] 1 All ER 1014, [2001] 2WLR 2 11, [2001] 1 Cr App Rep 205, [2000] 35 LS Gaz R 36, 144 Sol Jo LB 226, CA; affd sub nom R v Lambert [2001] UKHL 37, [2002] 2 AC 545, [2001] 3 All

ER 577, [2001] 3WLR 206, [2001] 2 Cr App Rep 511, [2001] 31 LS Gaz R

R v Lawrence [1980] RTR 443, 71 Cr App Rep 291, CA; affd [1982] AC 510,

[1981] 1 All ER 974, [1981] 2 WLR 524, [1981] RTR 217, 73 Cr App Rep 1,

145 JP 227, [1981] Crim LR 409, 125 Sol Jo 241 796

R v Leak [1976] QB 217, [1975] 2 All ER 1059, [1975] 3 WLR 316, 61 Cr App

Rep 217, 139 JP 608, [1975] Crim LR 584, 119 Sol Jo 473, CA 503

R v Lemon [1979] QB 10, [1978] 3 All ER 175, [1978] 3 WLR 404, 67 Cr App

Rep 70, 122 Sol Jo 295, CA; affd [1979] AC 617, [1979] 1 All ER 898, [1979]2WLR 281, 68 Cr App Rep 381, 143 JP 315, [1979] Crim LR 311, 123 Sol Jo

ECC 64, 81 Cr App Rep 182, [1986] FSR 138, 149 JP 634, [1985] Crim

LR 518, 129 Sol Jo 431, [1985] LS Gaz R 1938, [1985] NLJ Rep 605, CA

386–7

R v Lynch, see DPP for Northern Ireland v Lynch

R v Mahroof (1988) 88 Cr App Rep 317, [1989] Crim LR 72, CA 173,

R v Malone [1998] 2 Cr App R 447 519

R v Martin (Anthony) [2001] EWCA Crim 2245, [2003] QB 1, [2002] 2WLR

1, [2002] 1 Cr App Rep 323, [2002] Crim LR 136, [2001] 46 LS Gaz R 35,

145 Sol Jo LB 253 811–12

R v Martin [1989] 1 All ER 652, [1989] RTR 63, 88 Cr App Rep 343, 153 JP

231,[1989] Crim LR 284, CA 443

R v Matthews and Alleyne [2003] 2 Cr App R 30 745, 756, 757–8

R v McIlkenny [1992] 2 All ER 417, 93 Cr App Rep 287, CA 91

R v McInerney and Keating [2003] 2 Cr App R (S) 240 410

R v McPherson [1973] Crim LR 191, 117 Sol Jo 13, CA 393

R v Meech [1974] QB 549, [1973] 3 All ER 939, [1973] 3WLR 507, 58 Cr App

Rep 74, 138 JP 6, [1973] Crim LR 711, 117 Sol Jo 713, CA 400

R v Merrick [1996] 1 Cr App Rep 130, [1995] Crim LR 802, CA 414

R v Michael (1840) 9 C & P 356, 2 Mood CC 120, CCR 125

R v Millberry [2003] 1 Cr App Rep 396 537

147 Sol Jo LB 28 536

R v Miller [1983] 2 AC 161, [1983] 1 All ER 978, [1983] 2WLR 539, 77 Cr

App Rep 17, [1983] Crim LR 466, 127 Sol Jo 223, HL 102, 118

R v Miller (1992) 97 Cr App Rep 99, [1994] Crim LR 361, CA 91

R v Misra, Srivastava [2005] 1 Cr App R 21 796, 797

R v Morris [1984] AC 320, [1983] 3 All ER 288, [1983] 3WLR 697, 77 Cr App

Rep 309, 148 JP 1, [1983] Crim LR 813, 127 Sol Jo 713, HL 389, 390,

R v Nedrick [1986] 3 All ER 1, [1986] 1WLR 1025, 83 Cr App Rep 267, 8 Cr

App Rep (S) 179, 150 JP 589, [1986] Crim LR 792, 130 Sol Jo 572, [1986] LS

Gaz R 2755, CA 745, 754–6

R v Newton (1982) 77 Cr App R 13 543

R v Northern Strip Mining Construction Co Ltd (1 February 1965, unreported)

682

R v O’Grady [1987] QB 995, [1987] 3 All ER420, [1987] 3 WLR 321, 85 Cr

App Rep 315, [1987] Crim LR 706, 131 Sol Jo 887, [1987] LS Gaz R 2044,[1987] NLJ Rep 565, CA 121, 282, 811

R v Olugboja [1982] QB 320, [1981] 3 All ER 443, [1981] 3WLR 585, 73 Cr

App Rep 344, 146 JP 82, 125 Sol Jo 587, CA 507

R v Owino [1996] 2 Cr App Rep 128, [1995] Crim LR 743, CA 811

R v P & O European Ferries (Dover) Ltd (1990) 93 Cr App Rep 72, [1991]

