Trong phạm vi bài này chúng ta sẽ chỉ làm quen vối một số thành ngữ thông dụng sử dụng với MAKE Sau đây là một số thành ngữ thông dụng sử dụng với MAKE 1.. GRAMMAR MODAL AUXILIARIES Cá
Trang 1Student 1: You know It was said on TV last night that the tigers in Vietnam are
becoming extinct
Student 2: That’s true It seems to me that the government can’t stop poachers from
hunting and killing tigers
Student 3: But isn’t that agaisnt the laws?
Student 1: Sure it is but because of big profits, many people just ignore the laws Student 2: That’s terrible! What can we do?
Student 3: Well one thing to do about it is to tell people to stop using medicine made
from the parts of the tiger
Student 1: What if that doesn’t work?
Student 2: Well then another way to stop them is to give severe punishments for
those who hunt, kill and sell animals
Student 1: Yes, and we should give heavy fines for those who use medicine or
products made from the parts of tigers
Student 3: Maybe we can get a TV station to run a story on it Many people hate bad
publicity
Student 1: Ok That sounds better now
* How to protect and save Dugong
Student 1: Um, can you tell us what we should do to protect and save dugongs?
Student 2: Sure It is sort of complicated, but you see, we mustn’t dump wastes into
the sea because dugongs can not live in polluted water
Student 3: Er, is hunting a great danger to them?
Student 4: Yeah! This is certainly causes them to be extinct
Student 1: And what shouldn’t we do?
Student 2: Um First, we mustn’t dump wastes into the sea because dugongs can not
live in polluted sea
Student 1: Thanks a lot I think people should be informed of the ways endangered
species are protected and saved
Student 2: I couldn’t agree more
WRITING
PRE-WRITING
a) Read the paragraph about measures to save gazelles from extinction and write appropritae sentences in the blanks in the outlines:
GOI Y TRA LOI
Cấu trúc đoạn văn
Trang 2Topic sentence: There are three main measures to protect gazelles from extinction Supporting idea 1: | Humans must stop poaching gazelles for their horns, meat and
skin
Supporting idea 2: They mustn’t kill gazelles massively
Supporting idea 3: Gazelles should be kept together in their natural habitat so that
they can breed successfully
Concluding sentence: Gazelles will be saved from extinction when these measures are
carried out effectively
WHILE - WRITING
b)
1 Match the pictures with appropriate endangered species:
GỢI Ý TRẢ LỜI
A picture 3 B picture 4 C picture 1 D picture 2
2 Suggest measures to save these endangered species:
GOI Y TRA LOI
SPECIES
— whales — People mustn’t hunt and use whales / flamingos
— flamingos /gazelles / chimpanzees for commercial
—chimpanzees_ | -—- Whales / flamingos /gazelles / chimpanzees may
be well taken care of in protected areas
— They must be kept in natural habitats
— Massive killing of whales / flamingos /gazelles / chimpanzees must be banned
— Humans must keep water, air, and land clean to preserve natural habitats for whales / flamingos /gazelles / chimpanzees
— Humans must provide whales / flamingos /gazelles / chimpanzees with appropriate habitats
to live in and breed successfully
— Governments must stop illegal trade of whales / flamingos / gazelles / chimpanzees and their associated products
— Authorities must control fishing successfully because fisheries might decrease whale population and cause food shortage to whales
158
Trang 3— Boat traffic and noise should be reduced to preserve good habitat for whales
POST -WRITING
c) Bài viết gợi ý
1 There are three measures that should be taken to stop chimpanzees from becoming extinct First people mustn’t destroy the natural habitats where chimpanzees live and breed Second, hunting and killing chimpanzees for commercial purposes should be banned Finally, there should be more wildlife habitat reserves where chimpanzees can live in the clean air, drink clean water and are provided with healthy food Only when these three measures are taken can chimpanzees enjoy life and develop
2 There are three main measures to protect whales from extinction First, humans mustn’t pollute the sea Second, governments must control fishing successfully because it might decrease whale population and cause food shortage to whales Third, boat traffic and noise should be reduced to preserve good habitat for whales It is believed that when these measures are carried out effectively whales will be saved from extinction
LANGUAGE FOCUS
WORD STUDY
* Expressions with MAKE
Trong quá trình học tiếng Anh hoc sinh thường gặp khó khăn trong việc sử dụng chính xác từ DO và MAKE
Trong phạm vi bài này chúng ta sẽ chỉ làm quen vối một số thành ngữ thông dụng sử dụng với MAKE
Sau đây là một số thành ngữ thông dụng sử dụng với MAKE
1 To make the arrangements
E.g: I'll do my best to make all the necessary arrangements in time
2 To make an appointment
E.g: I’ve made an appointment to see my dentist on Wednesday
3 To make a choice
E.g: I’ve never had to make such a difficult choice
4 To make a conversation
E.g: It’s difficult to make a conversation with her
5 To make a complaint
E.g: I have a complaint to make Can I see the manager?
