Sentence structure 1 47

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Non-past: Nです (affirmative) / Nではありません (negative)

Mari-san is 18 years old

Negative Nです Sentence Structure:

Noun is not Noun

1 わたし は 大学生 (だいがくせい) では ありません。

I am not a university student

Nですか Question and Answer Structure:

B You can state N1’s name, grade/form, nationality, or age (among other things) using the pattern「N1はN2で す」

C The Answer to the question 「N1 はN2ですか」can have variations

D In cases when it is understood what N1 is,「N1 は」is sometimes omitted

E 「は」 in 「N1は」 and 「ではありません」 is pronounced as “wa”

G When the answers being sought is N and the answers to the question are in the

forms「ＮをＶます」「ＮにＶます」「ＮへＶます」「ＮでＶます」, you can reply with 「N です」

A This pattern is used for stating N1’s likes and dislikes

B In the cases when it is understood what N1 and N2 are, 「N1は」 and 「N2 が」are sometimes omitted

「すき」 is aなadjective

In the spoken form, 「すきではありません」often becomes「すきじゃありません」

「すきなＮは何ですか」is another way of asking「何がすきですか」

Non-past: Vます (affirmative) / Vません (negative)

B Examples 1,2 indicate the statement of a present habitual action

C Examples 3,4 indicate statement of the current status/condition

D In cases when it is understood what N is, 「Nは」is sometimes omitted

I’ll have a sandwich

E Examples 5, 6, 7 are sentence patterns indicating a future plan or intention

F Vます is the polite form of this type of expression

B 「います」 indicates the existence of living creatures (Examples 2,3,5,7)

C This pattern is used for asking or explaining location of inanimate things or living creatures (Examples 4,5,6,7)

D When asking about the location, 「どこ」 is used (Examples 6,7)

E In cases where it is understood what N1 is, 「Ｎ１は」is sometimes omitted (Examples 4,5,6,7)

What is on the roof?

A.「あります」indicates the existence of inanimate things (Examples 1,2,5,7)

B.「います」indicates the existence of living creatures (Examples 3,4,6,8)

C This pattern is used for asking or explaining the existing place of inanimate things or living creatures (Examples 5,6,7,8)

D When asking about an inanimate thing or living creatures,「何(なに)」is used while「だれ」is used for people (Examples 7,8))

E A request can be indicated with the pattern 「Ｎがありますか」.(Examples 9,10)

F In cases when it is understood what N1 is,「Ｎ1に」is sometimes omitted (Examples 5,6,7,8)

11 A: みなさん、質問(しつもん)が ありますか。

Does anyone have any questions?

Sensei, do we have a kanji exam next week?

G.「Nがあります」indicates the possession (Examples 11,12,13)

H.「Nがあります」indicates that events or incidents took place In this case, 「で」is used for indicating the place of the event or the incident instead of 「に」 ( Examples 14,15,16)

affirmative negative

A ( いadj ) A いです A くないです

AN ( なadj ) AN です AN ではありません

1 A: そのアイスクリームはおいしいですか。

Does that ice cream taste good?

A You can describe the nature, characteristics (colour, shape, size, etc) and the condition of

N using this sentence pattern (Examples 3,4,5)

B You can express the opinion and the impression of the speaker about N (Examples 1,2,6)

C When you ask for the opinion or the impression about something, the question could be

「Ｎはどうですか」 (Example 6)

D When it is understood in context what N is, 「Ｎは」can be omitted (Examples 1~6)

E い adjective「いい」has an exceptional conjugation

A.「Nをください」is used for shopping (Examples 1,2)

B.「Nをください」is used for ordering something in a restaurant (Examples 3,4) C.「Nをくださいませんか」is used when the speaker politely asks the listener for something which is for the benefit of the speaker (Examples 5,6)

7 先生(せんせい) 、宿題(しゅくだい) のプリントをください。

Sensei May I have a handout of the homework?

8 先生(せんせい) 、会話(かいわ) のテープをください。

Sensei, can I have a conversation tape?

