DQGLQQRYDWLRQDUHWKHORQJWHUPGULYHUVRI HFRQRPLF JURZWK ,Q WKH FRQWH[W RI D JOREDO NQRZOHGJH HFRQRP\ IXHOOHG E\ WKH IDVW SDFH RI WHFKQRORJLFDO LQQRYDWLRQ LW LV LPSRUWDQW IRU GHYHORSLQJ F
Trang 2INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT
2007-2008 Science and technology for development:
the new paradigm of ICT
Prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat
UNITED NATIONS
New York and Geneva, 2007
Trang 36\PEROVRI 8QLWHG1DWLRQVGRFXPHQWVDUHFRPSRVHGRI FDSLWDOOHWWHUVZLWKÀJXUHV0HQWLRQRI VXFKDV\PEROLQGLFDWHVDUHIHUHQFHWRD8QLWHG1DWLRQVGRFXPHQW
7KHGHVLJQDWLRQVHPSOR\HGDQGWKHSUHVHQWDWLRQRI WKHPDWHULDOLQWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQGRQRWLPSO\WKHH[SUHVVLRQ
RI DQ\RSLQLRQZKDWVRHYHURQWKHSDUWRI WKH6HFUHWDULDWRI WKH8QLWHG1DWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJWKHOHJDOVWDWXVRI DQ\FRXQWU\WHUULWRU\FLW\RUDUHDRURI LWVDXWKRULWLHVRUFRQFHUQLQJWKHGHOLPLWDWLRQRI LWVIURQWLHUVRUERXQGDULHV
0DWHULDOLQWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQPD\EHIUHHO\TXRWHGRUUHSULQWHGEXWIXOODFNQRZOHGJHPHQWLVUHTXHVWHGWRJHWKHUZLWKDUHIHUHQFHWRWKHGRFXPHQWQXPEHU$FRS\RI WKHSXEOLFDWLRQFRQWDLQLQJWKHTXRWDWLRQRUUHSULQWVKRXOGEHVHQWWRWKH81&7$'VHFUHWDULDWDW3DODLVGHV1DWLRQV&+*HQHYD6ZLW]HUODQG
7KH(QJOLVKYHUVLRQRI WKHIXOOUHSRUWDQGWKH(QJOLVK)UHQFKDQG6SDQLVKYHUVLRQVRI LWV2YHUYLHZVHFWLRQDUHFXUUHQWO\DYDLODEOHRQWKH,QWHUQHWDWWKHDGGUHVVLQGLFDWHGEHORZ9HUVLRQVLQRWKHUODQJXDJHVZLOOEHSRVWHGDVWKH\EHFRPHDYDLODEOH
ZZZXQFWDGRUJHFRPPHUFH
81&7$'6'7((&%
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATIONSales No E.07.II.D.13ISBN 978-92-1-112724-9
Copyright © United Nations, 2007 All rights reserved
Trang 47KH ZRUOG HFRQRP\ LV LQFUHDVLQJO\ GULYHQ E\ WHFKQRORJLFDO LQQRYDWLRQV ,I GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV DUH WR VHL]HWKH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WKLV LPSOLHV DQG DOVR WR DGGUHVV HPHUJLQJ JOREDO FKDOOHQJHV WKH\ ZLOO KDYH WR KDUQHVV WKRVHLQQRYDWLRQVDQGWKHNQRZOHGJHWKDWFRPHVZLWKWKHP
81&7$'·V Information Economy Report 2007-2008: Science and technology for development: the new paradigm of ICT
DQDO\VHVWKHFXUUHQW²DQGSRWHQWLDO²FRQWULEXWLRQRI ,&7WRNQRZOHGJHFUHDWLRQDQGGLIIXVLRQ,WORRNVDWKRZGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVXVHWHFKQRORJ\WRJHQHUDWHLQQRYDWLRQVWKDWLPSURYHWKHOLYHOLKRRGVRI WKHSRRUDQGVXSSRUWHQWHUSULVHFRPSHWLWLYHQHVV$QGLWH[DPLQHVWKHLPSDFWRI ,&7VRQSURGXFWLYLW\DQGJURZWKLQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDGHDQGHPSOR\PHQWLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
