A Complete Guide to Programming in C++ part 77 doc

... EXERCISES ■ 741 Exercise 2 Define a class template Array<T, n> to represent an array with a maximum of n elements of type T.Attempting to address an array element with an invalid index should lead to an exception ... val); FloatArr(const FloatArr& src); ~FloatArr(); FloatArr& operator=( const FloatArr& ); int length() const { return cnt; } float& operator[](int...

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... 197 Storage Classes and Namespaces This chapter begins by describing storage classes for objects and functions.The storage class is responsible for defining those parts of a program where an object ... scope Function ■ STORAGE CLASSES OF OBJECTS ᮀ Availability of Objects C++ program ᮀ Storage Class Specifiers The storage class of an object is determined by ■ the position of its declaratio...

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... a namespace within another namespace. Global identifiers belonging to the C++ standard library automatically belong to the standard namespace std. exercises 212 ■ CHAPTER 11 ST0RAGE CLASSES AND ... need to repeatedly quote the namespace. Just like normal declarations, using declarations and using directives can occur at any part of the program. ᮀ using Declarations A using decla...

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... increments the variable var. Within the function, any access to the reference a auto- matically accesses the supplied variable, var. If an object is passed as an argument when passing by reference, ... need to read arguments, but not copy them, you can define a read-only reference as a parameter. Example: void display( const string& str); The function display() contains a str...

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... at data encapsulation. Access methods offer a far more useful way of accessing the private data members. Access methods allow data to be read and manipulated in a controlled manner. If the access ... impact a program’s runtime. In fact, saving a re-entry address and jumping to the called function and back into the call- ing function can take more time than executing the functi...

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... encapsulation also apply to static data members. A static data member declared as public is therefore directly accessible to any object. If the static data members min and max in the Result class ... and member functions belonging to the same class are normally defined in one source file. ACCESSING STATIC DATA MEMBERS ■ 307 ᮀ Static Data Members and Encapsulation The normal rules...

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... } ENUMERATION ■ 309 ᮀ Definition An enumeration is a user-definable, integral type. An enumeration is defined using the enum keyword. A range of values and a name for these values are also defined at the same time. Example: ... 1, and Ellipse a value of 2. A Shape type variable can only assume one of these values. Example: Shape shape = Rectangle; // Variable shape // switch(shape)...

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