D.「Nをください」is used to ask for something that the speaker wants to get and which the speaker has a right to request (Examples 7,8)

N: the object which the speaker wants to have

B This sentence pattern expresses the speaker’s desire to have something

C You can ask the listener’s wish with the form

I don’t like cake very much

A 「あまりV ません」 indicates that an action is not done frequently (Examples 1, 2)

B 「あまりA くないです」 and 「あまりAN ではありません」 indicates that the level

or quality is not very high (Examples 3, 4)

We don’t have many tall buildings in the town where I live

C 「あまりV ません」 indicates that an action is not done frequently (Examples 5, 6, 7, 8)

affirmative negative

Non-past V ます V ません Past V ました V ませんでした

A This sentence pattern expresses a past action (Examples 1,2,3)

B This sentence pattern expresses that an action has been completed (Examples 4,5)

C In cases when it is understood what N1 is, 「N1 は」 is sometimes omitted (Examples

There was a big tree near the gate of the school long time ago

7 子供(こども) のとき、うちに犬(いぬ) がいました。

We had a dog when I was a child

D This sentence pattern indicates a condition or the state of things in the past (Examples 6,7)

【いadjective】

affirmative negative Non-past A いです A くないです Past A かったです A くなかったです

【なadjective】

affirmative negative Non-past AN です AN ではありません Past AN でした AN ではありませんでした

A The sentence pattern is used to express the nature or the characteristics of N (Example 1)

B This sentence pattern indicates a condition or the state of things in the past (Examples 2,3,6)

C We can state the speaker's opinion or impression about an event or an incident in the past (Examples 4,5,7)

D We can ask the about a condition or a state of things in the past with the pattern 「N はどうでしたか」 (Example 6)

E We can ask for opinions or impressions about the past asking with the pattern 「N

はどうでしたか」 (Example 7)

F The conjugation of the theいadjective 「いい」 is exceptional

affirmative negative Non-past いいです よくないです Past よかったです よくなかったです

affirmative negative Non-past AN です AN ではありません Past AN でした AN ではありませんでした

A 「N2でした」 provides a description about the past of N1 (Examples 1,2,3,4,5)

B When it is understood in context what N is, 「Ｎは」 can be omitted (Example 5)

「いいですね。V ましょう。」 That's a good idea Let's V

D When declining invitations, the answers are as follows:

「・・・はちょっと。」 ちょっと= a bit (It is a bit inconvenient for me.)

「すみません。・・・（理由(りゆう) を言(い) う）。」 I’m sorry, …(give the reason)

A 「Vてください」 is used for politely giving instructions or orders (Examples 1,2,3)

B 「Vてくださいませんか」 is used for requesting something to be beneficial to the speaker in a polite manner (Examples 4,5)

1 A: 教室(きょうしつ) でお弁当(べんとう) を食(た) べてもいいですか。 May I have lunch in the classroom?

C When you don’t allow something to be done, the replies are as follows (Examples 4,5) 「いいえ。」 No

「いいえ、ちょっと……。」 I’m sorry, but…

A.「Aく」 and 「ANに」 modify V (Examples 1 ~ 6)

For modifying nouns For modifying verbs

いadjectives (A) おおきい おおきい N おおきく V

なadjectives (AN) べんり べんりな N べんりに V

B Adverbs express the appearance of an action (Examples 1,2,3)

C Adverbs express the appearance as a result of an action (Examples 4,5,6)

not completed completed before change after change

A 「もう」 indicates that an action has been completed (Examples 1,2)

B 「まだ」 indicates that an action was not completed (Examples 2)

No It’s gotten cooler

5 A: 富士山(ふじさん) に登(のぼ) ったことがありません。

I haven’t climbed Mt Fuji

B: じゃ、今度(こんど) いっしょに登(のぼ) りましょう。

Then, let’s go together next time

A We can state whether someone has experienced doing V by using this sentence pattern

B In cases when it is understood what 「Vたこと」 is, 「Vたことが」 is sometimes omitted

My brother reads books and watches TV on Sundays

3 友(とも) だちとよく映画(えいが) を見(み) たりプールに行(い) ったりします。

I often watch movies and go swimming pool together with friends

A The form of 「V たり」 can be made by adding 「り」 to 「V た form」 as in 「泳(およ) いだ ＋ り → 泳(およ) いだり」

B This sentence pattern is used for showing examples of actions This implies that there are another relevant actions

4 飛行機(ひこうき) で東京(とうきょう) と大阪(おおさか) を行ったり(いったり)

