EMBRYOGENESIS Edited by Ken-ichi Sato EMBRYOGENESIS Edited by Ken-ichi Sato Embryogenesis Edited by Ken-ichi Sato Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romina Skomersic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published April, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Embryogenesis, Edited by Ken-ichi Sato p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0466-7 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Clathrin Heavy Chain Expression and Subcellular Distribution in Embryos of Drosophila melanogaster 1 Georg Petkau, Christian Wingen, Birgit Stümpges and Matthias Behr Chapter 2 Human Embryogenesis 13 Charles E. Boklage Chapter 3 DM Domain Genes: Sexual and Somatic Development During Vertebrate Embryogenesis 39 Anna Bratuś Chapter 4 Regulation of Canonical Wnt Signaling During Development and Diseases 67 Saijun Mo and Zongbin Cui Chapter 5 Congenital Anomalies of Thoracic Systemic and Pulmonary Veins Visualized with Computed Tomography 111 Elżbieta Czekajska-Chehab, Sebastian Uhlig, Grzegorz Staśkiewicz and Andrzej Drop Chapter 6 Hox Genes: Master Regulators of the Animal Bodyplan 131 A.J. Durston Chapter 7 In Vitro Organogenesis of Protea cynaroides L. Shoot-Buds Cultured Under Red and Blue Light-Emitting Diodes 151 How-Chiun Wu and Elsa S. du Toit VI Contents Chapter 8 Development of the Site of Articulation Between the Two Human Hemimandibles (Symphysis Menti) 167 Ahmed F. El Fouhil Chapter 9 Combinatorial Networks Regulating Seed Development and Seed Filling 189 Ming-Jun Gao, Gordon Gropp, Shu Wei, Dwayne D. Hegedus and Derek J. Lydiate Chapter 10 Plant Somatic Embryogenesis: Some Useful Considerations 229 Antonia Gutiérrez-Mora, Alejandra Guillermina González-Gutiérrez, Benjamín Rodríguez-Garay, Azucena Ascencio-Cabral and Lin Li-Wei Chapter 11 Gene Expression in Embryonic Neural Development and Stem Cell Differentiation 249 C. Y. Irene Yan, Felipe M. Vieceli, Tatiane Y. Kanno, José Antonio O. Turri and Mirian A. F. Hayashi Chapter 12 Recent Advances of In Vitro Embryogenesis of Monocotyledon and Dicotyledon 269 Sun Yan-Lin and Hong Soon-Kwan Chapter 13 Induced Androgenic Embryogenesis in Cereals 297 Danial Kahrizi and Maryam Mirzaei Chapter 14 Cellular Markers for Somatic Embryogenesis 307 Ewa U. Kurczynska, Izabela Potocka, Izabela Dobrowolska, Katarzyna Kulinska-Lukaszek, Katarzyna Sala and Justyna Wrobel Chapter 15 Genomic Integrity of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells 333 Luc Leyns and Laetitia Gonzalez Chapter 16 Bamboo Regeneration via Embryogenesis and Organogenesis 359 Xinchun Lin, Lichun Huang and Wei Fang Chapter 17 Role of Polyamines in Efficiency of Norway Spruce (Hurst Ecotype) Somatic Embryogenesis 373 J. Malá, M. Cvikrová, P. Máchová and L. Gemperlová Contents VII Chapter 18 Somatic Embryogenesis and Efficient Plant Regeneration in Japanese Cypresses 387 Tsuyoshi E. Maruyama and Yoshihisa Hosoi Chapter 19 Mechanisms of Lumen Development in Drosophila Tubular Organs 403 Na Xu, Carolyn Pirraglia, Unisha Patel and Monn Monn Myat Chapter 20 Somatic Embryogenesis in Forest Plants 423 Katarzyna Nawrot - Chorabik Chapter 21 Phospho-Signaling at Oocyte Maturation and Fertilization: Set Up for Embryogenesis and Beyond Part I. Protein Kinases 447 A.K.M. Mahbub Hasan, Takashi Matsumoto, Shigeru Kihira, Junpei Yoshida and Ken-ichi Sato Chapter 22 Phospho-Signaling at Oocyte Maturation and Fertilization: Set Up for Embryogenesis and Beyond Part II. Kinase Regulators and Substrates 499 A. K. M. Mahbub Hasan, Takashi Matsumoto, Shigeru Kihira, Junpei Yoshida and Ken-ichi Sato Chapter 23 Morphometry as a Method of Studying Adaptive Regulation of Embryogenesis in Polluted Environments 555 Elena A. Severtsova, David R. Aguillón Gutiérrez and Aleksey S. Severtsov Chapter 24 Microspore Embryogenesis 573 Tara D. Silva Chapter 25 Somatic Embryogenesis in Recalcitrant Plants 597 Laura Yesenia Solís-Ramos, Antonio Andrade-Torres, Luis Alfonso Sáenz Carbonell, Carlos M. Oropeza Salín and Enrique Castaño de la Serna Chapter 26 Presumed Paternal Genome Loss During Embryogenesis of Predatory Phytoseiid Mites 619 Shingo Toyoshima and Hiroshi Amano Chapter 27 Liquid-Crystal in Embryogenesis and Pathogenesis of Human Diseases 637 MengMeng Xu and Xuehong Xu Preface It is my great honor to introduce the bland-new online book entitled “Embryogenesis”. As has been well appreciated, embryogenesis is the biological process of fundamental importance that governs the production of new life. In human and other animals (and, to some extent, other organisms including plants), embryogenesis is generally considered to be equal to ontogeny that starts from the point of fertilization, an event that involves the union of two gamete cells (i.e. egg and sperm), passes through so- called embryogenic processes such as cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, and morphogenesis, and ends at the point of childbirth or the earlier period (i.e. late stage of pregnancy, in the case of human and other mammals). Consequently, embryogenesis also involves production of the gamete cells in an individual organism: this is called gametogenesis where primordial germ cells serve as origins for either eggs or sperm. These events (embryogenesis and gametogenesis) are collectively termed zygotic embryogenesis and thought to be a typical feature associated with the sexual reproduction system. On the other hand, cells of many plant species can also undergo somatic embryogenesis, where diploid cells, instead of haploid cells, originate to produce embryos. These phenomena witness cellular potential to reproduce or regenerate not only unicellular organisms (e.g. bacterium) but also multicellular one (e.g. ourselves), and the researchers have assumed that this can also be true for the cells of animals. This assumption has been gradually answered in the affirmative by