Tài liệu Nurse’s Fast Facts: Your Quick Source for Core Clinical Content pdf

Nurse’s Fast Facts:Your Quick Source for Core Clinical Content Third Edition BRENDA WALTERS HOLLOWAY, CRNP , FNP , MSN Clinical Assistant ProfessorUniversity of South Alabama College of

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REFERENCE VALUES FOR LABORATORY

TESTS—BLOOD OR SERUM

These values are for some of the more common laboratory tests done on blood or serum See pp 172–198 for a more complete list, including possible causes of increased and decreased values.

Newborn: 40–120μg/dL

Adult: 4–25 U/mL Child: 25–125 U/L Newborn: Up to 65 U/L Direct: Up to 0.4 mg/dL Indirect: Up to 0.8 mg/dL Total: Up to 1.0 mg/dL Newborn: 1–12 mg/dL Adult: 5–25 mg/dL Child: 5–20 mg/dL Infant: 4–18 mg/dL Adult: 8.5–10.5 mg/dL Child: Slightly higher

Women: 50–130μg/dL

Child: 40–200μg/dL

Newborn: 350–500μg/dL 300–360 μg/dL

Adult: 14–280 U/L Child: 20–136 IU/L Infant: 9–105 IU/L

11–32 μmol/L 64–107 μmol/L 1.36–3.0 μkat/L 1.88–5.03 μkat/L 1.7–6.8 μmol/L 5.0–19.0 μmol/L 5–20 μmol/L 34–102 μmol/L 1.8–7.1 mmol/L 2.5–6.4 mmol/L 1.4–6.4 mmol/L 2.25–2.75 mmol/L 95–105 mmol/L 4.37–6.35 mmol/L 3.27–5.20 mmol/L 2.69–5.12 mmol/L 2.30–4.60 mmol/L 1.87–3.53 mmol/L 0.82–1.92 mmol/L 24–30 mmol/L 53–133 μmol/L

0.94–2.89 μkat/L 0.51–2.30 μkat/L 0.26–0.85 μkat/L 0.51–1.70 μkat/L 3.3–5.6 mmol/L 1.4–2.8 mmol/L 10.7–30.4 μmol/L 9.0–23.3 μmol/L 7.2–35.8 μmol/L 62.7–89.5 μmol/L 54–64 μmol/L 0.2.72 μkat/L

(continued on inside back cover)

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Nurse’s Fast Facts:

Your Quick Source for Core Clinical Content

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Nurse’s Fast Facts:

Your Quick Source for Core Clinical Content

Third Edition

BRENDA WALTERS HOLLOWAY, CRNP , FNP , MSN

Clinical Assistant ProfessorUniversity of South Alabama

College of NursingMobile, Alabama

F A DAVIS COMPANY

Philadelphia

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Printed in Canada Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Acquisitions Editor: Robert G Martone

Developmental Editor: Alan Sorkowitz

Art & Design Manager: Joan Wendt

As new scientific information becomes available through basic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies undergo changes The author and publisher have done everything possible to make this book accurate,

up to date, and in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication The author, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of the book Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards

of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each tion The reader is advised always to check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dose and contraindications before administering any drug Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs.

situa-Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Holloway, Brenda Walters,

1949-Nurse’s fast facts : your quick source for core clinical content / Brenda Walters Holloway.—3rd ed.

p ; cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 0-8036-1161-7

1 Nursing—Handbooks, manuals, etc.

[DNLM: 1 Nursing Care—Handbooks 2 Nursing Process—Handbooks 3 Specialties, Nursing—methods—Handbooks WY 49 H745n 2004] I Title RT51.H65 2004

610.73—dc22

2004043215 Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by F A Davis Company for users reg- istered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the fee of $.10 per copy is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: 8036–0599/01 0 ⫹ $.10.

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This book is dedicated to my parents, Juanice and

J M Walters, who provided me with the opportunity

to obtain an education, and to Harry, Jason, Shanda, and Scott, who have provided me with many opportu- nities to use it.