6 To make a confession
E.g: I’m afraid I have a confession to make I’ve lost your book
Trang 47 To make criticisms
E.g: Please let me know if you have any criticisms to make
8 To make a/ no difference
E.g: It made no difference whether you believe me or not
9 To make an excuse
E.g: I don’t like to make an excuse but I was too busy to do my homework last night
10 To make fun of
E.g: Everyone will make fun of you if you go to school dressed like that
11 To make friends
E.g: He only wants to make friends Don’t make fun of him
12 To make a list
E.g: Before going shopping I have to make a list of things I need
13 To make dirty marks
E.g: You’ ve made dirty marks on the wall
14 To make money
E.g: I’d like to know how he has made so much money
15 To make a mess
E.g: The children have made an awful mess in their bedroom
16 To make mistakes
E.g: Try not to make too many mistakes
17 to make a move
E.g: It’s time for us to make a move
18 To make noise /to make a sound —
E.g: I wish you wouldn’t make so much noise
How were the prisoners able to make their escape? They didn’t make a sound
19 To make a name
E.g: It’s hard to make a name without a lot of talent and hard work
20 To make a phone call
E.g: Excuse me I have to make a phone call
21 To make plans
E.g: Let’s make some plans for the next weekend
22 To make a profit
E.g: I made a small profit on the sale of my car
23 To make progress
E.g: If you want to make more progress, you must practice more
24 To make room for
E.g: He moved along the seat to make room for her to sit down
25.'To make sense
Trang 5E.g: Your explanation simply doesn’t make sense
26 To make sure
E.g: Make sure you lock the door when you leave
27 To make a speech
E.g: We were disappointed because he made a long boring speech
28 To make a start
E.g: We’ ve got a lot to do so it’s time to make a start
29 To make trouble
E.g: I don’t want to make trouble for you
30 To make war / peace
E.g: Sorry but I come here to make peace not to make war
* 'Thực hành
a) Match the expressions with MAKE in column A with their appropriate meanings in column B
GOI Y TRA LOI
b) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate expressions with MAKE in column A to make the sentence meaningful
1 The use of computers has made it possible for learners in remote areas to do distance learning
2 He made a mistake when getting married at an early age
3 He is good enough to make the team in his office
4 His small business made a profit of 200 million dong last year
5 You should make an appointment with Dr Jones for a health checkup
6 Be sure to make the bed as soon as you get up
7 Professor Manh’s words made an impression on his students and colleagues
GRAMMAR
MODAL AUXILIARIES Các trợ động từ (còn gọi là trợ động từ hình thái-) dùng để bổ nghĩa thêm cho động từ
chính về tính chất, mức độ, khả năng, hình thái, của hành động Chúng ta sẽ lần lượt đề
cập đến ý nghĩa của chúng ở các phần sau Do chúng là các trợ động từ, nên không thay thế
được cho động từ chính (phải luôn có động từ chính đi kèm), cũng như không dùng kèm với các trợ động từ khác cùng loại hoặc với các trợ động từ đo, đoes, đid Cũng không dùng tiểu tif to trước và sau các trợ động từ Trợ động từ hình thái không biến đổi theo ngôi hay theo
số (số ít và số nhiều như nhau, ngôi thứ nhất, thứ hai hay thứ ba cũng như nhau) Động từ chính đi sau trợ động từ cũng không chia (luôn ở dạng nguyên thể không có /o)
Trang 6Present tense Past tense
must
Ví dụ và cách đùng trợ động từ:
I can swim; she can swim, too (không chia theo ngôi)
He can swm (Không dùng: He cans swim hoặc He can swims) They will leave now (Khéng dung: They will feaving now hoac They will can leave now.)
