SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION lop 9

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION 1 TO INF + BE + ADJ → IT + BE + ADJ + TO Vo To sit here with you is so nice → It’s so nice to sit here with you 2 IT + BE + ADJ + Ving → HOW + ADJ + (IT + BE) + TO INF It’s so nice sitting here with you → How nice (it is) to sit here with you (Ngồi đây với bạn thật tuyệt) 3 TO INF + BE + ADJN → S + V + IT + ADJN + TO Vo To be there on time is important → I find it important to be there on time (Tôi nhận thấy có mặt ở đó đúng giờ thì rất quan trọn.

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

1 TO_INF + BE + ADJ

→ IT + BE + ADJ + TO -Vo

To sit here with you is so nice → It’s so nice to sit here with you

2 IT + BE + ADJ + Ving

→ HOW + ADJ + (IT + BE) + TO_INF

It’s so nice sitting here with you → How nice (it is) to sit here with you

(Ngồi đây với bạn thật tuyệt)

3 TO_INF + BE + ADJ/N

→ S + V + IT + ADJ/N + TO -Vo

To be there on time is important → I find it important to be there on time

(Tôi nhận thấy có mặt ở đó đúng giờ thì rất quan trọng)

4 THAT CLAUSE + BE + ADJ

→ S + V + IT + ADJ + THAT CLAUSE

That we should keep calm is important → I think it important that we should keep calm

(Quan trọng là chúng ta phải giữ bình tĩnh)

5 TOO + ADJ + FOR(O) + TO_INF

→ SO + ADJ + THAT/IT+BE+SUCH + (A/AN+ ADJ) + N + THAT

The tea was too hot for me to drink (Trà nóng quá tôi không thể uống)

→ The tea was so hot that I couldn’t drink it (Trà nóng đến nỗi tôi không thể uống được)

→ It was such hot tea that I couldn’t drink it (Đõ là một tách trà nóng đến nỗi tôi k thể uống đc)

6 ADJ + ENOUGH + FOR (O) TO_INF

→ SO + ADJ + THAT/ IT+BE+SUCH + (A/AN + ADJ) + N + THAT

This song is simple enough for all of us to sing

(Bài hát này đủ đơn giản để tất cả chúng ta hát)

→ This song is so simple that all of us can sing it

(Bài hát này đơn giản đến nỗi tất cả chúng ta đều hát được)

→ It is such a simple song that all of us can sing it

7 .SO + ADJ + THAT(phủ định)

→ IT+BE+SUCH + (A /AN+ ADJ) + N + THAT ……

→ TOO + ADJ + FOR (O) + TO_INF

→ S +BE(NOT) +ADJ + ENOUGH + FOR TO_INF

The jacket is so small that I can’t wear it

→ It is such a small jacket that I can’t wear it

→ The jacket is too small for me to wear

→ The jacket is not big enough for me to wear

8 TOO + ADJ + FOR + TO_INF

↔ ADJ + ENOUGH + FOR TO_INF

The tea was too hot for her to drink ↔ The tea was not cold enough for her to drink

9 SO + ADJ + THAT ……

↔ IT+BE+SUCH + (A/AN + ADJ) + N + THAT ……

It is such lovely weather that we spend the whole day in the garden

→ The weather is so lovely that we spend the whole day in the garden

10 Clauses and phrases:

A.Clauses and phrases of reason:bởi vì

Because/ Since/As + Clause ( S+V )

Because of/ Due to/ Thanks to /Owing to+ Phrase ( N phrase/ V-ing

phrase )

B.Clauses and phrases of concession:mặc dù

Although/ Though/ Even though + Clause ( S+V ) =In spite of the fact that +S+V

 In spite of/ Despite + Phrase ( N phrase/ V-ing phrase )

*LƯU Ý: không dùng but sau Although/ Though/ Even though ,In spite of / Despite( không

đi với of)

 Cách đổi : S+V  Noun Phrase

1 S(noun)+be+Adj  Adj+Noun

2 S+be+Adj  my,his,your,our,her,their,its +Noun(Noun’s Noun)

Adj  Noun

ill illness

sick sickness Ex : He was ill  His illness

noisy noise

sad sadness

happy happiness

3 V + Adv  Adj+ Noun

Verb  Noun

behave behavior Ex: He behaves wellHis good hehavior

rain rain

work work

Adv Adj

very  great

well  good

heavily  heavy

4 Verb  Ving

Ex:

1 Because the weather is hot, I open the window.

 Because of the hot weather, I open the window.