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Preface

Through years of clinical practice and teaching, I have

observed that orientation to each major clinical nursing

specialty usually leads the novice to ask a somewhat dictable set of questions ranging from specialty-related

pre-communication, to assessment and anatomy, physiology,

and pathology involved in frequently seen conditions to

questions related to the planning and implementation of

patient care Many excellent texts are available to providein-depth information related to these topics Although theuse of such texts is essential to the acquisition of a thor-

ough knowledge of comprehensive patient care, these textsare frequently too cumbersome to carry to the clinical

area, where on-the-spot information may be needed

My goal in writing this book has been to provide a

portable and easy-to-use source for quick answers to tions I have frequently heard from students and practicingnurses The sections of this book pertain to each major

ques-clinical nursing specialty and are identified by printed tabs

to speed access to the information At the end of each tion are blank pages, which allow users to “customize” thebook by adding information that they find helpful for eachspecialty

sec-It is hoped that the handy availability of information inthis pocket-sized reference book not only will improve theaccuracy and quality of patient care, but also will relieve

some of the stress that students and graduate nurses rience when they must move from one clinical specialty

expe-area to another

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Acknowledgments

I would like to acknowledge the work of the professionalswho contributed written information in this book Their

efforts have added greatly to the scope and quality of the

reference material I would also like to thank the faculty,

staff, and students of the University of South Alabama aswell as professionals from across the country who

answered questions and provided me with information

necessary to the completion of this work In addition, I

would like to thank the consultants to this book, who

reviewed the manuscript in its early stages and provided

many valuable insights and suggestions

I would like to thank the F A Davis Company for its

vote of confidence and support in the development and

publication of this book A very special thanks to Alan

Sorkowitz, of Alan Sorkowitz Editorial Services, for the

guidance and remarkable patience he exhibited during thisendeavor

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Contributors to the 3rd edition

JUDITH AZOK, MSN , ARNP , GNP - BC

Assistant Clinical Professor of Nursing

University of South Alabama

JASON BOX, MSN , FNP - BC , EMP - P

Family Nurse Practitioner

South Baldwin Regional Medical Center Emergency

Department

Foley, Alabama

Emergency Content

KAREN HAMILTON, MSN , RNC

Mobile, Alabama

Home Health Content

DEBORAH D HYATT, FNP - C , PNP - C , GNP

Providence Medical Group

Mobile, Alabama

Long-Term Care Content

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PATRICIA NOONAN, MSN , PMH - NP , ANP

Assistant Clinical Professor of NursingUniversity of South Alabama

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Contributors to Previous Editions

JUDITH AZOK, MSN , RN , GNP , CS

Clinical Assistant Professor of Nursing

Mobile, Alabama

Medical-Surgical Content

THOMAS W BARKLEY, JR., DSN , RN , CS , ACNP

Assistant Professor of Nursing

Program Coordinator, Advanced Adult Acute Care

Nursing Specialty

Mobile, Alabama

Emergency and Critical Care Content

MARGARET DAHLBERG COLE, RN , DSN

Mobile, Alabama

Mental Health Content

KATHERINE F FREY, RN , MSN

Mobile, Alabama

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Three Notch Medical Center

Andalusia, Alabama

Gerontological Content

JASON JONES, RN , PHD

Mobile, Alabama

Mental Health Content

CAROLYN MITCHELL, MT ( ASCP ), MA

Quality Assessment Specialist

Blood Systems, Inc

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Home Health Content

MARTHA NORRIS SURLINE, MS

Mobile, Alabama

Nutrition Content

ELIZABETH VANDEWAA, PHD

Associate Professor of Nursing

Mobile, Alabama

Nutrition Content

JOSEPH F WARD, RN , MSN , CPNP , CDE

Mobile, Alabama

Child Health Content

STEPHANIE D WIGGINS, RN , DSN

Mobile, Alabama

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Contents

Section 1 Medical-Surgical Fast Facts 1

Section 2 Health Assessment and Health 213

Problems Across the Lifespan

Section 3 Maternal-Infant Fast Facts 305Section 4 Pediatric Fast Facts 353Section 5 Mental Health Fast Facts 407Section 6 Emergency and Critical Care Fast 433

Facts

Section 7 Gerontological Fast Facts 505Section 8 Long-Term Care Fast Facts 537Section 9 Home Health Fast Facts 547Section 10 Nutrition Fast Facts 563

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1

Medical-Surgical Fast Facts

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Skull (cranium)

Sternum

Clavicle Scapula

Sacrum

Zygomatic arch

Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae

Patella

Tibia Fibula

Figure 1–1. Skeleton Anterior view (From Scanlon,

VC, and Sanders, T: Essentials of Anatomy and

Physiology, ed 4 FA Davis, Philadelphia, 2003, p 108,with permission.)