a series of findings, in which, for instance, somatic cell nuclear transfer, embryonic stem cell, and induced pluripotent stem cell have been shown to be (at least potentially) applicable to create not only certain tissues and organs but also a newborn. Taking this background into account, it is certain that study on embryogenesis will continue to be at the center of the research field in biology and medicine. The book “Embryogenesis” will provide such a cutting edge view from a variety of studies dealing with animals, plants, and microorganisms. Another intriguing aspect of this book is the line up of the twenty-seven sections that have been contributed from the leading researchers in the field of twenty countries from all over the world (Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Germany, Iran, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan/Republic of China, and United States of America). As an editor of this book, I would like to thank to all the contributors. Thanks are also due to Ms. Romina Skomersic, a Publishing Process Manager of InTech who did an excellent, X Preface patient, and encouraging job for us to write chapters and manage all necessary things to do in time. Finally, I wish that all readers of this book to enjoy and learn a wonderful array of scientific achievement in Embryogenesis and beyond. Dr. Ken-ichi Sato Ph.D., Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Development Department of Molecular Biosciences Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku Kyoto Japan [...]... human species Much of what we know about human embryogenesis we have learned from embryogenesis of other organisms, but there is a wealth of knowledge, specific to the human process, available from the traces left by variations in embryogenesis among living humans with developmental anomalies, and twins and chimeras By learning how some people have done their embryogenesis differently, we can learn much... repeated and reviewed by multiple knowledgeable and competent scientists In one form of summary, human embryogenesis has a great deal in common with every other kind of embryogenesis we understand at all, and our observations to date also show it is not exactly like any other kind First: No part of human embryogenesis is the “beginning of human life.” Every human life today is a continuation of something... appears that human embryogenesis must be among the least efficient kinds of embryogenesis in terms of normal live births per fertilization From other chapters here, you should be able to form a good vision of the generalized story of embryonic development This chapter will focus on commonly observed departures of human development from what we understand the “normal” process of human embryogenesis to... more conventional recognition of pregnancy The majority of failures occur before recognition, during embryogenesis More than twice as many instances of human embryogenesis end in failure as result in a living fetus carrying a recognized pregnancy forward (Boklage, 1990, 1995) From the completion of embryogenesis at the recognition threshold [usually about eight weeks since the last normal menses, about... slower than it was during embryogenesis By the time miscarriages and stillbirths are over, fewer than one in four products of successful syngamy and zygosis remain to be born alive 5 Secondary and primary sex ratio, imprinting and sex differences in speed and efficiency of embryogenesis Sex ratio at birth is one of the outcomes from which we can learn some of the facts of embryogenesis With rare and... menses goes missing Can there be anything about embryogenesis that routinely generates enough of an excess of male conceptuses to last for the remainder of pregnancy? Yes In a word: speed Male conceptuses generally do embryogenesis faster In mouse, human and a few other kinds of embryo so far studied, the presence of a paternally-imprinted X-chromosome slows embryogenesis Since only female embryos have... down, male embryos (who get not X but Y chromosomes from their fathers) do embryogenesis faster Because many of the most important cellular achievements of embryogenesis are time-critical chemical signals, to other cells in the embryo or to the placenta, or through the placenta to the maternal physiology, then getting through embryogenesis less quickly very likely means doing it with less success Since... of embryogenesis The list includes at least: frequency of twinning, same-sex vs opposite-sex fractions of delivered twins, chorionicity fractions of twins, age of females 20 Embryogenesis at menarche, age at first birth, age at last birth, and the fraction of births that are premature or of low birth weight All of these may be seen as arising from differences in relative speed and efficiency of embryogenesis. .. about how embryogenesis generates the doubled threedimensional body symmetry to make two embryos out of one Dizygotic twins, from that perspective, would be the obvious ‘controls’ against any effects of simply being twins That describes the climate in which these studies of human embryogenesis began, and that has been the outline of the plan of my research for the last few decades 8 Probing twin embryogenesis. .. basic elements of this system of processes have much in common with the basic components of embryogenesis in every animal life form since before the radiation of the cnidarians (Morris, 1994) We have learned a great deal from fruit flies, from worms whose adult bodies include 959 cells all of whose paths through embryogenesis have been mapped, and from sea urchins and starfish, and we have learned important . EMBRYOGENESIS Edited by Ken-ichi Sato EMBRYOGENESIS Edited by Ken-ichi Sato Embryogenesis Edited by. Chapter 2 Human Embryogenesis 13 Charles E. Boklage Chapter 3 DM Domain Genes: Sexual and Somatic Development During Vertebrate Embryogenesis 39 Anna