2.Although the weather was hot, we went out.

In spite of the hot weather, we went out

3 Because he is lazy , he often gets bad marks

 Because of his laziness , he often gets bad marks

4 Because the husbands were absent ,women went to work in factories.

Because of the absent husbands ,women went to work in factories.

Because of the husbands’ absence , women went to work in factories.

5 Although she didn’t ask him , he helped her.

 In spite of her not asking him , he helped her.

6 It was raining heavily , but the boys were playing football.

 Although/though It was raining heavily,the boys were playing football

10 IF NOT = UNLESS+S+V=WITHOUT+N (Nếu không thì/ Trừ phi )

He’ll die if nobody brings him to hospital

↔ Unless somebody brings him to hosital, he’ll die

(Anh ấy sẽ chết nếu không có ai đưa tới bệnh viện/

Trừ phi có người đưa anh ấy đến bệnh viện, anh ấy sẽ chết)

11 *Lưu ý: Viết lại câu với mệnh đề If

1.Thì hiện tại  if loại 2

2.Thì quá khứ  if loại 3

3 loại 2 và 3 có thể kết hợp

4 Sau “so” là mệnh đề chính

5.Sau “because” là mệnh đề If

6.Nguyên nhân là mệnh đề If, kết quả là mệnh đề chính.

7 câu phủ định  câu xác định và ngược lại xác định  câu phủ định

EX

;

1 I am not a teacher,so I can’t teach children

↔ If I were a teacher, I could teach children.

2 We didn’t go on holiday because we didn’t have enough money

↔ If we had had enough money, we would/could have gone on holiday

3 I’m having a lot of trouble now because I lost my passport last week

If I had not lost my passport last week, I would not have a lot of trouble now

12 WISH / IF ONLY

Hiện tại: S + wish + S + V2/ed(BE WERE)

If only + S + V2/ed(BE WERE)

I am poor now  I wish / If only I were rich

Quá khứ: S + wish + S + HAD +V3/ed

If only + S + HAD +V3/ed

I didn’t meet her  I wish / if only I had met her

Tương lai: S + wish + S + would / could + Vo

If only + S + would / could + Vo

I can attend your wedding next week  I wish I could attend your wedding next week

Lưu ý:khi viết lại câu với wish :câu phủ định  câu xác định và ngược lại xác định  câu phủ định

13 S + HAVE/HAS+V3/ed+FOR + ( Period of time )

↔ SINCE+( a point of past time ) ↔ IT IS + TIME+SINCE + V2/ed

I haven’t seen her for three weeks ↔ It’s three weeks since I last saw her

14 S + HASN’T/HAVEN’T/NEVER+ V3/ed +BEFORE

↔ IT IS THE FIRST TIME + S + HAVE /HAS+ V3/ed

I haven’t seen that man here before ↔ It’s the first time I have seen that man here

15 S + V2/ED +TIME +AGO

↔ S + HAVE/HAS +BEEN + V_ing + SINCE/FOR+TIME

I started working for the company a year ago

↔ I’ve been working for the company for a year

↔ I’ve been working for the company since last year

16 S +HASN’T/ HAVEN’T + V3/ED +SINCE+S+V2ed/TIME

↔ S + LAST + V2/ED+WHEN ↔THE LAST TIME +S+ V2/ED+WAS

Laurence hasn’t seen her sister since she left for Japan

(Laurence đã không gặp chị cô ấy từ khi đi học ở Nhật Bản)

↔ Laurence last saw her sister when she left for Japan

(Laurence gặp chị cô ấy lần cuối cùng khi cô ấy đi học ở Nhật Bản)

Lucy hasn’t worn that dress since Barbara’s wedding

(Kể từ khi Barbara cưới, Lucy đã không mặc chiếc áo đó nữa)