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Body Mandible Mental foramen Maxilla Condyloid process Zygomatic bone Lambdoidal suture Nasal bone

Lacrimal canal Lacrimal bone Sphenoid bone Frontal bone Coronal suture

Ethmoid bone

Figure 1–2. Skull Lateral view of right side (FromScanlon, VC, and Sanders, T: Essentials of Anatomyand Physiology, ed 4 FA Davis, Philadelphia, 2003, p

Figure 1–3. Rib cage Anterior view (From Scanlon,

VC, and Sanders, T: Essentials of Anatomy andPhysiology, ed 4 FA Davis, Philadelphia, 2003, p 116,with permission.)

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The Human Body 5

Radial tuberosity

Radius

Carpals Carpals

Scaphoid

Clavicle

Glenoid fossa Scapula

Trochlea

Sternal end

Semilunar notch Olecranon process

On posterior side

Ulna

Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Hamate Metacarpals

Phalanges

Trapezium Trapezoid

Capitate

Figure 1–4. Bones of the arm and shoulder girdle.Anterior view of right arm (From Scanlon, VC, andSanders, T: Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology,

ed 4 FA Davis, Philadelphia, 2003, p 117, with

per-mission.)

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Ischium

Medial condyle Medial condyle

Tibial tuberosity Pubis

Tibia

Medial malleolus Talus Navicular

Tarsals

Cuneiforms First Second Third

Acetabulum

Femur

Patella Lateral condyle Lateral condyle

Head Greater trochanter Neck

Lesser trochanter

Fibula

Lateral malleolus Calcaneus Cuboid TarsalsMetatarsals

Phalanges

Figure 1–5. Bones of the leg and portion of hipbone Anterior view of left leg (From Scanlon, VC,and Sanders, T: Essentials of Anatomy and

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Figure 1–6. Major muscles of the body (A)

Posterior view (From Scanlon, VC, and Sanders, T:Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, ed 4 FA

Davis, Philadelphia, 2003, p 142, with permission.)

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abdominis

Figure 1–6. Major muscles of the body (B) Anterior

view (From Scanlon, VC, and Sanders, T: Essentials

of Anatomy and Physiology, ed 4 FA Davis,

Philadelphia, 2003, p 143, with permission.)

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Spinal cord Medulla Pons

Temporal lobe Pituitary gland

Lateral ventricles

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

Cerebral duct

Figure 1–8. Ventricles of the brain as seen from theleft side (From Scanlon, VC, and Sanders, T:

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, ed 4 FA

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Optic nerve Optic disc

Retinal artery and vein Fovea in macula lutea

Ciliary body (muscle)

A

RETINAL VEIN MACULA

LUTEA

OPTIC DISK RETINAL

ARTERY

B

Figure 1–9. (A) Anatomy of the eye (From Scanlon,

VC, and Sanders, T: Essentials of Anatomy andPhysiology, ed 4 FA Davis, Philadelphia, 2003, p 194,

with permission.) (B) Retina of the right eye (From

Venes, D, and Thomas, CL [eds]: Taber’s CyclopedicMedical Dictionary, ed 19 FA Davis, Philadelphia,

2001, p 1874, with permission.)

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Figure 1–10. (A) Lymph nodes of the head and

neck (B) Lymph nodes of the body ([A] From

Hogstel, MO, and Curry, LC, Practical Guide to

Health Assessment through the Lifespan, ed 3 FA

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Frontal sinus

Ethmoid bone Olfactory receptors

Conchae

Superior Middle Inferior

Nostril

Hard

palate

Maxilla Palatine bone

Sphenoid sinus Opening of eustachian tube

Pharyngeal tonsil

Nasopharynx Soft palate Uvula Palatine tonsil Oropharynx Lingual tonsil Epiglottis Laryngopharynx

Esophagus

Hyoid bone Larynx Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Trachea

Figure 1–11. Midsagittal section of the head andneck showing the structures of the upper respira-tory tract (From Scanlon, VC, and Sanders, T:Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, ed 4 FADavis, Philadelphia, 2003, p 327, with permission.)

