Slide presentation Functional Grammar

Slide 1 GROUP 1 1 – Nguyễn Thị Thu Quỳnh 2 – Trần Thị Phương Nhung 3 – Vũ Lệ Huyền 4 – Phạm Hồng Phượng 5 – Nguyễn Phương Yến Functional Grammar Supervisor Pro Dr Hoàng Văn Vân REVIEW TEXT The context of culture The context of situation CONTEXT refers to the broad socio cultural environment ideology social conventions institutions relates to the specific situations within the socio cultural environment Three aspects of the context FIELD refers to what is to be talked or written about; TENOR is t.

5 – Nguyễn Phương Yến

1 – Nguyễn Thị Thu Quỳnh

The context of culture The context of situation

CONTEXT

refers to the broad socio-cultural environment:

- ideology

- social conventions

- institutions

relates to the specific situations within the socio-cultural environment

REVIEW

REVIEW

Three aspects of the context

listener

or the writer and reader

TENOR

is the relationship between the speaker and

listener

or the writer and reader

MODE

refers to the channel

of communi-

cation

MODE

refers to the channel

of communi-

cation

The interpersonal metafunction

It enables people to use language

to enact social relationships,

and is influenced by tenor

The ideational /experiential

metafunction

It enables people to use language

to present experience, and is

influenced by field

Textual metafunction

It enables people to use language

to construct logical and coherent

text and is influenced by mode

3 The realisations of ideational

transitivity system 3.1 Process and participants 3.2 Other participant functions 3.3 Circumstances

4 Questions

Clause as representation

I Metafunctions

Definition

Different modes of meaning construed by grammar

Ideational (experiential)Clause as representation

Interpersonal Clause as exchange

TextualClause as message

Lexico

-grammar

Process Participants Circumstances

Mood ( subject –

finite )

Residue

Theme Rheme

Types

In this job Anne We ‘re working silver with

Vocative

Mood Subject Finite Locative Actor Process Manner

 Textual

 Interpersonal

 Ideational

Example:

Figure 1.9: Independence of metafunctions

Outline

I Metafunctions

realization through the transitivity system

1 Ideational metafunction

2 Transitivity system

3 The realisations of ideational

transitivity system 3.1 Process and participants 3.2 Other participant functions 3.3 Circumstances

4 Questions

Meaning between clauses in clause complexes

Ideational metafunction

Ideation focuses on the ‘content’ of a

discourse: what kinds of activities are

undertaken, and how participants in

these activities are described, how

they are classified and what are they

composed of Ideation is concerned with how our

experience of ‘reality’, material and symbolic, is

construed in discourse

(Martin & Rose, 2003, p 66)

Who does what to whom where and when, how

and why?

Participants

3 The realisations of ideational

transitivity system 3.1 Process and participants 3.2 Other participant functions 3.3 Circumstances

4 Transitivity and voice: another

interpretation

Transitivity System

 Transitivity is the

resource for construing

our experience the flux

Transitivity system

saying, sensing and thinking

how participants are labeled

 A participant represents the

“thingness” concept that is being talked about.

Whom? about the process

nominal group.

Participants

 The background against which

the process takes place.

Clause as process, participants and circumstances

Verbal group

Nominal group

Adverbial group

Preposition

al phrase

3 The realisations of ideational

transitivity system 3.1 Process and participants

3.2 Other participant functions 3.3 Circumstances

4 Questions

Process types

3 The realizations of ideational metafunction through the

transitivity system

3.1 Process and participants

3.1.1 Material process 3.1.2 Mental process

3.1.3 Relational process

3.1.1.Material Processes

3.1.1.Material Processes

‘ doing ’ or ‘ involving physical

actions’.

 Examples : run, throw, resign, sing,

bite, teach, etc

 Probe questions :

+ What did the Actor do?

+ What happened?

is extended.

