tuberculosis requires a Th1 response lymphocytes Infected macrophage IL4, IL5... to tuberculin response “Koch” Positive Negative Result of intramuscular infection with TB Negative
Trang 1Graham Rook
Centre for Infectious Disease and International Health Windeyer Institute
University College London g.rook@ucl.ac.uk
Tuberculosis: back to basics
Manchester, Thurs 18th November 2004
Trang 3(HIV Stress Poverty Smoking)
Progression
Trang 4Immunity to M. tuberculosis requires a Th1 response
lymphocytes
Infected macrophage
IL4, IL5
Trang 6The problem of “ The Th1 response of the tuberculosis patient fails to eliminate “ compliance compliance ” ” The patient feels better too soon! The patient feels better too soon!
the residual bacteria, so chemotherapy must continue 6
the residual bacteria, so chemotherapy must continue 6 12 m 12 m
Trang 7tuberculosis
Old tuberculin s.c. on the back
Fever, rigors, necrosis and sloughing of the skin lesion, and dangerous necrosis of other lesions in lungs or spine.
2448 hrs
The “ “ Koch phenomenon Koch phenomenon ” in man in man
Trang 8to tuberculin response
“Koch”
Positive
Negative
Result of intramuscular infection with TB
Negative
MORE susceptible
than unimmunised controls
Resistant
Susceptible Susceptible
The Koch phenomenon is not protective
Wilson et al, 1940, (using about 400 outbred guinea pigs) guinea pigs)
Trang 12TNFa becomes toxic when IL4 is present in Balb/c mice
Th1+ Th2 IFNg + IL4
Trang 13Moreira et al. (1993) J. Exp. Med. 177, 16751680
Trang 14The use of IL4 gene knockout Balb/c mice to look at the role of IL4 in necrosis and fibrosis in
pulmonary TB
HernandezPando et al (2004) Eur J Immunol 34, 174183
• Role of IL4 in necrosis confirmed
• What about fibrosis ?
Trang 16IL 4 IL 4d2 IL13
IFNg from Th1 cells opposes fibrosis, so why is there fibrosis in TB? The presence of type 2 cytokines explains the major fibrotic component.
Matrix metallo
proteinase (MMP)9
Latent TGFbbinding protein1 (LTBP)
Trang 18that seen in Balb/c mice ?
The presence of IL4 in human TB has been controversial
Trang 19IL4 not detected by ELISA; need RTPCR, or prestimulated cells and FACS
Is high IL4 in TB patients a feature of developing countries?
Rook, Dheda and Zumla (2004), Vaccine, in press
Trang 23Yatsenko et al Bull Exp Biol Med 2004;137:179
(but agonist on fibroblasts)
Trang 24Furnham et al. Splice variants: A homology modeling
approach. (2004) PROTEINS: structure, function and
bioinformatics 54:596608
Trang 25Increased expression of IL4d2 in unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Ethiopians with latent TB
Trang 26M. tuberculosis Th1 FAILED Th1
MEDIATED IMMUNITY
iNOS Latent infection
BACTERIAL PROLIFERATION
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
(+TNFa) FIBROSIS
Th2like
IL 4 IL4d2 + IL 13 & IL 5
PROPHYLACTIC VACCINE
THERAPEUTIC VACCINE
Trang 27• IL4 also helps to drive the fibrosis which characterises TB (IFNg inhibits fibrosis)
• IL4 downregulates protective macrophage functions
• There is more IL4 in TB in countries within 30 degrees North or South of the equator
• These are the areas where BCG vaccine fails and mortality from TB is high, and background Th2 responses to mycobacterial antigens are high
• People with latent TB who do not progress to active disease have increased expression of an antagonist of IL4, known as IL4d2
• A successful vaccine may need to downregulate the unwanted Th2 (IL4) component, rather
than increasing Th1 which is rapidly evoked by M. tuberculosis anyway