WRITING-TASK-2-IDEA-VOCABULARY

MIỄN HỌC PHÍ = abolish tuition fees = waive tuition = cover higher education tuition = tuition waiver 1 dạng hộc bổng miễn học phí = free-college policy n chính sách miễn học phí đại học

IDEAS AND VOCABULARY FOR WRITING TASK 2

Compiled by Minh Trang

1 MIỄN HỌC PHÍ

= abolish tuition fees = waive tuition

= cover higher education tuition

= tuition waiver (1 dạng hộc bổng) miễn học phí

= free-college policy (n) chính sách miễn học phí đại học

= provision of free-of-charge education

= pursue college without fee

= be entitled to free university

= subsidize college education: hỗ trợ học phí đại học

= wholly subsidize tertiary education

= make university free of charge

= abolition of university tuition: miễn học phí đại học

2 TIỂU HỌC: elementary/primary/grade school

ĐẠI HỌC: University education = higher education = college = tertiary education =

educational institution (cơ sở giáo dục, có thể là mẫu giáo hoặc tiểu học đến đại học)

BẰNG ĐẠI HỌC: University degree = bachelor’s degree = college qualification = tertiary

degree

SINH VIÊN TỐT NGHIỆP: university graduates = bachelor’s degree holders = acquisition

of a tertiary degree >< people without any qualifications

New graduates // Recent graduates //

undergraduates

// postgraduate: học viên cao học// doctorate: bằng tiến sĩ

HỌC: attend / pursue/ study

Pursue college = embark on higher education (bắt đầu việc học đại học)

= enroll in university

FORMAL SCHOOLING: giáo dục chính quy, trường lớp chính quy

GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE: tổng tỉ lệ nhập học

Become occupied with their intense study schedules → leave children too tired to do

further study

3 TRƯỜNG HỌC 1 HOẶC 2 GIỚI

● separate schools = single-sex schools/education = gender schools/education: trường 1 giới

single-● mixed schools = mixed-sex schools/education = mixed-gender

schools/education = integrated schools/education

= co-ed schools/education: trường 2 giới

send sb to đưa ai đó tới đâu

study at school = e school = enter education =choose school: học tại đâu

● opposite-sex classmates: bạn khác giới

● co-existence and gender equality: sự cùng tồn tại và sự bình đẳng giới

● explore each other’s perspectives, their similarities and differences: khám phá

sự khác nhau/giống nhau và quan điểm của người khác

4 GIỚI TÍNH VÀ GIÁO DỤC

<< dựa vào giới tính để nhập học sao cho cân bằng>>

Men and women should have the same educational opportunities

= the selection of university students should be based on merits << dựa trên thành

tích>>

5 CÂN BẰNG TỈ LỆ GIỚI TÍNH Ở TRƯỜNG HỌC

Accept equal numbers of male and female students

= accept equal proportions of each gender

= have the same number of men and women on all degree courses

= a university: fill courses with equal numbers of males and females

= to aim for equal proportions

= to base admission to university courses on gender

= a selection procedure based on gender

6 CÂN BẰNG GIỚI TÍNH Ở TRƯỜNG LÀ KO KHẢ THI

Adj: be simply unrealistic/ be not practical / be difficult to V/ be impractical

and unfair

● Many courses: more popular with one gender than the other

→ NURSING COURSES: attract more female applicants

● A woman: the best candidate for a place on a course → it is surely wrong to

reject her in favor of a male student with lower grades + fewer qualifications

7 TÌM VIỆC LÀM ĐỐI VỚI SINH VIÊN (job seekers)

● Employment opportunities

● Establish sb’s career path

● Have a financially viable career: make a lot of money

● Stand a better chance of [getting a high-paying job/ landing higher-paid jobs/ finding well-remunerated work]+ bettering their life quality

=> A more educated workforce

=> The financial abundance

OR: provide more job opportunities, career progression, better salaries, and therefore an improved quality of life

● An increasingly competitive labor market → no longer feasible for sb to find a job

● The larger influx of graduates into the labor market → rising youth unemployment

=> miễn học phí là COUNTER-PRODUCTIVE to job guarantee

● Secure employment → make a candidate more employable

-Firms: increasingly look beyond the technical expertise ( chuyên môn thuần túy) and qualifications of applicants

-Employers: attach greater importance to/ place heavy emphasis on attributes

like ADAPTABILITY/ CREATIVITY/ COLLABORATIVE SKILLS

8 TỔN HẠI NGÂN SÁCH NHÀ NƯỚC

The enormous cost incurred to cover st:

=> PUT A STRAIN ON GOVERNMENT COFFERS (plural: kho bạc nhà nước)

=> leading to BUDGET DEFICITS, TAX HIKES (= tax increase), or REDUCED WELFARE

9 THÀNH TÍCH HỌC TẬP TỐT/ KÉM

HIGH-PERFORMING STUDENTS = TOP STUDENTS

*fall behind in their study

* face peer pressure → drain their self-confidence

=> lose momentum + find it hard to resume their education

deteriorating / poor + academic performance

Be indifferent to their study: thờ ơ với việc học của mình Lose their dive to work hard

Skip class/ miss exams

Attain better academic results

Gain high-achieving academic result

Make significant academic progress

Improve students’ academic performance

Be inclined to study in earnest: có khuynh hướng làm gì rất nghiêm túc

[[[ note: be inclined to V = be likely to V]]]

Apply themselves to getting good grades: chuyên tâm

để đạt được điểm tốt

10 1 NĂM KHÔNG HỌC (high school senior)

Take a gap year = gap-year taker = spare several months

= defer university enrollment (to travel or work)

● Defer doing st: delay st until a later time

= delay tertiary education for one year

= have a long-year break prior to embarking on higher education

= HAVE A BREAK (nghỉ ngơi) from studying after graduating from high school

= TAKING TIME OFF at the important age

11 TRẢI NGHIỆM NHỮNG THỨ MỚI MẺ

● Afford sb time to travel + immerse themselves in alien cultures

=> enrich their life experiences + hone practical

skills [[[note: Afford sb st = provide sb st]]]

Ex Living abroad: adapt quickly to their independent life

pick up new foreign languages

=> HAVE A BROADER VIEW OF LIFE AND BETTER PERSONAL RESOURCES TO

DRAW ON (có cái nhìn mở hơn về cuộc sống rộng và kinh nghiệm cá nhân tốt

hơn để dựa vào) => giving them an advantage in terms of COPING WITH THE

CHALLENGES OF STUDENT LIFE

—> as a by-product, sb become very knowledgeable about st

=> BROADEN THEIR HORIZONS

12 NGƯỜI TRẺ THIẾU KIẾN THỨC QUẢN LÝ TÀI CHÍNH

LEAVING SCHOOL WITHOUT A BASIC AND VITAL UNDERSTANDING OF HOW PERSONAL

FINANCES OUGHT TO BE MANAGED

= young people ARE UNABLE TO MANAGE THEIR OWN FINANCES UPON

FINISHING HIGH SCHOOL

13 LÝ DO NGƯỜI TRẺ THIẾU KIẾN THỨC QUẢN LÝ TÀI CHÍNH <<THE

NEGLIGENCE OF PARENTS AND SCHOOLS>> << /ˈneɡlɪdʒəns/: sự chểnh mảng>>

● they have been living with their parents for free

→ never needed to earn a salary + save their money → to pay bills

● Schools FOCUS INSTEAD ON classic subjects → IMPORTANT LIFE

SKILLS ARE NOT BEING TAUGHT

⇒ Both teachers and parents ARE FAILING TO PREPARE YOUNG PEOPLE FOR

REAL WORLD

14 CÁCH GIẢI QUYẾT VẤN ĐỀ

<<EQUIPPING SCHOOL LEAVERS WITH THE RIGHT SKILLS>>

● teaching them HOW MONEY IS EARNED, BUDGETED AND USED FOR

EITHER SAVINGS OR EXPENSES

- teaching young children how to manage their pocket money

- EXPAND INTO MORE SERIOUS HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES

● INCORPORATE LIFE SKILLS INTO THEIR CURRICULUM for final year

students

→ children: be able to learn in a supportive environment how their

finances need to be budgeted and managed TO AVOID DEBT PROBLEMS

LATER IN LIFE

15 HỌC ĐẠI HỌC hay NHẢY VÀO LÀM LUÔN

Teenagers face the dilemma of whether to get a job or continue their education

Get a job straight after school

= the option to start work straight after

school

= decide to find work, rather than continue

their studies

Go to college and university

= continue their studies

= continue their studies beyond school level

*Sb: start earning money as soon as

possible

→ independent → will be able to afford

their own house/ start a family

*Academic qualifications: be required in many professions

( impossible to be a doctor/teacher/ lawyer without having the

relevant degree) → tend to earn higher salaries than those with

fewer qualifications

*Sb: may progress quickly

→gain real experience/ learn

practical skills related to their

chosen profession → lead to

promotions and a successful career

*The job market is becomingincreasingly competitive →

hundreds of applicants for one position in a company

→ young people: do not havequalifications from a university orcollege → not be able to compete

16 XÁC ĐỊNH ĐƯỢC “CON ĐƯỜNG” MÌNH SẼ ĐI

● High schools: provide inadequate career guidance

OR: young adult who passes directly from school to university: BE RESTRICTED IN TERMS OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD

Spare several months looking for job opportunities

+ attending vocational training courses

+ cultivating relevant job skills

+ gain hands-on experience

=> empower students to identify a suitable career path

=> chance to achieve sb’s full potential

=> GET A CLEAR PERSPECTIVE OF (có góc nhìn rõ ràng về…) what they are hoping to

do with their lives and why

17 THEO ĐUỔI CON ĐƯỜNG SỰ NGHIỆP

Pursue career path

Work commitment: tinh thần Trách nhiệm, tận tâm với công việc

Have time for establishing sb’s career + financial stability

18 NGHỈ HỌC 1 NĂM THÌ KHÁ KHÓ ĐỂ QUAY LẠI

Young adults: + END UP NEVER RETURNING TO THEIR STUDIES

+ Find it difficult to difficult to RE-ADAPT TO AN

ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENT

19 MÔN HỌC GÌ NÊN ĐƯỢC CHO VÀO TRONG CHƯƠNG TRÌNH HỌC

SUBJECT should be included in the curriculum

= the curriculum should be dedicated to SUBJECT

= SUBJECT should be taught at school

= schools should incorporate + subject + into their curriculum

Các cách gọi môn ở trường ĐH:

Certain key subject areas = university courses

= particular university subjects = areas of knowledge

= a focus on … in higher education

>< preferred areas of study = the course of sb’s choice

Academic subjects (science, maths, ) = discipline that will be directly relevant to

one’s occupation in the future = core subjects = science subjects = science-basedsubjects = key subject areas

= a focus on technology in higher education

Non-academic subjects: arts subject/ art-based subjects

-cultivate qualities (ADAPTABILITY/ CREATIVITY/ COLLABORATIVE SKILLS) (playing music, competing in team sports, )

-allow young talents in athletic and artistic fields to be discovered

21 HỌC ĐỦ CÁC MÔN ĐỂ GIÚP TRẺ PHÁT TRIỂN TOÀN DIỆN

The provision of both academic, music and sports education: mandatory for an rounded growth of young students

all-→ Ensure the adequate physical and mental development of the next generation

22 KHAI PHÁ TIỀM NĂM

THIÊN TÀI

● Musically inclined individuals: những cá nhân có khuynh hướng âm nhạc

= sb be endowed with an aptitude for sport: được phú cho 1 tài năng gì đó

= have an aptitude for st: có khả năng thiên phú nào đó

= children with extraordinary talents

→ chance to achieve sb’s full potential

→ Young children’s INNATE ABILITIES (khả năng bẩm sinh) should be

HARNESSED (khai thác) to make these benefits more achievable

Music + sports: treated as an extracurricular activity

23 TẦM QUAN TRỌNG CỦA ART

art PLAYS A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN SOCIETY

artists are able to EXPRESS THEIR THOUGHTS AND THEIR CULTURE IN

THEIR WORK

24 TRẺ EM CÓ NÊN HỌC ART KO ?????

develop creativity and learn to express themselves in their artwork

<<artwork: uncountable] pictures and photographs prepared for books, magazines, etc.>>

● PROMOTE THEIR CREATIVITY AND IMAGINATION

Children (when they REACH ADULTHOOD): STRUGGLE TO GROW INTO DYNAMIC, INDIVIDUAL THINKERS (Without the development of

imagination and creative thinking)

● studying art: NURTURE THEIR TALENTS

● practicing art: provides a medium through which they can express their emotions and feelings

Ex young children: not HAVE THE LINGUISTIC CAPABILITIES → put

their ideas into language and thus communicate directly

=> able to CONVEY MEANING THROUGH PICTURES AND SYMBOLS

25 KO NÊN VÌ DẠY ART MÀ ẢNH HƯỞNG ĐẾN MÔN KHÁC

● it SHOULD NOT BE TAUGHT TO THE DETRIMENT OF OTHER SUBJECTS

= this should not result in more focus being placed on art rather than other subjects

= FACILITATE A HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT BOTH MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY

→ Children: HAVE A BALANCE OF ALL SUBJECTS → FACILITATE A HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT BOTH MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY

26 LỢI ÍCH CỦA HỌC NGÔN NGỮ TỪ TIỂU HỌC

● INTRODUCING THEM EARLIER/ EARLY EXPOSURE TO LANGUAGE

LEARNING a.young children PICK UP LANGUAGES much more easily than

=> THEIR COMMAND OF THE LANGUAGE (khả năng thông thạo ngôn ngữ của chúng) in later life → benefit from this early exposure

c.learning other languages: subsequently will be easier for them → gain a better understanding of other cultures

27 BẤT LỢI CỦA HỌC NGÔN NGỮ TỪ TIỂU HỌC

secondary schools: BE FACED WITH A GREAT VARIETY OF LEVELS IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES WITHIN THEIR INTAKE (đối mặt với tình trạng năng lực ngôn ngữ