%XWPDVWHULQJWHFKQRORJ\LVQRWHQRXJKLWPXVWDVWKH5HSRUWDOVRVWUHVVHVEHFRPSOHPHQWHGE\JRYHUQPHQWSROLFLHVWRGHYHORSWKH,&7VHFWRU²E\SURYLGLQJLQFHQWLYHVIRUH[DPSOHDQGE\EXLOGLQJQDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQDOFDSDFLW\IRUNQRZOHGJHFUHDWLRQDQGGLIIXVLRQ$WWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHYHOPRUHHIIHFWLYHWHFKQRORJ\WUDQVIHUDQGNQRZOHGJHVKDULQJDUHQHHGHGZKLFKFDQEHDFKLHYHGWKURXJKPRUHÁH[LEOHLQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\ULJKWVUHJLPHVRSHQDFFHVVWRNQRZOHGJHDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOSDUWQHUVKLSV'HYHORSPHQWSDUWQHUVLQWXUQFDQDOVRKHOSFORVHWKHGLJLWDOGLYLGHLQFOXGLQJWKURXJKWHFKQLFDODVVLVWDQFHDQGIXQGLQJRI ,&7LQIUDVWUXFWXUH
:H DUH QRZ DW WKH PLGSRLQW LQ WKH WLPHOLQH VHW E\ WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRPPXQLW\ IRU DFKLHYLQJ WKH 0LOOHQQLXP'HYHORSPHQW*RDOV7KHHLJKWKJRDO²GHYHORSLQJDJOREDOSDUWQHUVKLSIRUGHYHORSPHQW²LQFOXGHGPDNLQJDYDLODEOHWKHEHQHÀWVRI QHZWHFKQRORJLHVHVSHFLDOO\LQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVLQFRRSHUDWLRQZLWKWKHSULYDWHVHFWRU7KLV5HSRUWPDNHVDQLPSRUWDQWFRQWULEXWLRQWRRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI KRZWRDFKLHYHWKDW
Trang 5The Information Economy Report 2007-2008 ZDV SUHSDUHG XQGHU WKH RYHUDOO GLUHFWLRQ RI $QK1JD 7UDQ1JX\HQ
'LUHFWRURI 81&7$'·V'LYLVLRQIRU6HUYLFHV,QIUDVWUXFWXUHIRU'HYHORSPHQWDQG7UDGH(IÀFLHQF\6,7( ,WZDVZULWWHQE\DWHDPVXSHUYLVHGE\*HQHYLqYH)pUDXG&KLHI RI WKH,&7DQG(%XVLQHVV%UDQFKXQWLOKHUFKDQJH
RI IXQFWLRQVRQ2FWREHUDQGFRQVLVWLQJRI WKHIROORZLQJ81&7$'VWDII PHPEHUV&pFLOH%DUD\UH'LPR
&DORYVNL6FDUOHWW)RQGHXU*LO$QJHO*RQ]iOH]6DQ]0XULHO*XLJXH5RXEHQ,QGMLNLDQ'LDQD.RUND0DUWD3pUH]
&XVyDQG6XVDQ7HOWVFKHU7KH,QWURGXFWLRQZDVGUDIWHGE\$QK1JD7UDQ1JX\HQ
7KH81&7$'WHDPDFNQRZOHGJHVWKHFRQWULEXWLRQWRFKDSWHUE\&KULV&RQQROO\RI WKHFRQVXOWLQJFRPSDQ\
*DOH[LDDQGE\WKH$6($1VHFUHWDULDWZKRVHPDWHULDOZDVEDVHGRQDSURMHFWIXQGHGE\WKH$6($1$XVWUDOLD'HYHORSPHQW&RRSHUDWLRQ3URJUDP$$'&3 WKURXJKWKH$XVWUDOLDQ*RYHUQPHQW$XV$,'
7KHWHDPDOVRZLVKHVWRWKDQNWKHIROORZLQJLQGLYLGXDOVIRUWKHLUFRQWULEXWLRQVWRDQGFRPPHQWVRQYDULRXVSDUWV
RI WKH5HSRUW&DUROLQ$YHUEHFN&ODLUH%XUp&DUOR&DWWDQL)ORUHQFLR&HEDOORV-RVp/XLV&HUYHUD)HUUL'LDQH
&R\OH&KDUOHV*HLJHU%HQHGLFW+XJHQVFKPLGW0DUWLQD0HW]JHUDQG8JR3DQL]]DDVZHOODVVWDII IURPWHOHFHQWUHRUJ3DUWLFLSDQWVLQWKHH[SHUWPHHWLQJ´,QVXSSRUWRI WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQDQGIROORZXSRI :6,6XVLQJ,&7VWRDFKLHYHJURZWKDQGGHYHORSPHQWµZKLFKZDVKHOGMRLQWO\E\81&7$'2(&'DQG,/2LQ*HQHYDRQDQG'HFHPEHUSURYLGHGXVHIXOLQSXWVWKDWZHUHFRQVLGHUHGLQWKHSUHSDUDWLRQRI WKLV5HSRUW
81&7$'DSSUHFLDWHVWKHVKDULQJRI VWDWLVWLFDOGDWDE\WKH1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFDO2IÀFHRI 7KDLODQGWKH(J\SWLDQ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ ,QGXVWU\ 'HYHORSPHQW $JHQF\ ,7,'$ ,78 2(&' DQG (XURVWDW DV ZHOO DV WKH1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFDO2IÀFHVWKDWUHVSRQGHGWRWKH81&7$'TXHVWLRQQDLUHRQ,&7XVHE\HQWHUSULVHVDQGRQWKH,&7VHFWRU7KH81&7$'&HQWUDO6WDWLVWLFVDQG,QIRUPDWLRQ5HWULHYDO%UDQFKSURYLGHGYDOXDEOHDGYLFHDQGVXSSRUWLQWKHDQDO\VLVRI WUDGHGDWD