3.1.1.Material Processes

Participant Process Participant

Actor (obligatory

)

Material process (optional) Goal

3.1.1.Material Processes

Goal Material Process

The gun discharged

Actor Material

Process

Doin g

H

appen in g

Active A cat caught a mouse

Actor Process Goal

Passive A mouse was caught by a cat

Goal Process Actor

Actor Process Goal

A new approach is evolving

Actor Process

Passive A new approach is being evolved

Goal Process

3 The realizations of ideational metafunction through the

transitivity system

3.1 Process and participants

3.1.1 Material process 3.1.2 Mental process

3.1.3 Relational process

3.1.2 Mental Process

Mental processes: (processes of sensing) processes

expressing human being’s feeling, thinking or

perceiving

She likes sports

He knows that girl

What is mental process ?

the president

Examp

(Implied phenomeno

n)

Participant in mental process

- is the conscious being

that is feeling, thinking or

3 different types of mental process

- Perception

- Cognition

- Affection (Halliday, 1994)

Types of mental process

Processes indicate perceptive activities of human beings like seeing, hearing, finding, discovering, smelling , etc.

Ex: I can hear your voice

Perception Process

Cognition processes are realized by verbs such as know, forget, understand, believe, remember, etc

Cognition Process

Affection process is defined as processes expressing human’s emotions

like desiring, loving, liking, fearing, etc

Ex: She loves music

senser affection phenomeno

n

Affection Process

The unmarked present tense in a mental process in English is simple present

(Halliday, 1994: 116)

Tenses in Mental Process

3 The realizations of ideational metafunction through the

transitivity system

3.1 Process and participants

3.1.1 Material process 3.1.2 Mental process

3.1.3 Relational process

3.1.3 Relational process

 What is relational process?

(something is being said to be something else).

 Types of Relational Process

Three main types:

1 Intensive 'x is a'

2 Circumstantial 'x is at a'

3 Possessive 'x has a'

Two Modes

(i) attributive 'a is an attribute of x'

(ii) identifying 'a is the identity of x'

(i) attributive (ii) identifying

type s

(1) intensive Sarah is wise Tom is the leader

The leader is Tom

(2)

circumstantial The fair is on a

Tuesday Tomorrow is the 10

(1) Attributive:

Carrier + Re Process + Attribute

(2) Identifying:

Identified + Re Process + Identifier

Typical structure of Relational Process

1 Intensive Process

 Attributive

‘x is a member of the class of a’

Carrier Attribute

Ex: Mary is nice.

Carrier Re.Pro Attribute

Types of Relational

Process

‘X is identified by a’

Identified Identifier

Ex: The one in black must be her

Identified Intensive Identifier

Process

• Identifying

Token and value operate as structural functions.

Either can be used to identify the other

In Circumstantial Relational process, the relationship between the two terms is one of time, place, manner, cause, accompaniment, role, matter of angle

2 Circumstantial Relational process

Circumstance as process:

The fair takes up the whole day Identified Identifier

In Possessive type, the relationship between the two terms is one of ownership , one entity possesses

another

3 Possessive Relational process

3.1 Process and participants

3.2 Other process and participant functions

3.3 Circumstances

4 Questions

3.2 Other process and participant functions

3.2.1 Other process types 3.2.2 Other participant functions

1.Material process 2.Mental Process

3.Relational process

Behavioural process

Verbal process Existential process

Behavioural processes

(physiological and psychological

behaviour)

• They are expressed by the verbs such as

cough, yawn, smile, breathe, faint, sleep, look, watch, stare, listen, think, worry, dream, sing, dance, chatter, etc.

• As distinct from other groups, only ONE participant is required – the person doing the laughing, smiling, or coughing This participant is termed the BEHAVER, a conscious being like the

SENSOR but the process is more like one of

‘doing’.

Verbal processes

(processes of saying)

This is a large category that includes different

modes of saying (asking, commanding, offering,

stating).

VERBIAGE is what is said; the RECERVER is the

is the entity it is said to.

Sayer Process Verbal Receiver Target

Existential processes

•represent that something exists or happens

•at the boundary between relational and material

•make an important, specialized contribution

to various kinds of text

•The entity or event which is being said to

exist is labeled EXISTENT

Circumstance Grammatical subject Existential process Existent

On the wall there hangs a picture

There was an old man.

There seems to be a problem

of Process

doing

doing happening

Actor ; Goal

Behavioral behaving Behaver

Mental:

perception affection cognition

sensing

seeing feeling thinking

Senser ; Phenomenon

Verbal saying Sayer ; Target

Relational

attribution identification

being attributing identifying Carrier ; Attribute Identified;

Identifier; Token;

Value

Existential existing Existent

(direct)

3.2.2 Other participant

functions

Definition: The Beneficiary is the one to whom or for whom the process is said to take place.