↔ The last time Lucy wore that dress was Barbara’s wedding

(Lần cuối cùng khi Lucy mặc chiếc áo đó là khi cưới Barbara)

17 S + Spend / spent + TIME + Doing (Sth)

↔ IT + TAKE/TOOK + (O) + TIME + TO_INF

I spend thirty minutes a day studying/ to study English

(Mỗi ngày tôi dành 30 phút học Tiếng Anh)

↔ It takes me 30 minutes a day to study English

We wrote a letter in two hours ↔ It took us two hours to write a letter

18 S + V + DID/COULD + NOT+Vo UNTIL+TIME/CLAUSE

( Mãi cho đến mới )

↔ IT WAS NOT UNTIL+TIME/CLAUSE THAT+S+V2/ed/COULD+Vo

He couldn’t speak French well until the second year

↔ It was not until the second year that he could speak French well

(Mãi đến năm thứ 2 anh ấy mới nói tiếng Pháp giỏi)

19 S + V + O ↔ HAVE + O(sb) + Vo↔ HAVE + O(st) + V3/ed

The garage is going to repair the car for us next week

(Garage sẽ sửa xe cho chúng tôi vào tuần sau)

↔ We are going to have our car repaired next week

(Tuần sau chúng tôi sẽ nhờ người sửa xe)

20 SOMEONE SAY

PEOPLE/ THEY + KNOW/ THINK…… + (THAT)+S2+V2

↔ IT + BE + V3/ED + THAT = S2 + BE + V3/ED + TO_Vo/ TO HAVE + V3/ED

They say that he speaks English well

↔ It is said that he speaks English well

↔ He is said to speak English well

People rumoured that he (had) died in the battle

↔ It was rumoured that he (had) died in battle

↔ He was rumoured to have died in battle

21 NOT SO/AS + ADJ/ ADV + AS

↔ ADJ/ADV + ER / MORE + ADJ/ADV+ THAN

I can’t cook as well as my mother does ↔ My mother cooks better than I do/I can/me

(Tôi không nấu ăn giỏi như mẹ tôi) (Mẹ tôi nấu ăn giỏi hơn tôi)

I don’t know so much about it as she does ↔ She knows a lot more about it than I do

22 ADJ/ADV + ER / MORE + ADJ/ADV + THAN

↔ THE + ADJ/ADV + EST/THE+ MOST + ADJ/ADV

This novel is more interesting than any other novel that I have ever read

(Quyển tiểu thuyết này hay hơn bất cứ cuốn tiểu thuyết nào mà tôi đã từng đọc)

↔ This is the most interesting novel I have ever read

(Đây là quyển tiểu thuyết hay nhất tôi đã từng đọc)

Have you got a cheaper carpet than this? ↔ Is this the cheapest carpet you’ve got?

23 Clause 1 , Clause 2

↔ THE+ ADJ/ADV + ER / MORE + ADJ/ADV+S+V, THE+ ADJ/ADV + ER / MORE + ADJ/ADV+S+V

(So sánh kép 2 mệnh đề: càng…… càng… )

I feel miserable when it is hot ↔ The hotter it is , the more miserableI feel

24 NO SOONER+ HAD + S + V3 +THAN + S + V2

↔ HARDLY/ONLY JUST/ SCARELY WHEN (ngay khi … thì……)

He had hardly left the office when the phone rang.

↔ No sooner had he left the office than the phone rang

I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back

↔ Hardly had I put the phone down when the boss rang back

25 V + NOT + V + NOT (EITHER) ↔ NEITHER NOR ( Không cũng không )

My sister is not very in telligent I am not very intelligent

(Chị tôi không thông minh lắm Tôi không thông minh lắm)

↔ Neither my sister nor I am very intelligent./ Neither I nor my sister is very intelligent

(Cả chị tôi và tôi đều không thông minh lắm)

The moon doesn’t have an atmosphere; the planet Mars doesn’t either

↔ Neither the moon nor the planet Mars has an atmosphere

He didn’t know where John was and I didn’t either

↔ Neither he nor I knew where John was ↔ Neither of us knew where John was

26.“WHY DON’T YOU + Vo ?”

↔ S + SUGGESTED THAT+S+(SHOULD) Vo (Gợi ý ai làm gì?)