They have to go now He has to go now (chia theo ng6i)
* Câu phủ định dùng trợ động từ
Trong câu phủ định, thêm øø¿ vào sau trợ động từ, trước động từ chính:
John will leave now — John will not leave now
He can swim — He cannot swim
Chú ý khi viết tắt: will not —> won”t; must not > musn’t; would not > wouldn’t; could not > couldn’t; cannot > can’t
* Câu nghi vấn dùng trợ động từ
Trong câu hỏi, đặt trợ động từ ở đầu câu:
John will leave now > Will he leave now?
Xin nhắc lại, trợ động từ hình thái luôn đi với dạng thức nguyên thể không có fø của động từ Vì vậy, sau trợ động từ hình thái không bao giờ có các dạng [verb-Ing], [verb+s], [to + verb] hay thời quá khứ của động từ Chỉ có hai cách sử dụng trợ động
từ hình thái:
(1) modal + [simple form of verb]: would be, can go, will have, must see, (2) modal + have + [verb in past participle]: could have gone, would have been Tất nhiên trong cách (2), từ have chinh 1a d6ng ti nguyên thể không có /ø; không
được thay thế nó bằng has hay had
Trong phạm vi bài này chúng ta sẽ chỉ đề cập đến những động từ hình thái sau
May: có thể, dùng để xin phép hoặc cho phép
E.g: You may go now
May I come in?
May còn được dùng để chỉ sự tiên đoán
E.g: It may rain tomorrow
Quá khứ của may trong trường hợp này là may+ have + Vpp E.g: She may have heard the news
Trang 7might: đã có thể, là hình thức quá khứ của may khi dùng để diễn tả sự xin phép hoặc cho
phép:
E.g: John said that I might go with him
Khi dùng với nghĩa có lẽ để chỉ sự tiên đoán, zmighf cũng được dùng để chỉ sự tiên đoán ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai như 2y
E.g: It might rain tomorrow
Quá khứ của mipht trong trường hợp này là might+ have + Vpp
E.g: He might have come here while we were out
must: phải, dùng để chỉ bổn phận, một sự bắt buộc ở hiện tại hoặc trong tương lai
E.g: You must go now
When must I do it?
We must eat to live
Must va have to thuéng được xem là tương đương với nhau øye íø thường được dùng để thay thé must 6 thi tuong lai (will have to) va qua khứ (had to) vì must khong c6 cdc dạng khác để chia ở các thì này
E.g: They will have to come here tomorrow
He had to hand in the report yesterday
Mary has had to sell her house
Trong trường hợp này chúng ta dùng DO để tạo thể phủ định và nghi vấn với “have to”
E.g: Do you have to work on Saturday? No I don’t
* Tuy vậy vẫn có một sự khác biệt nhỏ khi sử dụng must va have to
+ Must diễn tả một sự bắt buộc đến từ người nói
+ Have to diễn tả một sự bắt buộc đến từ một tình thế hay điều kiện bên ngoài E.g: You must learn this lesson by heart (Teacher said to his students)
You have to learn this lesson by heart (A student said to his/her friend(s))
Must còn có nghĩa là hẳn là, chỉ một sự suy đoán
E.g: Mary must be at home The light in her room is on
He must have an early class; he leaves home at six
You have to wear a raincoat It is raining outside
Mustn’t: khong được, chỉ một sự cấm đoán
E.g: You musn’t ride a motorbike without wearing a helmet
You mustn’t ride too fast It’s agaisnt the law
Có một sự khác biệt khi sử dụng mustn°t (cấm không được) và don’t have to (khéng cần phải)
E.g: You mustn’t use a dictionary during exam time
You don’t have to use a dictionary There is no new word
Need: can phải, được dùng chủ yếu trong câu nghi vấn và phủ định
Trang 8E.g: You need not go
You need not give me the answer right now
Cần lưu ý sự khác nhau giữa need là một trợ động từ va need là một động từ thường E.g: You need not go /You needn’t go
You don’t need to go
Your hair needs cutting
Needn?t: không cần phải
E.g: You needn’t hurry We still have time
* Thực hành
Write answers to the questions, using appropritate modal auxiliary:
GGIY TRA LOI
1 B: It must be banned/ It must be stopped
2 B: Well, it is suggested that humans
— mustn’t make campfires in forests
— must stop buying fashionable wildlife products
— must stop eating meat of wild animals
— must stop using medicine made from the parts of wild animals
— mustn’t rely on wildlife products for our life
— mustn’t add more pollutants to the environment
— must stop killing endangered species massively
— mustn’t destroy forests
— mustn’t pollute their natural habitats
— musin’t sell and use the flesh of rare animals as food, and their associated products as medicines or ornaments
3 B: -They must give severe punishments for those who hunt, kill or sell animals
They must have campaigns to raise people awareness for protecting and preserving wildlife