Crim LR 695 683

R v Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App Rep 279, [1983] Crim LR 394, CA 710

R v Parmenter, see R v Savage

R v Paris (1992) 97 Cr App Rep 99, [1994] Crim LR 361, CA 91

R v R [1992] 1 AC 599, [1991] 4 All ER481, [1991] 3WLR 767, 94 Cr App Rep

216, [1992] 1 FLR 217, [1992] Fam Law 108, 155 JP 989, [1992] Crim LR

207, 135 Sol Jo LB 181, HL 504, 530, 538

R v R (2) H [2003] EWCA Crim 2754 529

R v Raghip (1991) Times, 9 December, CA 91

R v Raphael [2008] EWCA Crim 1014 387

R v Rahman [2008] UKHL 45 125, 323

R v Redguard [1991] Crim LR 213, CA 528

R v Roberts (1971) 56 Cr App Rep 95, [1972] Crim LR 27, 115 Sol Jo 809, CA

101, 241–2, 712

R v Roberts [1982] 1 All ER 609, [1982] 1WLR 133, 74 Cr App Rep 242,

146 JP 213, [1982] Crim LR 320, 126 Sol Jo 64, 4 Cr App R (S) 8, CA

[1991] 4 All ER 698, [1991] 3 WLR 914, 94 Cr App Rep 193, 155 JP 935, HL

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Hindley [2000] 1 QB 152, [1999] 2 WLR 1253, [1998] 46 LS Gaz R 33, CA; affd [2001] 1 AC 410,

[2000] 2 All ER 385, [2000] 2 WLR 730, [2000] 15LSGazR39, 144 Sol Jo LB

affd [1987] AC 1, [1986] 2 All ER 334, [1986] 2WLR 988, 83 Cr App Rep

178, 150 JP 353, [1986] Crim LR 536, 130 Sol Jo 392, [1986] LS Gaz R 1896,

[1986] NLJ Rep 488, [1986] LRC (Crim) 702, HL 124, 311, 314

R v Silcott (1991) Times, 9 December, CA 91

R v Sinclair [1998] NLJR 1353, CA 798

R v Siracusa (1989) 90 Cr App Rep 340, [1989] Crim LR 712, CA 304

R v Smith (Morgan James) [1999] QB 1079, [1998] 4 All ER 387, [1999] 2

WLR 610, [1999] 1 Cr App Rep 256, [1998] Crim LR 896, 45 BMLR 146,[1998] NLJR 1086, CA; affd [2001] 1 AC 146, [2000] 4 All ER 289, [2000] 3WLR 654, [2001] 1 Cr App Rep 31, [2000] Crim LR 1004, [2000] 37 LS Gaz

R 39, [2000] NLJR 1199, 144 Sol Jo LB 251, HL 775, 787–92

R v Smith [1976] 3 All ER 54, [1976] 1WLR 672, 63 Cr App Rep 47, 140 JP

515, 120 Sol Jo 299, CA 412

R v Spratt [1991] 2 All ER 210, [1990] 1WLR 1073, 91 Cr App Rep 362, 154 JP

884, [1990] Crim LR 797, 134 Sol Jo 860, [1990] 26 LS Gaz R 38, CA

R v Tandy [1981] 1 All ER 267, [1989] 1WLR 350, 87 Cr App Rep 45, 152 JP

453, [1988] Crim LR 308, 132 Sol Jo, [1988] 5 LS Gaz R 36, CA 770–1

R v Taylor (1983) 5 Cr App Rep (S) 241, [1983] Crim LR 758, CA 535

R v Thornton (No 2) [1996] 2 All ER 1023, [1996] 1WLR 1174, [1996] 2 Cr App Rep 108, [1996] Crim LR 597, [1996] Crim LR 597, [1996] 05 LS Gaz R

30, [1995] NLJR 1888, 140 Sol Jo LB 38, CA 782, 787

R v Tolson (1889) 23 QBD 168, 54 JP 4, 20, 58 LJMC 97, 16 Cox CC 629, 37

WR 716, [1886–90] All ER Rep 26, 60 LT 899, 5 TLR 465, CCR 121

R v Toothill [1998] EWCA Crim 2010 296

R v Tosti [1997] EWCA Crim 222 296

R v Turner (No 2) [1971] 2 All ER 441, [1971] 1WLR 901, [1971] RTR 396, 55

Cr App Rep 336, 135 JP 419, [1971] Crim LR 373, 115 Sol Jo 405, CA400

R v Tyrrell [1894] 1 QB 710, [1891–94] All ER Rep 1215, sub nom R v Tyrell 63 LJMC 58, 17 Cox CC 716, 10 R 82, 42 WR 255, 38 Sol Jo 130, 70 LT 41, 10