đầu vào không đồng đều)

→ a classroom: experience which UNDOES THE EARLIER GAINS

→ enthusiastic primary pupils: become DEMOTIVATED

28 MÔN LỊCH SỬ

The subject of history = history = history education

29 HỌC LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA MÌNH

Learn history of their own country = learn local history

= discovery local historical legacies

= be aware of/ be alive to their roots

= learn exclusively about national history

= learn more about historic events that took place in sb’s community

= studying history of their own country, instead of that of the world

= the national history should be prioritized

= put/place heavy emphasis on children learning about local history

30 HỌC LỊCH SỬ THẾ GIỚI

Have a good grasp of foreign countries’ history

= teach children about/ acquire insights into + events that took place in other parts

of the world

= learn world history offers for greater benefits to schoolchildren

= learn history of other societies in the world

>< lack knowledge about st

31 LỢI ÍCH CỦA HỌC LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA

● Lay foundations for further development of their own country

● Be aware of their roots → instill a sense of patriotism in sb -> foster an appreciation for their national heritages => be more willing to defend and contribute to their country

● Make a great contribution to: fostering confidence + national pride + patriotism + personality << phẩm chất >> of Vietnamese people

MỌI NGƯỜI KO COI TRỌNG LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA THÌ SAO (- -)

● People: lack knowledge about national history → not respect their own traditions

● History education: be sadly lacking in most school → children:

superficial understanding about their ancestors’ past achievements and

sacrifice

=> indifferent to national current affairs

32 LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC HỌC LỊCH SỬ THẾ GIỚI

● Have a good grasp of foreign countries’ history → respect cultural differences ⇒

be key to mutual understanding + cooperation among nations

● Learn exclusively about national history → cause sb to be biased + harbor

hostile feelings about foreign people

Ex History education: features how Vietnam fought against foreign armies

→ mislead sb into thinking st + develop a distorted thinking

=> sb’s outlook: more impartial (thoroughly understand those wars in the world

context)

= Give a holistic perspective of what happened in their localities

33 HỌC SINH NÊN HỌC LỊCH SỬ VÀ VĂN HỌC CỦA ĐẤT NƯỚC MÌNH

children should study first and foremost the great books and historical

events of their own countries

= schools should focus on teaching national literature and history

= GROUND THEIR PUPILS IN THE LOCAL CULTURE (đưa học sinh đến với văn

hóa trong nước)

Physical classrooms

= Traditional classroom model

= Be taught face to face by actual teachers

= conventional classrooms

= learning in a classroom

= conventional learning

= traditional courses In-person meeting/events

E-learning = internet-based learning

= Virtual learning

= web-based classes

= online learning

= learning on the Internet online courses provider

= learn at the comfort of one’s own home

= virtual environment

= the advent of online classes

= online university courses

LỢI ÍCH:

● studying the ideas, culture and history of their own countries →

DEVELOP A SENSE OF IDENTITY

● AN EMPHASIS ON NATIONAL LITERATURE AND HISTORY

→ GIVES EDUCATORS A NARROWER TEACHING SCOPE → MAKING

CURRICULUM DESIGN AN EASIER TASK

34 BẤT LỢI CỦA HỌC LỊCH SỬ VÀ VĂN HỌC NƯỚC NGOÀI

(COVER ASPECTS OF FOREIGN HISTORY AND LITERATURE )

- the study of global events and foreign novels: CAUSE UNNECESSARY

DIFFICULTY AND CONFUSION FOR SCHOOL PUPILS

- EXPOSURE TO INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE : require the teaching of a

foreign language or the use of translations

Young people: ARE SIMPLY NOT READY FOR SUCH COMPLICATIONS

35 NGUYÊN NHÂN HỌC DỐT LỊCH SỬ

- Be largely ignored by a large number of students

The contents of history curricula + textbooks : be overloaded + lack reality

=> lack interest in history subject => sb be ignorant about national current affairs

36 HỌC ONLINE vs HỌC TRỰC TIẾP

Internet to deliver schooling online.

37 LỢI ÍCH CỦA LỚP HỌC TRỰC TIẾP

● Certain fields: require physical interaction

→ Disciplines (Chemistry/ Engineering): involve elaborate lab set-up and equipment:

cơ sở vật chất và dụng cụ thí nghiệm phức tạp

● Classroom dynamics: tương tác trong lớp học

→ The interactive activities + live discussions in physical lecture → improve sb’s interpersonal skills = two-way interaction

38 LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC HỌC ONLINE

● Allow learners to study in a flexible way → work whenever and wherever is

convenient ( overcome time constraints/limits + geographical boundaries:

helpful in rural and remote areas)

+ cover the material at their own pace

● The cost of a university education: be greatly reduced

The revenues for institutions may increase

● Offer open access to anybody who is willing to study, regardless of age,

location, ability, and background

39 BẤT LỢI CỦA HỌC ONLINE

● Less direct interaction

Not have the opportunity to engage face-to-face with their teachers → will instead have to rely on written-forms of communication

Students: do not come into direct contact with each other → negative impacts on

peer support, discussion and exchange of ideas.

Online learners: be restricted to chatting through website forum areas (diễn đàn

Cover running costs/ numerous expenses

run a bricks-and-mortar operation → space (mặt bằng)/ administrative staff/ salaries/ electricity/ rent

b.help sb overcome time constraints/limits + geographical boundaries (helpful in

rural and remote areas)

41 BẤT LỢI CỦA LÀM GÌ ONLINE

● to require high levels of discipline and commitment → to have no supervision

and restrictions

- to easily get distracted by things like movies/ online games/…

→ to negatively affect their work performance and productivity

● might experience feelings of loneliness and isolation sometimes

—> to have less chance to interact and communicate directly with their

colleagues and clients

⇒ to be difficult to develop social skills (communication, teamwork skills, )

42 GIAO BÀI TẬP VỀ NHÀ

The setting homework

= sb be given homework by their teachers

= setting homework

= do further study

<<<Homework is an unnecessary burden on children>>

43 ĐÓNG VAI TRÒ QUAN TRỌNG TRONG GIÁO DỤC

St be a necessary aspect of education

= st play an important role in the education of children

= st has an important role to play in the schooling of children

44 CẢI THIỆN KẾT QUẢ GIÁO DỤC

- (so do nothing to) improve educational outcomes

- Improve/enhance educational quality (v)

= increased educational quality (n ph)