来(き) たりします。

I go back and forth from Tokyo to Osaka by plane

5 雨(あめ) が降(ふ) ったりやんだりしています。

It rains off and on

C This sentence pattern indicates that two conditions or actions are interchangeably repeated (Examples 4,5)

B Particles are preceded by 「interrogatives + か」 (Example 1)

C When 「interrogatives + か」 is used as a word accompanied by 「が (subject)」 (See p.104) or 「を (object)」 (See p.38), 「が (subject)」 and 「を (object)」 may be omitted (Examples 2,3,4)

No, I didn’t see anybody

A This sentence pattern is used when totally negating the target, time or place (Examples 1,2,3,4)

B Particles are placed between interrogatives and 「も」, (Examples 3,4)

C When 「interrogatives + も」 is used as a word accompanied by 「が (subject)」 (See p.104) or 「を (object)」 (See p.38), 「が (subject)」 and 「を (object)」 are omitted (Examples 1,2)

1 今(いま)、小林(こばやし) さんは図書館(としょかん) で本(ほん) を読(よ) んでいます。

Kobayashi-san is now reading a book in the library

9 A: 山田(やまだ) 先生(せんせい) を知(し) っていますか。

Do you know Yamada-sensei?

B: いいえ、知(し) りません。

No, I don’t

A This sentence pattern indicates continuity of an action (Examples 1,2,3) B This sentence pattern indicates a present habitual practice (Examples 4,5)

C This sentence pattern indicates that the result of an action that has been continued

Kimura-san is on the phone now

D You can use 「いま今、しています」 for turning something down For example, example 10 implies that s/he has a dictionary, but s/he can’t lend it because s/he is using it while example 11 relays the meaning that Kimura-san cannot come to the phone (Examples

1 わたしの趣味(しゅみ) は、切手(きって) を集(あつ) めることと本(ほん) を読(よ) むことです。

My hobbies are collecting stamps and reading books

A 「こと」 attaches to the dictionary form of verbs and transforms it into a nominal form

B 「V こと」, like nouns, can become a component of a sentence (Examples 1,2,3)

C V in 「V こと」 can accompany 「N を」「N で」「N に」 (Examples 1,2,3)

A 「V こと」 is an action which N1 can perform （Examples 1,2,4,5）

B N is the noun which appears in “N” as in 「N する」 （するverb） （Examples 3,6）

C This sentence pattern indicates that it is possible to do N or 「V こと」 （Examples 1,2,3.）

D This sentence pattern indicates that the speaker has the ability to do N or 「V こと」

（Examples 4,5,6）

E In cases when it is understood what N and 「V こと」 are, 「N が」 and 「V

ことが」 may be omitted （Examples 3,6）

F This sentence pattern is used for expressing one’s strong point or if one is “good” or

“poor” at something However, the speaker cannot use 「じょうず」 to refer to

him/herself In place of 「じょうず」, it is better to use 「とくい得意」 （Examples 12,13,14）

I was given a book with beautiful pictures for my birthday

A The pattern 「N1 がA／AN」 modifies N2 （Examples 1,2,3,4,5）

B This pattern becomes a component of a sentence as a noun （Examples 1,2,3,4,5）

This is Professor Kawakami of Tokyo University who is also a medical doctor

6 A: さくらマンションはどの建物(たてもの) ですか。

Which building is Sakura Manshion?

10 川上(かわかみ) さんのお父(とう) さんは医者(いしゃ) で、大学(だいがく) の教授(きょうじゅ) です。

Kawakami-san’s father is a doctor and a professor

11 田中(たなか) さんは背(せ) が高(たか) くて、小林(こばやし) さんは背(せ) が低い(ひくい) です。

Tanaka-san is tall and Kobayashi-san is short

12 木村(きむら) さんはテニスがじょうずで、小林(こばやし)

さんはサッカーがじょうずです。

Kimura-san is good at tennis and Kobayashi-san is good at soccer

13 田中(たなか) さんのお父(とう) さんは弁護士(べんごし) で、川上(かわかみ) さんのお父(とう) さんは大学(だいがく) の教授(きょうじゅ) です。