TLR 167, CCR 552

R v Uddin [1999] QB 431, [1998] 2 All ER 744, [1998] 3WLR 1000, [1999] 1

Cr App Rep 319, [1999] Crim LR 987, CA 327

R v Venna [1976] QB 421, [1975] 3 All ER 788, (1975] 3 WLR 737, 61 Cr App

R v Wacker [2002] EWCA Crim 1944, [2003] 2WLR 374, [2003] 1 Cr App

Rep 329, [2003] 1 Cr App Rep (S) 487, [2003] Crim LR 108, [2002] Crim

LR 839, [2002] 39 LS Gaz R 37, [2002] All ER (D) 519 (Jul) 766 799

R v Wholesale Travel Group [1991] 3 SCR 154 664

R v Willer [1987] 83 Cr App R 225 443

R v Williams [1923] 1 KB 340, 17 Cr App Rep 56, 87 JP 67, 92 LJKB 230, 27

Cox 350, [1922] All ER Rep 433, 67 Sol Jo 263, 128 LT 128, 39 TLR 131,

R v Woollin [1997] 1 Cr App Rep 97, [1997] Crim LR 519, CA; revsd [1999] AC

82, [1998] 4 All ER 103, [1998] 3WLR 382, [1999] 1 Cr App Rep 8, [1998]Crim LR 890, [1998] 34 LSGaz R 32, [1998] NLJR 1178, 142 Sol Jo LB 230,

Scott v Metropolitan Police Comr [1975] AC 819, [1974] 3 All ER 1032,

[1974] 3WLR 741, 60 Cr App Rep 124, 139 JP 121, 118 Sol Jo 863, HL407

Secretary of State for the Home Department v Robb [1995] Fam 127, [1995] 1

All ER 677, [1995] 2WLR 722, [1995] 1 FCR 557, [1995] 1 FLR 412, 22BMLR 43, [1994] NLJR 1695 626

Wai Yu-Tsang v The Queen [1992] 1 AC 269 407

Woolmington v DPP See R v Woolmington Wyatt, Re [2006] EWHC 319 (Fam) 704

European Court of Human Rights

Benjamin and Wilson v United Kingdom (2002) 36 EHRR 1, 13 BHRC 287,

ECtHR 34, 739

Botta v Italy (1998) 26 EHRR 241, 4 BHRC 81, ECtHR 630

CR v United Kingdom (1995) 21 EHRR 363, [1996] 1 FLR 434, [1996] Fam

Law 275, ECtHR 505

Condron v United Kingdom (2001) 31 EHRR 1 50

D v United Kingdom (1997) 24 EHRR 423, [1997] 24 LS Gaz R 33 629

Gillan and another v United Kingdom [2010] ECHR 4158/05 45

Hashman and Harrup v United Kingdom (1999) 30 EHRR 241, [2000] Crim

LR 185, 8 BHRC 104, ECtHR 148

H v Norway (Application 17004/90) 73 DR 155 (1992), E Com HR 605

Laskey v UK (1997) 24 EHRR 39 552

Ocalan v Turkey [2003] ECHR 46221/99 726

Open Door Counselling and Dublin Well Woman v Ireland (1992) 15 EHRR

244, 18 BMLR 1, ECtHR 605

Paton v United Kingdom (1980) 3 EHRR 408, E Com HR 590 605

Phillips v United Kingdom [2001] Crim LR 817, 11 BHRC 280, ECtHR Pretty v UK (2002) 35 EHRR 1 630

Salabiaku v France (1988) 13 EHRR 379, ECtR 29, 30, 647 663

Singh v United Kingdom (1996) Times, 26 February, ECtHR 735

Stafford v United Kingdom [2002] Crim LR 828, [2002] NLJR 880, 13 BHRC

Wynne v United Kingdom (1994) 19 EHRR 333, ECtHR 741

X and Y v Netherlands (1985) 8 EHRR 235 544

People v Goetz NY 2d 96, 497 NE 2d 41 (1986) Ct of App NY 64 121

Schloendorf v Society of New York Hospital 211 NY 125 (1914) 612 624

State v Stewart 243 Kan 639 (1988) 815

References printed in bold type indicate where the section of an Act is set out

Aggravated Vehicle-Taking Act 1992 655

Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 130, 156, 172

Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act 1984 704

Children and Young Persons Act 1933

Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986 662

Computer Misuse Act 1990 399, 414

Confiscation of Alcohol (Young Persons) Act 1997 278

Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875

Constitutional Reform Act 2005 34Contagious Diseases Acts 1864–1886 568Contempt of Court Act 1981

s 28 730

s 29 739–41

s 46 769Criminal Appeal Act 1968

s 2(1) 512

s 3(2) 243

s 33(2) 392Criminal Appeal Act 1995 93

s 9(2) 328

Criminal Attempts Act 1981 292

s 1 124, 293, 311

ss 4, 6 294Criminal Damage Act 1971 300

s 61 732Criminal Justice Act 1925 429Criminal Justice Act 1972

s 36 295Criminal Justice Act 1982

s 71 572Criminal Justice Act 1987 465

s 12 407Criminal Justice Act 1988 533