“Why don’t you put a better lock on the door, John?” Jane said

↔ Jane suggested that John (should) put a better lock on the door

27 S + V2/ed ↔ V_ing

(Rút gọn thành cụm hiện tại phân từ khi 2 câu có cùng chủ từ,2 hành động cùng xảy ra)

The mother smiled happily She took the baby in her arms

↔ Smiling hapily, the mother took the baby in her arms

28 DIDN’T+Vo ↔ NOT + V_ing

Because he didn’t know the language, he found it hard to get work

↔ Not knowing the language, he found it hard to get work

29 HAD + V3/ed ↔HAVING + V3/ed

(Rút gọn thành cụm hiện tại hoàn thành phân từ khi 2 câu có cùng chủ từ, nhấn mạnh hành động xảy

ra trước hành động kia trong quá khứ)

Mr Brown had failed twice, so he didn’t want to try again

↔ Having failed twice, Mr Brown didn’t want to try again

30 V3/ed (Rút gọn dùng quá khứ phân từ cho mệnh đề bị động khi 2 câu có cùng chủ từ)

He lived alone He had been forgotten by everybody

 He lived alone, forgotten by everybody

He was waken by a strange noise He couldn’t sleep any more

 Waken by a strange noise, he couldn’t sleep any more

31 .CAN /COULDN’T+ NOT + INF

↔ S + PREVENT(ED) + O + FROM + V+ing

We couldn’t drive because of the fog

↔ The fog prevented us from driving

32 ADJECTIVES ↔ VERBS

It isn’t necessary for you to finish by Saturday

↔ You needn’t finish/ don’t need to fiish by Saturday

(Bạn không cần hoàn thành trước thứ 7)

It is impossible for roses to be grown in such poor ground

↔ Roses can’t posibly grow in such poor ground

(Không thể trồng hoa ở đất cằn cỗi này

33 VERBS ↔ NOUNS

He decided to leave home ↔ He made a decision to leave home

(Anh ấy quyết định đi khỏi nhà)

I didn’t intend to stay here ↔ I had no intention of staying here

(Tôi không định ở đây)

The patient recovered more rapidly than expected

↔ The patient made a more rapid recovery than expected

(Bệnh nhân phục hồi nhanh chóng hơn mong đợi)

The two girls exchanged English lessons

↔ There was an exchange of English lessons between two girls

34 CLAUSE ↔ Ving_PHRASE

(Mệnh đề > cụm danh động từ)

She laughed but she did not reply ↔ She laughed without replying

(Cô ấy cười nhưng không đáp lại) (Cô ấy cười mà không đáp lại)

She didn’t say a word as she left the room ↔ She left the room without saying a word

(Cô ấy khôn nói lời nào khi rời khỏi phòng) (Cô ấy rời khỏi phòng mà không nói câu nào)

35.SIMPLE SENTENCES ↔ COMPLEX SENTENCES.

(Câu đơn > Câu phức)

The owners of newspapers are usually very rich

↔ The people who owns newspapers are usually very rich

Alice eats very little so as not to put on weight

↔ Alice eats very little because she wants to lose weight

After four years abroad, Mr Brown returned home as an excellent engineer

↔ After Mr Brown had studied/ lived 4 years abroad, he returned home as an excellent engineer

36 Clauses and phrases of purpose:(để chỉ mục đích)

 Clause: S - V + so that / in order that + S + can / will(not)+ V o

(present)

Ex:They save money so that they can build a big house

2.Clause: S - V + so that / in order that + S would/ could + V o (past)

Ex:They saved money in order that they could build a big house

3 Phrase:  : S - V + to/ so as to/ in order to + Vo

S - V + in order for+ some one +to + Vo Ex:We study hard to pass the exam

 : S - V + so as not to/ in order not to + not to +Vo

Ex:We got up early so as not to be late for school

37 Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ

1.Active

-noun + who / which / that + V ( chủ động ) …

=> noun + V-ing …

Ex : The man who is smoking over there is my brother

 The man smoking over there is my brother

-noun + who / which / that + be + V 3/ed …

=> noun + V3/-ed ….