= enhance academic achievements

= both the learners and the educators can achieve higher academically

>< the classroom learning environment may be detrimentally affected

45 LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC GIAO BÀI TẬP VỀ NHÀ

- Encourage independent learning and problem solving

→ Children are challenged to work through tasks alone and at their own pace

→ apply the knowledge they have learned in the classroom

=>consolidate their understanding of the concepts taught by their teachers at

school

⇒ develop an independent study habit → prepare them to work alone as adults

46 CHỈ TRÍCH GIÁO VIÊN

Make comments or even criticism on their teachers

= evaluate and criticize their educators

= judge teachers

= express their thoughts and feelings towards teachers

47 MẤT ĐI SỰ TÔN TRỌNG VÀ KỈ LUẬT TRONG LỚP HỌC

Lead to Loss of respect and discipline

= disrespect and indiscipline are an unavoidable outcome of this approach

= undermine students’ sense of respect and discipline

= respect for teacher may be lost

= disrespect and lack of discipline

= some classes may experience some initial instability

48 HỌC SINH PHÁ LỚP

+High school students: generally immature and inexperienced

→ lose their temper + overreact each them they are disciplined by teachers

+ Students see their peers criticizing the teachers

→ think of such action as the right way to behave + start to imitate it

49 GIÁO DỤC CHO PHÉP HỌC SINH ĐK GÓP Ý VỚI GIÁO VIÊN

-Promote student-centered teaching with two-way communication

→ Open discussions between teachers and students on any topic ( teaching methodology + the effectiveness of the teaching programmes)

= receive feedback from students

→ students: more proactive in studying

→ teachers: better their pedagogical skills << Kĩ năng sư phạm>> /ˌpedəˈɡɑːdʒɪk/

50 SỐNG Ở TRƯỜNG

● (most colleges are concentrated in urban centers

→ daily commute: difficult for those who live in rural areas or even suburban residents)

● Live in dormitory = = stay in a dormitory = live on campus = board at school

= on-campus housing = choose on-campus residences

51 LỢI ÍCH CỦA SỐNG Ở TRƯỜNG

foster personal growth = foster the all-round personal development

- students with discrepant << /di'skrepənt/ khác biệt>> preferences: learn

to make compromises

- Assume << đảm đương>> responsibility in all aspect of life

→ Teach students to be more independent (manage their personal finances + take care of their own nutritional needs)

= acquire skills necessary for self-reliance ( financial management + solving + meal planning + home management )

problem-[acquire: to gain something by your own efforts, ability or behavior]

= become more self-reliant ← have to budget+cook for themselves

- have easy access to libraries + various learning resources (readily available at

university)

52 SỐNG Ở NHÀ

Live with their parents ( be more accommodating << sẵn sàng giúp đỡ>>) Be over-reliant on their parents

53 HỌC ĐỦ CÁC MÔN ĐỂ GIÚP TRẺ PHÁT TRIỂN TOÀN DIỆN

The provision of both academic, music and sports education: mandatory for an all- rounded growth of young students

Ensure the adequate physical and mental development of the next generation

54 HỌC ĐÚNG SAI KHI CÒN NHỎ

One important stage in a child’s growth: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A

CONSCIENCE << lương tâm>>

( BE LINKED TO THE ABILITY TO TELL RIGHT FROM WRONG)

55 PHẠT CON TRẺ LÀ KO TỐT

● punish a very young child: IS BOTH WRONG AND FOOLISH

- AN INFANT: not understand what is happening or why he or she is being punished

- ONCE THE AGE OF REASON IS REACHED (một khi đã đến độ tuổi biết

phân biệt đúng sai)

→ child: be REWARDED FOR GOOD BEHAVIOUR (được thưởng vì cư xử tốt) + DISCOURAGED FROM BAD

- HARSH PUNISHMENTS: ENTAIL MANY NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES

UNINTENDED BY THE PARENTS

56 CÁC CÁCH ĐỂ DẠY CON TRẺ BIẾT ĐÚNG SAI

a PROVIDE GOOD ROLE MODELLING IN THEIR OWN BEHAVIOUR (làm tấm

gương tốt trong chính hành vi của họ)

b IF SANCTIONS ARE NEEDED (nếu hình phạt là cần thiết), THE PUNISHMENT SHOULD NOT BE OF A PHYSICAL NATURE (không nên

trừng phạt về mặt thể chất)

→ MERELY SENDS THE MESSAGE THAT: IT IS ACCEPTABLE FOR

LARGER PEOPLE TO HIT SMALLER ONES

=> the child: start to BULLY OTHERS

c teachers and parents: USE A VARIETY OF METHODS TO DISCIPLINE THEIR YOUNG CHARGES, SUCH AS DETENTION, WITHDRAWAL OF PRIVILEGES, AND TIME-OUT (sử dụng đa dạng phương pháp để kỷ luật

những đứa trẻ như là phạt không cho ra ngoài, rút lại các quyền lợi vàthời gian chơi)

→ MAKING THE PUNISHMENT FIT THE CRIME (đưa ra hình phạt tương

xứng với lỗi lầm mà trẻ mắc phải)

Ex children: being made to PICK UP RUBBISH THEY HAVE DROPPED/ CLEANED UP GRAFFITI THEY HAVE DRAWN/ APOLOGIZE TO SOMEONE THEY HAVE HURT

→ leads to much better future behavior than does punishment

57 TRẺ EM PHẢI LÀM VIỆC CỰC NHỌC

THE KIND OF WORK UNDERTAKEN

- Young children: do ARDUOUS /ˈɑːrdʒuəs/ AND REPETITIVE TASKS on A

FACTORY PRODUCTION LINE (dây chuyền sản xuất ở nhà máy)

- THERE ARE HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED

→ employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money

by paying them less than adults → EXPLOITATION

58 LÝ DO TRẺ EM PHẢI LÀM VIỆC CỰC NHỌC

● their families: need THE ADDITIONAL INCOME → CONTRIBUTE TO

THE FAMILY INCOME

● IN BETTER ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES → few parents: send their

children out to FULL-TIME PAID WORK

→ having LIGHT, PART-TIME JOBS → LEARNING RESPONSIBILITIES

AND WORK EXPERIENCE: important

● helping their parents around the family home (unpaid) → of OF VALUE IN CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT

59 MIỄN THUẾ CHO AI

- Not be required to pay taxes

= reduce taxes for sb

= sb were given a tax discount

= financial/tax concessions should not be made for sb

[NOTE: concession: a reduction in an amount of money that has to be paid]

CÁC VIỆC CẦN XỬ LÝ KHI MIỄN THUẾ:

+ Calculate the correct amount of tax reduction for sb

+ Staff would be required to manage this complex process

+ Poorer people pay higher taxes than the rich

60 ĐÓNG THUẾ ĐỂ HỖ TRỢ TRƯỜNG CÔNG (trong trường hợp bố mẹ gửi con

=> A well-funded education system << 1 hệ thống GD đk hỗ trợ>>

→ provide well qualified and competent staff <nhân viên giỏi, có trình độ>>

61 XÃ HỘI BÌNH ĐẲNG - KHÔNG BÌNH ĐẲNG

An egalitarian society /iˌɡælɪˈteriən/

= everyone has the same rights and the same opportunities

= Equal rights

= equality

= live in a fair society

→ Feel more motivated to work hard + reach their full potential

###Inequality

→ lose their motivation to succeed

→ would be more likely to demotivate people because they know that the odds of success were stacked in favor of those from privileged backgrounds

62 BÌNH ĐẲNG TRONG GIÁO DỤC → THÀNH CÔNG

(Education → personal success in life )