5HVHDUFKDVVLVWDQFHZDVSURYLGHGE\%MRUQ*ULHVEDFK/DXUD+DUELGJH-DFNLH/HH*LXOLD4XDLD,XOLD7HRGRUXDQG/LGLD9LOODOEDGXULQJWKHLULQWHUQVKLSVZLWK81&7$'
$GPLQLVWUDWLYHDQGVHFUHWDULDOVXSSRUWZDVSURYLGHGDWGLIIHUHQWWLPHVE\.DULPD$RXNLOL(OYLUD&KXG]LQVNL0DULH.DPDUD0RQLFD0RUULFDDQG-DQDNL9HQNDWFKDODP
7KH5HSRUWZDVHGLWHGE\*UDKDP*UD\VWRQ7KHRYHUDOOOD\RXWDQGGHVNWRSSXEOLVKLQJZHUHGRQHE\&KULVWRSKH0DQFHDX'LHJR2\DU]Q5H\HVGHVLJQHGWKHFRYHUDQGIRUPDWWHGWKHFKDUWV
7KHÀQDQFLDOVXSSRUWRI WKH*RYHUQPHQWVRI )LQODQGDQG)UDQFHLVJUDWHIXOO\DFNQRZOHGJHG
Trang 6Foreword iii
Acknowledgements iv
List of boxes xi
List of charts xii
List of tables xv
List of abbreviations xvii
Explanatory notes xxi
Overview xxiii
L ,QWURGXFWLRQ
6FLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJ\IRUGHYHORSPHQWWKHQHZSDUDGLJPRI ,&7
$ 6FLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJ\LQGHYHORSPHQW
5ROHRI WHFKQRORJ\LQJURZWKDQGGHYHORSPHQW
7HFKQRORJ\DQGLQVWLWXWLRQV
.QRZOHGJHGLIIXVLRQDQGWHFKQRORJ\WUDQVIHU
% ,&7DVDJHQHUDOSXUSRVHWHFKQRORJ\
1HZSDUDGLJP
6RPHSROLF\LPSOLFDWLRQVRI ,&7IRUGHYHORSPHQW
& +DUQHVVLQJ,&7IRUGHYHORSPHQW
5HIHUHQFHVDQGELEOLRJUDSK\ Notes
7UHQGVLQ,&7DFFHVVDQGXVH
$ ,QWURGXFWLRQ
% ,&7DFFHVVDQGXVHE\LQGLYLGXDOV
0RELOHSKRQHVDVWKHEUHDNWKURXJK,&7LQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
7KH,QWHUQHWJDSLVFORVLQJVORZO\
& ,&7DFFHVVDQGXVHE\HQWHUSULVHV
Trang 70RELOHSKRQHVDUHYDOXDEOHEXVLQHVVWRROV
,QWHUQHWXVHE\EXVLQHVVHVLVVORZO\JURZLQJ
(%XVLQHVVLVIDFLOLWDWHGE\JRYHUQPHQW 33
(&RPPHUFHUHPDLQVOLPLWHGLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV ' &RQFOXVLRQV
6WDWLVWLFDO$QQH[
5HIHUHQFHV Notes
Trang 18CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
CISP community Internet service provider
Trang 19EU15 7KHFRXQWULHVPHPEHUVRI WKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQXQWLO0D\
LDC least developed country
MCIT 0LQLVWU\RI &RPPXQLFDWLRQDQG,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\
MFN most favoured nation
Trang 20M&As PHUJHUVDQGDFTXLVLWLRQV
M1 narrow money supply concept
NASDAQ 1DWLRQDO$VVRFLDWLRQRI 6HFXULWLHV'HDOHUV$XWRPDWHG4XRWDWLRQVV\VWHP
NASSCOM 1DWLRQDO$VVRFLDWLRQRI 6RIWZDUHDQG6HUYLFH&RPSDQLHV
Trang 227ZRGRWV LQGLFDWHWKDWWKHGDWDDUHQRWDYDLODEOHRUDUHQRWVHSDUDWHO\UHSRUWHG
$K\SKHQ LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHDPRXQWLVQLORUQHJOLJLEOH
%HFDXVHRI URXQGLQJGHWDLOVDQGSHUFHQWDJHVGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\DGGXSWRWRWDOV
Trang 24DQGLQQRYDWLRQDUHWKHORQJWHUPGULYHUVRI HFRQRPLF
JURZWK ,Q WKH FRQWH[W RI D JOREDO NQRZOHGJH
HFRQRP\ IXHOOHG E\ WKH IDVW SDFH RI WHFKQRORJLFDO
LQQRYDWLRQ LW LV LPSRUWDQW IRU GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV
WR OD\ JRRG IRXQGDWLRQV IRU EXLOGLQJ WKHLU FDSDFLW\
WR DFTXLUH DQG FUHDWH NQRZOHGJH DQG WHFKQRORJ\ LQ
RUGHU WRWDNHDGYDQWDJHRI WKHRSSRUWXQLWLHVRIIHUHG
E\ JOREDOL]DWLRQ DQG DW WKH VDPH WLPH WR DGGUHVV
HPHUJLQJJOREDOFKDOOHQJHV7KHFKDOOHQJHLVWKHUHIRUH
WRKDUQHVVNQRZOHGJHIRUGHYHORSPHQW²E\SURYLGLQJ
DQHQDEOLQJHQYLURQPHQWIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRI LGHDV
and innovations, as well as for their dissemination and
use by different actors, directly or indirectly involved in
WKHSURGXFWLRQSURFHVV
,QWKLVEURDGHUFRQWH[WRI VFLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJ\IRU
development, the Information Economy Report 2007/2008
LV DQDO\VLQJ WKH FRQWULEXWLRQ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ ,&7 WR JURZWK DQG
GHYHORSPHQW $V LQ WKH FDVH RI RWKHU WHFKQRORJLHV
the ICT contribution is determined by factors such as
WKHUROHRI KXPDQFDSLWDOH[WHUQDOLWLHVDQGVSLOORYHUV
QRWDEO\ WKURXJK OHDUQLQJ DQG FRPSOHPHQWDU\
LQQRYDWLRQ DQG DSSURSULDWH SROLFLHV DQG LQVWLWXWLRQV
VXSSRUWLQJ LQQRYDWLRQV 7KH DQDO\VLV KLJKOLJKWV WKH
LPSRUWDQFHRI RSHQDFFHVVWRNQRZOHGJHDQGKHQFH
WKHLPSRUWDQFHRI GLIIXVLRQDQGVKDULQJRI NQRZOHGJH
DQG WHFKQRORJ\ HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WKH FDVH RI GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHV
7KH LQVWLWXWLRQDO IUDPHZRUN VKRXOG HQVXUH D JRRG
ÁRZ RI NQRZOHGJH EHWZHHQ VFLHQWLÀF UHVHDUFK DQG
WHFKQRORJLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQV DV ZHOO DV D JRRG ÁRZ
RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DPRQJ UHVHDUFKHUV DQG XVHUV DW WKH
QDWLRQDO DQG WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO OHYHO *RYHUQPHQWV
SOD\ D FUXFLDO UROH EHFDXVH NQRZOHGJH FUHDWLRQ
FDQQRW UHO\ RQ PDUNHW PHFKDQLVPV DORQH 3ROLFLHV
WR VXSSRUW NQRZOHGJH FUHDWLRQ VXFK DV JRYHUQPHQW
IXQGLQJ JRYHUQPHQW SURFXUHPHQW WD[ VXEVLGLHV DQG
LQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\SURWHFWLRQ DVZHOODVNQRZOHGJHGLIIXVLRQ HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI OLEUDULHV FRPPXQLFDWLRQQHWZRUNVDFFHVVFRVWVXEVLGLHVHWF ...
,QWKLVEURDGHUFRQWH[WRI VFLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJ\IRU
development, the Information Economy Report 2007/2008
LV DQDO\VLQJ WKH FRQWULEXWLRQ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ... WUDQVDFWLRQV7KRVHHIIHFWVZLOOEHPRUH
SURQRXQFHGLQHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVWKDWKDYHDJUHDWHU
need for information or where added information
HQDEOHV LQFUHDVLQJ UHWXUQV WR VFDOH 7KH JURZLQJ
availability... DQG
VSLOORYHUV WKURXJK LWV XVH DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ
different sectors of the economy, than its direct
FRQWULEXWLRQ WR JURVV GRPHVWLF SURGXFW DV D
SURGXFWLRQVHFWRU