Ex : The letter which was sent to our customers yesterday was full of mistakes

 The letter sent to our customers yesterday was full of mistakes

3.To -Vo

The only/first/second/last+noun + who / which / that + V ( chủ động) OR is/am/was…+ V 3/ed(bị động)

=>The only,first,second,last+noun +to-Vo … ( chủ động) / to+be+ V3/ed ….(bị động)

Ex:He was the first man that passed the exam.

-> He was the first man to pass the exam.

Ex:She is the last woman who is interviewed by Mr.Brown.

-> She is the last woman to be interviewed by Mr.Brown.

38 S + often + V = S + be used to +Ving /N

> Nana often cried when she meets difficulties

↔Nana is used to crying when she meets difficulties

39 S+V2/ED ↔ S+USED TO +Vo

I usually went swimming when I was young

↔I used to go swimming when I was young

PRACTICE

1 Mr Minh often spends fifteen minutes leading the buffalo to the field

 It often takes

2 Quan always walk to school

 Quan always goes

3 I found it a bit difficult to get into work this morning

 Getting _

4 Their game of badminton is always on Tuesday

 They

5 I started to play the piano when I was six

 I have

6 I’m in England for the first time in my life

 This _

7 The children are too young to see horror films

 The children aren’t _

8 The children couldn’t go swimming because the sea was rough

 The sea was too

9 My father said I could use his car

 My father allowed

10 Why don’t you put your luggage under the seat ?

 He suggested

11 I’ll finish the work tonight if you like

 Would you like

12 The teacher didn’t allow the class to leave before 4:30

 The teacher made

13 We haven’t seen him for over twenty years

 It’s

14 We couldn’t drive because of the fog

 The fog

15 It is the most interesting novel I’ve ever read

 I have

16 Although she lived in difficult countries, she worked very hard

 In spite of

17 We haven’t met since 1981.

 It was in 1981 that

18 I came to London ten years ago

 I have

19 They haven’t seen their uncle for ten years

 It’s

20 Steve started learning the violin a month ago

 Steve

21 I haven’t been to a Chinese restaurant for ages

 It’s age _

22 The last time Nancy came here was in 1986

 Nancy hasn’t

23 It’s a long time since our last conversation

 We

24 “I think you should go by train.” He told us

 He advised

25 Julia cleaned the house Then she went shopping

 After

26 Jim was travelling in Paris He met his old friends there

 While

27 First Jane checked all the prices Then she bought a new car

 Jane bought _

28 Jack went to Vietnam in 2002 He returned home in 2005

 Jack _

29 They finished work and then left the office

 They

30 We started learning English about 5 years ago

 We’ve _

31 How much do you pay for this computer ?

 How much does

32 The last time Joe heard from his family was in June

 Joe hasn’t

33 How long have you been living in this new house ?

 When

34 This is my third visit to Hồ Chí Minh City

 I have

35 Jack wants to drive to work, but he doesn’t have a car

 If Jack _

36 We were late because of the heavy traffic

 If it

37 Why don’t you ask your teacher for advice ?

 If I were

38 I’ll never see you again if you don’t tell the truth

 Unless _

39 This is James He helped me solve that problem

 James is

40 The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it

 The tea is _

41 Mexico City is more densely populated than Tokyo

 Tokyo is not

42 Sydney is larger than any other city in Australia

 Sydney is _

43 China has the largest population in the world

 There are _

44 The book really interests me

 I

45 They didn’t go fishing because it was too cold.

 If _

46 When did you start learning English ?

 How long _

47 I’m sorry I was so rude to you yesterday

 I apologize

48 People say she is an honest and reliable person

 It is _

49 It took me two hours to do my homework

 I

50 He left school and then joined the army

 After he

51 What is your date of birth ?

 When

52 When Minh was small, he usually slept with his brother

 Minh used

53 It’s three years since I started using this bicycle

 I have

54 No one has ever answered the questions

 These questions

55 Julia is talking with a dump man

 The man who

56 I’ve arranged to meet Mr.Trung tomorrow evening

 I’m

57 He was in the habit of getting up very late

 He used

58 He is talking to the girl with long hair

 The girl whom _

59 “You’d better go to see the doctor immediately.”