● Have access to free schooling

= higher education should be either free or affordable for all those who chose

to pursue a university degree

>< without free schooling + affordable higher education

KHÔNG BÌNH ĐẲNG TRONG GIÁO DỤC

Young adults from wealthier families: have access to the best learning opportunities

→ be better prepared for the job market

⇒ ensure the success of some BUT harm the prospects of others

63 BẮT HỌC SINH LÀM CÔNG VIỆC TÌNH NGUYỆN

- Work on a volunteer basis = work for free and help others

- Force all teenagers to do unpaid work

= oblige young people to do unpaid work

= be given the added responsibility of working in their spare time

>< should not make this compulsory

It goes against the values of a free and fair society to force a group of people to do something against their will → only lead to resentment amongst young people

64 HỌC SINH RẤT BẬN HỌC

Most young people: are already under enough pressure with their studies

- School is just as demanding as a full-time job

- Teachers expect their students to do homework and exam revision on top of

attending lessons every day

→ have some free time → we should encourage them to enjoy it with their friends/ spend

it doing sports or leisure activities

<< THEY HAVE MANY YEARS OF WORK AHEAD OF THEM WHEN THEY FINISH THEIR

STUDIES>>

65 CÓ ÍCH CHO XÃ HỘI

Benefit both the individual teenager and society as a whole

= society has anything to gain from doing st

66 HẠNH PHÚC RẤT KHÓ ĐỊNH NGHĨA

THE PERSONAL NATURE OF HAPPINESS MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO DESCRIBE

= Happiness is difficult to define

= almost IMPOSSIBLE TO GIVE A PRECISE DEFINITION OF HAPPINESS

67 MỖI NGƯỜI CÓ 1 KHÁI NIỆM VỀ HẠNH PHÚC KHÁC NHAU

it means something different to each individual person

= sb feels happy in a variety of different ways

= people INTERPRETED HAPPINESS FOR THEMSELVES

NOBODY CAN FULLY UNDERSTAND OR EXPERIENCE ANOTHER PERSON’S FEELINGS

68 NHỮNG THỨ KHIẾN MỌI NGƯỜI HẠNH PHÚC

Have our own particular passions (take pleasure)

While some people LINK HAPPINESS TO WEALTH AND MATERIAL SUCCESS

- SPIRITUAL PATHS (định hướng về mặt tinh thần) >< THE MATERIAL

WORLD >< relationships with people,

+ DERIVE A SENSE OF SATISFACTION FROM EARNING MONEY or

achieving success+ health and family are much more important →

LOVING RELATIONSHIPS

TO PEACEFULNESS: be associated with the idea of happiness

- good health + the skills to EARN A LIVING + A

PEACEFUL ENVIRONMENT

>< GETTING ANNOYED ABOUT TRIVIAL THINGS

69.CÁC YẾU TỐ ĐỂ ĐẠT ĐK HẠNH PHÚC (some basic preconditions to

achieving it )

● our basic needs for shelter, food and company need to be fulfilled

- HAVE A SAFE PLACE TO LIVE AND ENOUGH FOOD TO EAT → OUR BASICSURVIVAL NEEDS: must surely be met before we can lead a pleasant life

● the greatest joy in life → be found in shared experiences with family andfriends

● BE INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM + A SENSE OF PURPOSE IN LIFE

Experience happiness = lead a pleasant life = the greatest joy in life

70 CHÍNH PHỦ NÊN ĐƯA RA 1 MỨC LƯƠNG TỐI ĐA

=governments to set a limit on the wages of the highest earners in society

= introduce a maximum wage

= employee remuneration should be capped at a certain level

= introduce a limit on earnings

= a maximum wage limit on extremely high earners

= a maximum wage legislation was adopted

= Setting a limit on earnings

71 LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC ĐẶT 1 MỨC LƯƠNG

● THE PAY-GAP between bosses and employees: be reduced

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL AND TOP SALARIES: huge

→ demotivate workers who feel that the situation is unfair

● With lower executive salaries: feasible to INTRODUCE HIGHER MINIMUM WAGES → everybody would be better off

● possible consequence of greater equality: POVERTY AND CRIME RATES fall

← THE GENERAL POPULATION: EXPERIENCE AN IMPROVED STANDARD OF LIVING

=> Many studies show that countries with a narrower income gap often have lower poverty and crime rates than those experiencing growing economic inequality.

● The decrease in income inequality would have beneficial effects on firms and

society as a whole

o Companies might cut a huge sum spent on executives’ salaries, and thus have more to invest in other important aspects, such as marketing and promotions, which help increase sales figures.

72 KIẾM TIỀN THEO KHẢ NĂNG

allow people to earn as much as companies are willing to pay

= allow people to be paid extremely high salaries

= companies offer excellent pay packages

=paying high salaries

=have the freedom to earn as much as they can

73 LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC CHO PHÉP KIẾM TIỀN THEO KHẢ NĂNG

+ attract the most talented people in their fields to work for them

Ex technology companies like Google are able to EMPLOY THE BESTPROGRAMMERS because of THE HUGE SUMS because of THE HUGE SUMS

+ these WELL-PAID EMPLOYEES BE HIGHLY MOTIVATED TO WORK HARD

→ DRIVE THEIR BUSINESSES SUCCESSFULLY → RESULT IN ATHRIVING ECONOMY/ increased tax revenues

74 BẤT LỢI CỦA VIỆC ĐẶT RA 1 MỨC LƯƠNG

● Setting a limit on earnings: encourage the most skilled workers, who make significant contributions to their companies, to leave and work in a foreign

country

● This brain drain of the top employees would cause enterprises and the economy great damage.

- The absence of a skilled executive, for example, might cause a company

a loss of thousands of dollars, and it would take quite a long time to hire another one.

- be almost impossible for an economy to thrive when its well-educated and skilled workforce is willing to work in another country where they are offered extraordinarily high pay packages.

75 TIỀN LƯƠNG LÀ THỨ CẦN CÂN NHẮC KHI CHỌN VIỆC

choose their jobs BASED ON THE SIZE OF THE SALARY OFFERED

= When choosing a job, the salary is the most important consideration

= money is the key consideration when deciding on a career

= salaries certainly AFFECT PEOPLE’S CHOICE OF PROFESSION

76 TIỀN LƯƠNG OK THÌ SAO

● MEET THEIR BASIC NEEDS : need money to PAY FOR HOUSING, FOOD,

BILLS, HEALTH CARE, AND EDUCATION

→ earn a salary that ALLOWS THEM TO COVER THESE NEEDS + HAVE A

REASONABLE QUALITY OF LIFE

● >< chose their jobs BASED ON ENJOYMENT OR OTHER NON-

FINANCIAL FACTORS → difficult to support themselves

Ex Artists and musicians (choosing A CAREER PATH ) → not always

provide them with enough money to live comfortably and RAISE A

FAMILY (nuôi sống gia đình

77 NHỮNG YẾU TỐ KHÁC CŨNG QUAN TRỌNG KHI CHỌN VIỆC

MONEY: NOT OUTWEIGH ALL OTHER MOTIVATORS

● personal relationships + the atmosphere in a workplace

→ Having a good manager or friendly colleagues: MAKE A HUGE

DIFFERENCE TO WORKERS’ LEVELS OF HAPPINESS AND GENERAL

QUALITY OF LIFE

● people’s feelings of job satisfaction: COME FROM THEIR PROFESSIONAL

ACHIEVEMENTS + the skills they learn + the position they reach

● WANT TO Help others and CONTRIBUTE SOMETHING POSITIVE TO

SOCIETY

78 SỰ HÀI LÒNG CÔNG VIỆC

one’s job must REFLECT HOW AN INDIVIDUAL FEELS ABOUT HIS OR HER LIFE

AS A WHOLE

JOB SATISFACTION: BE INDEED VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE WELL-BEING OF THAT PERSON

79 LÀM SAO ĐỂ TẠO RA ĐK SỰ HÀI LÒNG TRONG CÔNG VIỆC

FEEL GREATER DEGREES OF JOB SATISFACTION (có được mức độ hài lòng với công việc cao hơn)