I think they must prohibit, capture, or impose heavy fines on poachers, hunters, sellers, and buyers of wild animals
4 B: No, they needn’t They must take actions or it will be too late
Instead, they must take such actions as educating people to preserve and save natural habitats, preventing and banning human capture and trade of endangered species
5 B: In my opinion, rare animals are becoming extinct because of humans’ needs
As I see it The causes of their extinction may / might be due to loss of good natural habitats, population decrease, and massive killing
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF REASON
Trang 9Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân cho chúng ta biết được tại sao hành động đó xảy ra
Như tất cả các mệnh đề trạng từ khác mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân có thể đứng đầu câu, trước một mệnh đề chính nhưng cũng có khi nó đứng cuối câu hay sau một mệnh đề chính Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân thường bắt đầu bằng” Because” hay một trong
những liên từ sau đây:
“As, Since, Seeing that, Now that”
E.g: He sold the car because it was too small
Since / as / seeing that / now that you don’t help me, I must do the job myself
He studied hard because he needed a good grade
As it’s raining, we have decided to stay home
Would you consider it since she asked nicely?
Người ta thường sử dụng các từ này để thay thế cho nhau nhưng trong thực tế có một khác biệt nhỏ về cách sử dụng các từ này
Những mệnh đề bắt đầu với since; as; seeing that; now that thường đứng trước mệnh đề chính trong khi đó những mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng because thì thường đứng sau
* As my secretary is away at present, I have a great many extra letters to answer
* Thave a great many extra letters to answer because my secretary is away at present
Ở trong câu trước người ta muốn nhấn mạnh vào mệnh đề chính trong lúc đó ở câu sau người ta lại nhấn mạnh đến mệnh đề phụ
Mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân còn được thay thế bằng cụm từ chỉ nguyên nhân (phrase of reason) because of
Về ý nghĩa because và because of hoàn toàn giống nhau nhưng cách sử dụng lại khác nhau:
- Because phải được sử dụng với một mệnh đề hoàn chỉnh (có chứa một động từ được chia hợp với chủ từ đứng trước nó)
because + subject +
Because of được sử dụng với một danh từ hay cụm danh từ
because of ciing thudng c6 thé thay thé bing cum tit due to
because of + noun (phrase)
E.g: Jan was worried because it had started to rain
Jan was worried because of the rain
The students arrived late because there was a traffic tram
Trang 10The students arrived late because of the traffic tram
We have to cut down on our driving because there is an oil shortage
We have to cut down on our driving because of the oil shortage
Ghi Chi: Cum ti because of c6 thé dting 6 dau cau
Because of the heavy rain the football match had to be put off
Thực hành
a) Underline the adverbial clauses of reason in the sentences Then rewrite them, replacing the underlined adverbial clauses by adverbial phrases
GOI Y TRA LOI
1 He bought this sleeping bag because he is going to spend one week at the
campsite in Con Dao national park
— He bought this sleeping bad because of his one week’s stay at the campsite in Con Dao National Park
Put on your raincoat because it is raining heavily
— Because of the heavy rain, put on your raincoat
She got lost because she didn’t have a map
— She got lost because of not having a map
| don’t take a bus to school every morning because streets are always so crowded
— I don’t take a bus to school every morning because of crowded streets
He can’t fix your bicycle because he doesn’t have a screwdriver of the proper Size
— Because of not having a screwdriver of the proper size, he can’t fix your bicycle
b) Work with a partner Ask and answer the questions, using either because or because
GOI Y TRA LOI
1 Because people hunt them for food
Because of sea pollution/ hunting/ and little protection against predators
2 Because there are not enough bamboos for them to eat
Because of human capture/ habitat loss/ and their decreasing population
3 Because their habitat is destroyed and their horns are so valuable
Because of habitat loss/ poaching/ and purchase of their parts for associated products such as medicines and ornaments
BAI TAP CUNG CO 10
Part 1: Pronunciation