 She advised _

60 They want to buy a bigger house but they don’t have enough money

 If they _

61 She is exhausted today because she didn’t get any sleep last night

 She wouldn’t

62 The fire destroyed the forest completely

 The forest

63 I didn’t go to school on time this morning because the bus was late

 If the bus _

64 You can’t visit the USA unless you get a visa

 If _

65 “Can I borrow your typewriter, Janet ?” asked Peter

 Peter asked if

66 She started working as a secretary five years ago

 She has

67 My French friend finds driving on the left difficult

 My French friend

68 We didn’t go on holiday because we didn’t have enough money

 If we

69 The children couldn’t go swimming because of the rough sea

 The sea was too

70 I’m always nervous when I travel by car

 Travelling

71 Although he had a good salary, he was unhappy in his job

 In spite of

72 They haven’t cleaned the streets this week

 The streets

73 Apples are usually cheaper than oranges.

 Apples are not _

74 I advised you to put your money in the bank

 You’d _

75 The restaurant is so dirty that no one wants to eat there

 It was such

76 John only understood very little of what the teacher said

 John could hardly

77 I haven’t been to Bristol for 3 years

 The last time

78 Jim will be eighteen next week

 It’s Jim’s _

79 How long is it since they bought the house ?

 When

80 He couldn’t repair the broken vase

 The _

81 I’ve never met such a famous person before

 It’s

82 It was so late that nothing could be done

 It was too _

83 The garage is going to repair the car for us next week

 We

84 The bus takes longer than the train

 The train _

85 The train couldn’t run because of the snow

 The snow _

86 I haven’t seen that man here before

 It’s

87 The furniture was so expensive that I didn’t buy it

 The furniture

88 He learned to drive when he was eighteen

 He has _

89 Although his leg was broken, he managed to get out of the car

 In spite of

90 The cake was so hard that I couldn’t eat it

 It was

91 The water was so cold that the children could not swim in it

 The water was not

92 Somebody repaired her car yesterday

 She

93 They will catch all the prisoners again by tonight

 All the prisoners _

94 I started to work for the company a year ago

 I have

95 Susan felt sick because she ate four cream cakes

 If Susan

96 Although he didn’t speak Dutch, Bob decided to settle in Amsterdam

 In spite of

97 How long have Catherine and Henry been engaged ?

 When

98 In spite of his age, Mr Benson runs 7 miles before breakfast

 Although _

99 The bread is so stale that we can’t eat it

 The bread isn’t

100 The zoo keeper feed lions at 3 p.m every day

 The lions _

161 We got lost because we didn’t have a map.

 If _

162 The bridge was so low that the bus couldn’t go under it

 It was

163 I last saw him when I was a student

 I haven’t _

164 It’s a six–hour drive from London to Edinburgh

 It takes _

165 It’s ages since Alan visited his parents

 Alan _

166 Mr Will lost his job because he was late every day

 If _

167 The police made the youth empty his pocket

 The youth

168 Lawrence hasn’t seen his sister since she left for Japan

 Lawrence last _

169 John is fat because he eats so many chips

 If _

170 If Joe doesn’t change his way, he will end up in prison

 Unless _

171 Having a vacation abroad is interesting

 It’s

172 The water was so cold that the children could not take a swim

 The water wasn’t _

173 It’s two months since I last spoke to her

 I haven’t _

174 “Turn down the radio, Nam.” , his father said

 Nam’s father

175 Lan will be seventeen next week

 It’s

176 How long is it since you bought the car ?

 When

177 Nam began to collect stamps in 2000

 Nam has _

178 We have lived here for 15 years

 We started

179 English and French are spoken in Canada

 People _

180 They are going to invite Nam to dinner

 Nam _

181 I can’t cook as well as my mother does

 My mother

186 He wrote the letter in two hours

 It _

187 It was such hot tea that I couldn’t drink it

 The tea _

188 Because she behaves well, everybody loves her

 Because of

189 Unless you water the flowers everyday, they will die

 If _

190 I have studied English for 3 years

 I began _

191 She didn’t take your advice, so she failed in the exam

 If _

192 We spend our childhood in that beautiful mountain resort and we always remember

 We always remember _