● a person: feel that they are doing VALUABLE WORK → POSITIVE FEEDBACK FROM SUPERIORS: important

→ A SENSE OF FULFILLMENT: → a worker feels the job is worth doing

=> the job: CONTRIBUTES TO THE SOCIETY OR THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE

● someone: feels they are IMPROVING OR DEVELOPING THEIR SKILLS THROUGH TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES ⇒ A SENSE OF PROGRESSION AND PURPOSE

● The SENSE OF BELONGING TO A TEAM + or a working community ->

contributes to job satisfaction

COLLEAGUES: help each other to enjoy their working lives

=>A SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY for + LOYALTY TO A TEAM : increase

Satisfaction

80 ĐIỀU GÌ DẪN TỚI SỰ KO HÀI LÒNG TRONG CÔNG VIỆC

HARD ECONOMIC REALITIES → people have little choice in the kind of job

→ an employee is working in a job that suits neither skills nor their PERSONALITY

+ Jobs: REPETITIVE AND BORING

AND INSECURITY

81 LÀM VIỆC NHIỀU H VÀ TÁC HẠI

- to work longer hours≈ to spend more time at work =to spend a large amount oftime working ≈ to devote a huge amount of time to their work:

- Hectic/packed work schedules = become occupied with their intense

study schedules

TÁC HẠI

● poor/ low work productivity ≈ poor work performance

→ to make more errors at work ≈ to be more likely to have accidents

=> to cause a company great damage ≈ to sign risky contracts and face a risk of

monetary loss

● to feel bored and stressed ≈ to experience feelings of boredom and stress

82 MẶC ĐỒNG PHỤC Ở CHỖ LÀM <<dress codes = the way people dress >

= st be not applicable to all occupations or sectors of the economy

= employees' clothing ARE STILL RELEVANT IN OTHER WORK SITUATIONS

>< stopped telling their staff how to dress

= be encouraged to DRESS CASUALLY

= ARE FREE TO DRESS HOW THEY LIKE

= STRICT DRESS CODES ARE COMPLETELY UNNECESSARY

= THE TREND TOWARDS RELAXED DRESS CODES for workers

83 MẶC ĐỒNG PHỤC KO QUAN TRỌNG

<<the way people dress SHOULD BE SEEN AS IRRELEVANT IN MANY WORK CONTEXTS>>

Ex the most successful companies in the world, including TECHNOLOGY

GIANTS (những gã khổng lồ công nghệ) like Google and Facebook: famous for

THE RELAXED OFFICE ENVIRONMENTS that they try to create

+ Employees: be encouraged to DRESS CASUALLY

+ the company executives and leaders: be rarely seen wearing anything

other than T-shirts and jeans

BUT: managers and PROGRAMMERS ARE FREE TO DRESS HOW THEY LIKE : be expected to PRODUCE WORK OF OUTSTANDING QUALITY

the performance and GLOBAL DOMINANCE of such companies that STRICT DRESS CODES ARE COMPLETELY UNNECESSARY in THE TECHNOLOGY SECTOR

84 MẶC ĐỒNG PHỤC QUAN TRỌNG

<<dress codes STILL EXIST FOR GOOD REASON IN CERTAIN PROFESSIONS>

= employees' clothing ARE STILL RELEVANT IN OTHER WORK SITUATIONS

Ex1 certain professionals( nurses, police officers and airline pilots) to wear uniforms

→ These uniforms: HAVE A PRACTICAL OR SAFETY FUNCTION + IDENTIFY

THE PERSON’S POSITION OR ROLE IN SOCIETY

Ex2 a lawyer, politician or school principal: choose to wear formal clothing

in order to PORTRAY AN IMAGE OF AUTHORITY, TRUSTWORTHINESS AND

DILIGENCE ← most of us: prefer to SEE THESE PROFESSIONALS IN SMART,

FORMAL ATTIRE

FINANCE, MONEY, BUSINESS

85 PHÁT TRIỂN KINH TẾ

St be key in driving economic productivity = a thriving economy = prosperity

= Bolster economic growth: thúc đẩy sự phát triển kinh tế

ECONOMIC PROGRESS = economic growth = a strong economy = economic factors

86 TẬP TRUNG PHÁT TRIỂN KINH TẾ CÓ TÁC DỤNG J ??

<<the economy is obviously a key marker of a country’s success

= economic growth IS SEEN AS A FUNDAMENTAL GOAL FOR COUNTRIES>>

● a healthy economy → RESULTS IN JOB CREATION / A HIGH LEVEL OF EMPLOYMENT/ BETTER SALARIES FOR ALL CITIZENS

● ECONOMIC PROGRESS → more money is available for governments to SPEND

ON INFRASTRUCTURE / PUBLIC SERVICES

Ex a government with HIGHER REVENUES→ INVEST IN THE COUNTRY’S TRANSPORT NETWORK/ its education system/ its hospitals

● a strong economy → HELP A COUNTRY’S STANDING ON THE GLOBAL STAGE IN TERMS OF (về mặt) its POLITICAL INFLUENCE and TRADING POWER (năng lực

thương mại)

87 NHỮNG VẤN ĐỀ KHÁC CX CẦN ĐK CHÍNH PHỦ QUAN TÂM

various other forms of progress are just as significant as ST

● CONSIDER THE AREA OF SOCIAL JUSTICE, HUMAN RIGHTS, EQUALITY

AND DEMOCRACY itself (xem xét các khía cạnh công bằng xã hội, nhân

● the success of a nation: be measured by looking at the health,

WELL-BEING (sự no ấm) and happiness of its residents

88 QUAN TRỌNG

ST be of course essential = is obviously a key marker of st

IS SEEN AS A FUNDAMENTAL GOAL FOR COUNTRIES

ANOTHER KEY CONSIDERATION when JUDGING THE PROGRESS of A MODERN

COUNTRY should be

89 CÓ TRÁCH NHIỆM VỚI XÃ HỘI

enterprises also need to have public responsibilities

= they should also conduct their business in a socially responsible manner

= all businesses should profoundly reflect upon their social responsibilities: các doanh

nghiệp nên suy ngẫm một cách sâu sắc về trách nghiệm xã hội

→ enhance their public image through philanthropic actions (provide scholarships + give charitable donations)