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Frontal sinuses Sphenoidal sinuses

Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Soft palate Epiglottis Larynx and vocal folds

Trachea Superior lobe

Right lung

Right primary bronchus

Inferior lobe Mediastinum

Cardiac notch

Pleural space Pleural membranes Inferior lobe Bronchioles

Superior lobe Left primary bronchus Left lung Venule Alveolus

Alveolar duct

Arteriole Pulmonary capillaries

B

A

Middle lobe

Diaphragm

Figure 1–12. Respiratory system (A) Anterior view

of the upper and lower respiratory tracts (B)

Microscopic view of alveoli and pulmonary ies (From Scanlon, VC, and Sanders, T: Essentials ofAnatomy and Physiology, ed 4 FA Davis,

capillar-Philadelphia, 2003, p 330, with permission.)

Brachiocephalic artery Superior vena cava

Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery Aortic arch

Right pulmonary artery

Right pulmonary veins

Right atrium

Inferior vena cava

Tricuspid valve

Pulmonary

semilunar valve

Left pulmonary artery Left atrium Left pulmonary veins Mitral valve

Left ventricle

Aortic semilunar valve

Interventricular septum

Apex Chordae

tendineae Right ventricle Papillary

muscles

Figure 1–13. Frontal section of the heart in

anterior view, showing internal structures (From

Scanlon, VC, and Sanders, T: Essentials of Anatomyand Physiology, ed 4 FA Davis, Philadelphia, 2003, p

262, with permission.)

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quad-Sanders, T: Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology,

ed 4 FA Davis, Philadelphia, 2003, p 16, with sion.)

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permis-The Human Body 15

Descending colon

Small intestine

Rectum

Anal canal Pharynx

Figure 1–15. The digestive organs (From Scanlon,

VC, and Sanders, T: Essentials of Anatomy and

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Ribs Aorta Inferior vena cava

Left adrenal gland Superior mesenteric artery

Left renal artery and vein

Left kidney

Left ureter

Left common iliac artery and vein Lumbar vertebra Pelvis Sacrum

Opening of ureter Trigone of bladder Symphysis pubis Urethra

Urinary bladder Right ureter Iliacus muscle

Psoas major muscle

Right kidney

Diaphragm

Figure 1–16. The urinary system (From Scanlon,

VC, and Sanders, T: Essentials of Anatomy andPhysiology, ed 4 FA Davis, Philadelphia, 2003, p 399,with permission.)

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Papilla of pyramid Calyx

Renal artery Renal vein

Ureter

Figure 1–17. Frontal section of the right kidney

(From Scanlon, VC, and Sanders, T: Essentials of

Anatomy and Physiology, ed 4 FA Davis,

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Figure 1–18. A nephron with its associated bloodvessels Portions of the nephron have been magni-fied The arrows indicate the direction of bloodflow and flow of renal filtrate (From Scanlon, VC,and Sanders, T: Essentials of Anatomy and

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Anterior: GH, TSH, ACTH FSH, LH, Prolactin Posterior: ADH, Oxytocin Melatonin

Testosterone Inhibin

THYROID GLAND

HYPOTHALAMUS

PITUITARY (HYPOPHYSIS) GLAND

PINEAL GLAND PARATHYROID GLANDS

ADRENAL (SUPRARENAL) GLANDS

(From Scanlon, VC, and Sanders, T: Essentials of

Anatomy and Physiology, ed 4 FA Davis,

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Hypothalamus

Kidneys Posterior pituitary

Uterus

Ovaries Testes

Figure 1–20. Hormones of the pituitary gland andtheir target organs (From Scanlon, VC, and

Sanders, T: Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology,

ed 4 FA Davis, Philadelphia, 2003, p 218, with mission.)

Tiêu đề	Nurse’s Fast Facts: Your Quick Source For Core Clinical Content
Tác giả	Brenda Walters Holloway
Người hướng dẫn	F. A. Davis Company
Trường học	University of South Alabama
Chuyên ngành	Nursing
Thể loại	Sách
Năm xuất bản	2004
Thành phố	Mobile

Định dạng
Số trang	657
Dung lượng	6,07 MB