Tanaka-san’s father is a lawyer and Kawakami-san’s father is a professor

A You can connect two or more nouns/adjectives to modify N (Examples 1~6)

B You can connect two or more sentences with the form 「Aくて／ANで／Nで」 (Examples 7~13)

I’ll get up at 7, have breakfast at the canteen, and practice from 8

I study Japanese by listening to tapes

A 「V て」 can connect two or more sentences （Examples 1～7）

B Regardless the form of V

（「ます」「ました」「ています」「ましょう」「たいです」「てください」etc）

「V て form」 can be made （Examples 1～7）

C This sentence pattern is used for stating the sequence of actions In this case, the agent of the two actions should be the same person （Examples 1,2,3,4）

D This sentence pattern is used for stating the condition when an action is taken In this case, the agent of the two actions should be the same person （Example 5）

E This sentence pattern expresses methods or means used to carry out the action In this case, the agent of the two actions should be the same person （Examples 6,7）

F This sentence pattern is used for stating actions taken by more than two people, for stating

a condition or two or more incidents （Examples 9,10）

G 「V1 て」 expresses the cause and 「V2 ます」 shows the effect in 「V1 て、V2 ます」 （Examples 11,12）

We had a match after the rain stopped

3 小林(こばやし) さんが来(き) てから、食事(しょくじ) を始(はじ) めましょう。 Let’s start dinner after Kobayashi-san comes

A This sentence pattern indicates that V1 happens before V2 （Examples 1～6）

B This sentence pattern is used for clearly stating sequential relation of two actions or incidents （Examples 1～6）

C 「N2 は」can be placed at the beginning of the sentence （Examples 2,5,6）

B 「たい」 is conjugated in the same way as いadjectives

C This sentence pattern indicates the speaker’s wish or desire （Examples 1,2,3,4）

D 「V たいですか」 is used for asking the listener’s wish or desire （Examples 3,4）

1 田中(たなか) さんは毎日(まいにち) 寝(ね) るまえに、日記(にっき) を書(か) きます。

Tanaka-san writes in his/ her diary before going to bed everyday

2 先生(せんせい) の部屋(へや) に入(はい) るまえに、学生(がくせい)

はノックをします。

Students knock on the door before entering the teachers’ room

3 電車(でんしゃ) に乗(の) るまえに、男(おとこ) の人は切符を買いました。 Before taking the train, the man bought a ticket

A 「まえに」 indicates that the event N2 takes place before V1 or N3 (Examples 1~9)

B The subject N1 of 「まえに」 clause takes 「が」 (Examples 5,6)

C Regardless tense of V2, V1 should be in the dictionary form

D N2 can be placed at the beginning of a sentence (Examples 1,4,5)

N3: Nouns which are associated with actions or nouns which indicate incidents

3 教科書(きょうかしょ) を読(よ) んだあとで、生徒(せいと) は答(こた) えを書(か) きました。

After reading the textbook, the students wrote their answers

4 中山(なかやま) さんが質問(しつもん) したあとで、田中(たなか) さんが同(おな) じ質問(しつもん) をしました。

After Nakayama-san asked a question, Tanaka-san asked the same question

A 「あとで」 indicates that V2 happens after V1 and N3 (Examples 1~7)

B The subject N1 of 「あとで」 clause takes 「が」 (Examples 1,2,4)

C Regardless the tense of V2, V1 should be in 「たform」

D N2 can be placed at the beginning of the sentence （Example 1）

V : plain form

Who wrote this essay? There’s no name on it

9 A: 田中(たなか) さんが住(す) んでいる町(まち) はどんな町(まち) ですか。 What is the town where Tanaka-san lives like?

I like songs made by the Beatles

3 教科書(きょうかしょ) を読(よ) んだあとで、生徒(せいと) は答(こた) えを書(か) きました。

After reading the textbook, the students wrote their answers

4 中山(なかやま) さんが質問(しつもん) したあとで、田中(たなか) さんが同(おな) じ質問(しつもん) をしました。

After Nakayama-san asked a question, Tanaka-san asked the same question

We clean the room after our class

A 「あとで」 indicates that V2 happens after V1 and N3 (Examples 1~7) B The subject N1 of 「あとで」 clause takes 「が」 (Examples 1,2,4)

C Regardless the tense of V2, V1 should be in 「たform」