Advanced Computer Networks: Lecture 6. This lecture will cover the following: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM); constellation pattern for V.32 QAM; 2-dimensional representation; bit rate and baud rate; synchronization recovery; sentinel based approach; byte-oriented, variable-length, data-dependent;...
Trang 1CS716 Advanced Computer Networks
By Dr. Amir Qayyum
Trang 2Lecture No. 6
Trang 3• Communication between modems
• Analog phone line
• Uses a combination of amplitude and phase modulation
– known as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
• Sends one of 16 signals each clock cycle
– transmits at 2400 baud, i.e., 2,400 symbols per
second
Trang 7• Bit rate is bits per second
• If each symbol contains 4 bits then
data rate is 4 times the baud rate
Trang 8• Electronics are slow as compared to
optics
Trang 9What data rate can a channel sustain ? How is data rate related to bandwidth ?
Trang 10– Binary voltage encodings (0 Hz within symbols)
– Eye diagrams show voltage traces for all transitions
Trang 13Framing
Trang 15• Breaks continuous stream/sequence of bits into a frame and demarcates units of transfer
• Typically implemented by network adaptor
– Adaptor fetches/deposits frames out of/into host memory
Frames
Bits Adaptor Adaptor Node B Node A
Trang 16Advantages of Framing
• Synchronization recovery
– consider continuous stream of unframed bytes– recall RS232 start and stop bits
Trang 20Beginning
Ending sequence
Trang 21x 0 1 1 1 1 1
x 1 1 1 1 1 0
x 1 1 1 1 1 0
Trang 24Sentinels: HDLC
• At receiver end, if the frame received is:
– 0111110
• bit stuffed, therefore receive only 011111
• error in end of frame marker, lose two frames
– 01111110: end of frame
– 01111111: error, lose one or two frames
Trang 25• Byteoriented, variablelength, datadependent
• Special flag 01111110 for startoftext
– address and control field uses default values (FF / 8E) – protocol field used for demultiplexing (IP,LCP,…)
Trang 27• Byteoriented,variablelength,dataindependent
• Technique also applicable to bitoriented framing
• Another example: Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) uses 4B/5B
Trang 29– byteinterleaved multiplexing
– payload bytes are scrambled (data XOR 127 bit
pattern)
– STSn (STS1 = 51.84 Mbps)
Trang 31synchronization
– 2byte synchronization pattern starts each frame (unlikely to occur in data)
– wait until pattern appears in same place repeatedly
Trang 32– creates transitions
– also reduces chance of finding false sync. pattern
Trang 33• STS1 merged bytewise roundrobin into STS3
Trang 35• Problem: simultaneous synchronization of many distributed clocks
• Solution: payload frame floats within clock frame, part of overhead specifies first byte of payload
Frame 0
Frame 1
87 col
9 rows
Trang 36Error Detection
Trang 38• explicitly or implicitly – Try to correct error, if possible
Trang 39– Within network adapter (CRC check)
– Within IP layer (IP checksum)
– Possibly within application as well
Trang 41Analog Errors – Signal Distortion
• Consider RS232 encoding of character ‘Q’
• Assume idle wire (15V) before and after signal
• Calculate frequency distribution of signal A(f) using a Fourier transform
• Apply lowpass filter (drop high frequency components)
• Calculate signal using inverse Fourier
transform