90 TẠO RA LỢI NHUẬN, KIẾM TIỀN (DÀNH CHO DOANH NGHIỆP)

Make money = generate profit = maximize their profits = make profits = the higher the profits earned by enterprises = earn huge profits

Be the top priority = be the fundamental principle of business

91 DOANH NGHIỆP TÌM KIẾM LỢI NHUẬN

Businesses HAVE ALWAYS SOUGHT TO MAKE A PROFIT

= make money place importance on FINANCIAL OBJECTIVES

~ RUN WITH THE SOLE AIM OF MAXIMISING PROFIT (hoạt động với mục tiêu duy

nhất là tối đa hóa lợi nhuận)

→ SURVIVE IN A COMPETITIVE WORLD

92 VIỆC DOANH NGHIỆP CẦN LÀM ĐỂ TỒN TẠI

● COVER ITS RUNNING COSTS / EMPLOYEES’ WAGES / PAYMENTS FOR BUILDINGS (chi phí cơ sở hạ tầng) and utilities

>< unable to pay its bills// meet the changing needs of customers

● invest in improvements and innovations → to remain successful

→ BE IN GOOD FINANCIAL HEALTH

93 TRÁCH NHIỆM XÃ HỘI

Companies have THE SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS

= businesses should do more for society

= concerns about social responsibilities

= MAKE A POSITIVE CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY

= HAVE A WIDER ROLE TO PLAY IN SOCIETY (có vai trò lớn hơn trong xã hội).

= PLACE as much IMPORTANCE ON (chú trọng vào) their social responsibilities as they

do on st

94 VIỆC DOANH NGHIỆP CẦN LÀM ĐỂ CÓ TRÁCH NHIỆM XH

● owners and managers: treat their employees well treat their employees well

Ex pay a “living wage” to ensure that workers HAVE A GOOD QUALITY OF LIFE

● Businesses: use a proportion of their profits to SUPPORT LOCAL CHARITIES, environmental projects or EDUCATION INITIATIVES

● COMPANY BOSSES: be happy to CONTRIBUTE TO SOCIETY THROUGH THE TAX SYSTEM instead of trying to minimize their tax payments by USING ACCOUNTING LOOPHOLES

95 SỰ PHÁT TRIỂN CỦA DOANH NGHIỆP DẪN TỚI SỰ MẤT ĐI LIÊN KẾT VĂN

HÓA

development of business results in a loss of cultural ties between countries

= The development of business: had a negative impact on CULTURAL TIES BETWEEN COUNTRIES

96.SỰ PHÁT TRIỂN KINH DOANH → DẪN TỚI MỖI LIÊN KẾT VĂN HÓA GIỮA CÁC

QUỐC GIA

● international business → NEW RELATIONSHIPS

BETWEEN COUNTRIES THAT PREVIOUSLY HAD LITTLE CONTACT

- products from countries all around the world: available to the everyday

person → RAISES THEIR AWARENESS OF these countries

⇒ AS AWARENESS BETWEEN COUNTRIES GROWS, SO TOO DOES CULTURAL RESPECT AND INTEREST

→ more people traveling abroad: EXPERIENCE NEW CULTURES THAN EVER BEFORE

Ex the long lasting cultural interest between China and Europe which was initially brought about by the silk trade

97 GIẢM THỜI GIAN DÀNH CHO GIA ĐÌNH

Quality family time be on the decline = reduced family time

= the absence of family time = st deprive sb of time spent for family

= be occupied with st

= not spend as much time with their family as they used to in the past

= struggle for time to bond with their spouse or children

= insufficient time for family

= the increasingly less family together time

98 GẮN KẾT VỚI GIA ĐÌNH

- Bond with their spouse or children

- engage in conversation with their parents

>< become isolated from their family

Family bond (n) = family ties

ESTABLISH THE CORRECT BALANCE BETWEEN FAMILY LIFE AND WORKING LIFE

99 DÙNG CÔNG NGHỆ NHIỀU ẢNH HƯỞNG TỚI CÁC MỐI QUAN HỆ

Younger generation: to engage in screen-time activities:→ become overly addicted to technology → be isolated from their family = heavy use of technology gadgets

(text with friends via social media)

100 GIA ĐÌNH KHÔNG HẠNH PHÚC

St further the distance between family members

→ fuel misunderstandings in the family + potential conflicts, even divorces in worst- case scenarios.

● to have a negative effect on family relationships

= to weaken family bonds

= to lead to arguments and conflicts between parents and their

offspring (NOTE: (plural offspring))

101 SINH CON MUỘN: have/ bear children later in life = late childbirth = delay parenthood = delay of childbearing = postpone parenthood

RỦI RO KHI SINH CON MUỘN

to be difficult to conceive/ become pregnancy: khó thụ thai / mang thai → a baby with Down syndrome

TẠI SAO SINH CON MUỘN VẪN OK!!

+ Latent risks of health problems + death

[latent: existing, but not yet clear, active or well developed]

⇒ can be mitigated by recent leaps in medical fields

+ have life experience = hands-on experience: give sb greater skills in nurturing a well- rounded child

+ to be better prepared to deal with the problems of adult life

= to be better prepared for their future

102 CHI PHÍ NUÔI DẠY CON CÁI

- the ballooning/escalating childcare costs/ the high cost of raising a child

→ put/place a burden on most younger couples

=> financial stability -> easily manage a better life quality for their children (high-quality education + better health care services)

=> to be financially ready to raise children

- have lasting economic insecurity, which has caused them → to choose to delay

parenthood

103 CÔNG VIỆC NUÔI DẠY CON

- Provide the basics for sb:

+ give the financial support necessary to provide home/ food/ clothes/

+ make sure the child is safe/ receive an adequate education

- Involve themselves in the everyday activity of bringing them up

+ Spend as much time with sb+ Play with them/ read to them

+ Help directly with their education + Participate very fully in their lives and encourage them to share his

MẸ GÁNH VÁC TRÁCH NHIỆM NUÔI CON

parents SHOULDER A HUGE RESPONSIBILITY (gánh vác trách nhiệm to lớn) and

that raising children IS BY NO MEANS AN EASY TASK (chắc chắn không phải một

nhiệm vụ dễ dàng)

104 NUÔI DẠY CON: parenting (n) việc nuôi dạy con cái

Parenting skill (n) kĩ năng nuôi dạy con Parental (a)

Parental guidance (n) sự định hướng của cha

mẹ Parental influence (n) sự ảnh hưởng của

cha mẸ Childbearing practice (n) nuôi dạy

con cái

105 VAI TRÒ NUÔI DẠY CON CỦA BỐ VÀ MẸ LÀ NHƯ NHAU

Child-rearing: the responsibility of both parents

= sb: be responsible for bringing the children up

~Both parents: provide emotional support + role-models for their children

# The role within that partnership : different >< equal in importance ( quan trọng như

nhau>>

106 BỊ BUỘC LÀM GÌ

should be required to = force sb to V

107 THAM GIA CÁC KHÓA HỌC LÀM CHA MẸ

take a course that prepares them to be good parents

= training courses for parents

= require the intervention of a taught course.