Appearance :

Ex: - She sent her best wishes to John

(Benef.: Recipient)

(She sent John her best wishes.)

- He sent his luggage to Paris.

(Not Benef.)

(Do not say: He sent Paris his luggage )

- He bought a present for his wife.

(Benef.: Client)

 Definition: The Beneficiary is the one to whom or for whom the process is said to take place.

Appearance :

 In a material process: Recipient or Client

 In a verbal process: The Beneficiary is the one who

is being addressed (Receiver).

Ex: - John told Mary a story.

- John notified Mary of a decision.

- She explained to John that…

In a relational process :

Ex: - She made him a good wife.

- It cost him a pretty penny.

Definition : The Range is the element that indicates

the scope of the process.

Ex: The children really like his classes

Appearance :

+ The range expresses the domain over which the process

takes place: Entity

Ex: Mary climbed the mountain.

(an entity, exist independently of the act of climbing)

+ The range expresses the process itself: Process

Ex: The boys are playing football.

(name of the game, not an entity)

Definition : The Range is the element that indicates

the scope of the process.

Appearance :

In a mental process: Phenomenon

Ex: - I would recognize that face anywhere.

- You can feel the pressure on the skull

In a verbal process: Verbiage

Ex: - She speaks Russian with her children.

- What questions did you want to ask me?

3.1 Process and participants

3.2 Other process and participant functions

3.3 Circumstances

4 Questions

3.3 Circumstances

process takes place.

adverbial groups, prepositional

phrases or nominal groups.

Clause as process, participants and circumstances

Verbal group

Nominal group

Adverbial group

Preposition

al phrase

Circumstantial elements

- Circumstantial elements lie at the end of the continuum: typically, they occur freely in all types

of process and with essentially the same

prepositional phrases or nominal groups , is the circumstantial information about the process.

means, quality, comparison

reason, purpose, behalf condition, concession comitation, addition guise, product

For, along,

At, by, on, in…

By, with, like.

For, for the sake of Despite, in spite of With, without

As, in the role/shape About, with reference to…

According to, in the view

Types Spatial Temporal Questions

Extent

Distance

walk (for) seven miles stop every ten yards

Duration

stay (for) two hours pause every ten minutes

Frequency

knock three times

How far?, How long? How many (measure units)?, how many times?,

Where?

When?

Main types of circumstance

Spatial Temporal

Extent

Location

Definite and indefinite extent and location

then, a long time

ago

Absolute and relative location

WH - form ExamplesMeans

Examples of circumstance

• Ali had slept in the car (location,place)

• See you in the morning (location,time)

• They went to the club twice a month

3.1 Process and participants

3.2 Other process and participant functions

3.3 Circumstances

4 Questions

What do we mean by clause as

Ideational function of language,

speaker's experience about the world including his own inner world of conciousness

Ideational function of language,

speaker's experience about the world including his own inner world of conciousness

How many types of processes? What

are the main types?

How many types of processes? What

are the main types?

Question 3:

Question 3:

1.Material process 2.Mental Process

3.Relational process

Behavioural process

Verbal process Existential

process

Question 4:

Question 4:

What are the types of circumstances?

What are the types of circumstances?

manner

3 types

3 types

Question 5:

Question 5:

What are the types of circumstances?

What are the types of circumstances?

Identify the participants, processes and circumstances in the following examples:

Identify the participants, processes and circumstances in the following examples:

1.Peter sent Mary a CD on her birthday.

2 Nam believed in ghost.

3 The frog turned into a Prince.

4 There is a cow on the road

5 His father shouted at him to stop

1 Peter sent Mary a CD on her

birthday

Actor Process: Material Beneficiary:

Recipient Goal Circumstance:Temporal

2 Nam believed in ghost

Senser Process: Mental Phenomenon

3 The frog turned into a

father shouted at him to stop

Sayer Pro Verbal Receiver Verbiage

năng (Hoàng Văn Vân dịch) Hà nội: ĐHQGHN.

Thompson, G (1999) Introducing Fuctional

Grammar London: Edward Arnold.

Vân, Hoàng Văn (2005c) The Meaning and Structure of a Science Fiction Story: systemic

functional analysis Journal of89 Science

(Foreign Languages) No.2 Pp 28-45