= COMPULSORY PARENTING LESSONS

= ATTEND PARENTING COURSES

= all future parents should TAKE A PARENTHOOD PREPARATION COURSE

= attend regular parenting classes

= impossible to ENFORCE THE IDEA OF COMPULSORY TRAINING FOR PARENTS

108 LỢI ÍCH CỦA THAM GIA KHÓA HỌC NUÔI DẠY CON

take parenting courses → are better prepared for parenthood.

→ Mums and dads in parenting classes are equipped with basic medical training to deal with emergency situations more effectively.

Ex First aid training << đào tạo sơ cứu>> teaches parents what to do if their child has a high fever or a breathing issue.

109 THAM GIA KHÓA HỌC LÀM CHA MẸ LÀ PHI THỰC TẾ

● Impractical

- MANY PROSPECTIVE PARENTS HAVE JOBS AND BUSY SCHEDULES → not be

willing or able to attend regular parenting classes

- be difficult to CREATE A PARENTING COURSE TO SUIT EVERYONE

- people : not agree on what good parenting entails

110 THAM GIA KHÓA HỌC LÀM CHA MẸ LÀ KO CẦN THIẾT

● unnecessary

- Mothers and fathers: have been raising children WITHOUT ANY FORMAL HELP OR OFFICIAL INTERFERENCE for thousands of years

→ Parenting skills: be learnt from family members, friends, neighbors

and the surrounding culture

- adults: LEARN TO BE GOOD PARENTS BY INSTINCT/ BY TRIAL AND ERROR/ and BY GETTING TO KNOW THEIR OWN CHILDREN

Ex a good parent will TRY DIFFERENT STRATEGIES → FACED WITH A BADLY-BEHAVED CHILD + GRADUALLY DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING

OF WHAT WORKS TO CORRECT THE BEHAVIOR

⇒ SUCH A SCHEME WOULD BE UNWORKABLE AND LARGELY POINTLESS

111 NUÔNG CHIỀU CON CÁI: <<people’s personalities are shaped at an early age>>

ĐÁP ỨNG MỌI NHU CẦU CỦA BỌN TRẺ CON

Accommodate sb’s children’s every demand

= fulfill all of their wishes = overindulging children

= sb be granted every request = parents’ over-indulgence

= permissive parenting style

some parents: ARE OVERLY PERMISSIVE (quá nuông chiều)

+ tend to SPOIL THEIR CHILDREN (làm hỏng những đứa con của họ).

-> Parents may Inadvertently teach their children to be overly reliant on others

-> develop a habit of pestering + relying on their parents for everything

-> deprive sb of the motivation to work towards their own goals in life⇒ affect schoolperformance

112 ẢNH HƯỞNG TIÊU CỰC CỦA VIỆC NUÔNG CHIỀU CON CÁI

have a range of negative long-term consequences

= This style of parenting for children have consequences as they get older

● ĐƯA TIỀN TIÊU VẶT NHIỀU

give generous allowances/ pocket money

-> unlikely to be able to budget + manage their personal finances in later life

=> the inability to be fully independent → cause sb to struggle in many facets of life

● QUÁ LỎNG LẺO TRONG GIÁM SÁT

Give sb too much personal freedom = without parents’ close supervision = parents’

negligence: sự chểnh mảng của cha mẹ = an unsupervised childhood

-> be vulnerable to negative influences + adopt harmful habits

VD1 parents allow sb to play games at Internet cafes (cursing is the norm)

→ Vietnamese children: use profanities (lời nói tục tĩu) from very young age

=> incite disobedience + recklessness (khích động sự chống đối + sự liều lĩnh)

-> a rebellious adolescence (thời kì thanh thiếu niên nổi loạn + a troubled adulthood

(thời kì trưởng thành đầy khó khăn)

→ commit illegal acts

VD2: spend less time with children

→ inadvertently leave children more vulnerable to toxic influences from bad friends/

the media consumption

=> increased violence and crime

NOTE: babyhood/ infancy → childhood (khi 1 đứa trẻ học cấp 1)→ adolescence (khi 1

đứa trẻ học cấp 2)→ adulthood (khi 1 người bước sang tuổi 18)

● ẢNH HƯỞNG VỀ TÍNH CÁCH

THE CHILDREN OF INDULGENT OF LENIENT PARENTS (những đứa trẻ sống

trong sự nuông chiều từ các bậc phụ huynh hay khoan nhượng) : are likely to

GROW UP WITH SEVERAL NEGATIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS

1 children will become self- centered adults (show little consideration for the feelings or needs of others) = children grow up without CONSIDERATION FOR OTHERS

+ not learnt any SELF CONTROL OR DISCIPLINE

+ have less RESPECT FOR THEIR TEACHERS

+ refuse to OBEY SCHOOL RULES

=> AN ATTITUDE: unable to work successfully in teams with other colleagues

2 A second negative trait: be impulsiveness

A person who has never lived with any boundaries: likely to LACK THE PATIENCE TO CAREFULLY CONSIDER OPTIONS BEFORE MAKING DECISIONS

=> LEAD TO COMPULSIVE SHOPPING/ UNWISE FINANCIAL DECISIONS/ criminal activity

113 NUÔNG CHIỀU CON LÀ SAI

NOT A GOOD PARENTING STYLE (không phải là một cách dạy con tốt),

● parents WANT TO RAISE RESPECTFUL AND WELL-BEHAVED CHILDREN → certain amount of discipline is necessary

clear expectations and boundaries: necessary → important to be able to say

‘no’ to children when they MISBEHAVE OR TRY TO PUSH AGAINST THESE

BOUNDARIES

=> help young people to REGULATE THEIR DESIRES AND DEVELOP SELF CONTROL

● parents who do the opposite and constantly give in to their children’s

demands: do more harm than good.

→ ARE FAILING THEIR CHILDREN RATHER THAN BEING KIND TO THEM (làm

hư con cái của họ chứ không phải đang đối xử tốt với chúng)

Children: be allowed to have whatever they want, REGARDLESS OF (không màng

đến) price to BEHAVE AS THEY PLEASE

114 CÁCH GIẢI QUYẾT VIỆC NUÔNG CHIỀU TRẺ

THE SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM LIES WITH THE FAMILIES (giải pháp cho vấn đề này

● PARENTING CLASSES

● HIGH-QUALITY NURSERY SCHOOLS COULD BE ESTABLISHED (trường mẫu

giáo chất lượng cao có thể được thành lập)

=> support families more in terms of RAISING THE NEXT GENERATION

115 DẠY TRẺ NÊN NGƯỜI

teaching THE NEXT GENERATION (thế hệ tiếp theo) how to be GOOD MEMBERS OF

SOCIETY/ be A VALUABLE MEMBER OF ANY COMMUNITY

=> CANNOT BE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PARENTS ALONE

● LÀ TRÁCH NHIỆM CỦA BỐ MẸ

Individual: RESPECT AND OBEY THE RULES OF THEIR COMMUNITY + SHARE THEIR VALUES