complete guide to c programming pdf

... objects you will need to define classes that describe these objects You can use available classes and functions to do so In addi-tion, you can make use of inheritance to create specialized classes ... functions and default arguments ■ the principle of recursion Trang 4172 C H A P T E R 1 0 F U N C T I O N SC++ program Core elements of C++ (built-in types, operators, control structures) Functions ... linker to an executable file by reference to the libraries you include If you modify a source file, you may also need to recompile other files In large scale projects it is recommended to use

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... variable occupies the same amount of space, independent of the type of object it references That is, it occupies as much space as is necessary to store an address On a 32-bit computer, such as a PC, ... local copy Thus, only a local copy of the string is changed in the function, but the string in the calling function remains unchanged Exercise 2 // -// circle.cpp // Defines and calls the function ... header files A pointer containing the value NULL is also called NULL pointer Trang 5䊐 Using Pointers to Access ObjectsThe indirection operator *is used to access an object referenced by a pointer:

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... the public members of that class An applica-tion program accesses objects by using the public methods of the class and thus activat-ing its capacities Access to object data is rarely direct, that ... properties and capacities of an object 䊐 Data Abstraction Humans use abstraction in order to manage complex situations Objects and processes are reduced to basics and referred to in generic terms Classes ... class Account // -#ifndef _ACCOUNT_ // Avoid multiple inclusions #define _ACCOUNT_ #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; class Account { string name; // Account

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... Account. // #include "Account.h" // Includes <iostream>, <string> bool getAccount( Account *pAccount); // Prototype int main() { Account current1, current2, *ptr = &current1; ... defines an object current of type Account: Example: Account current; // or: class Account Memory is now allocated for the data members of the current object. The current object itself contains the ... formed by constructors and destructors. Constructors are specifically responsible for initial- izing objects—more details are given later. 252 ■ CHAPTER 13 DEFINING CLASSES // account_t.cpp // Uses

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... permission to access the private data members of the class can dramatically improve the function’s response 䊐 Declaring Friend Functions A class can grant any function a special permit for direct access ... FRIEND FUNCTIONS Class Euro with friend functions Trang 5䊐 The Friend ConceptIf functions or individual classes are used in conjunction with another class, you may want to grant them access to the ... operator, whose operator function is defined as a method A global operator function can be declared as a “friend” of the class to allow it access to the private members of that class Trang 4422 C

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... and capacities of class Car Properties and capacities of class Car Properties and capacities of class Car Additional properties and capacities of class PassCar Additional properties and capacities ... class, C The C class inherits the Bclass, which is defined in the public section following the colon The privateandpublicsections contain additional members of the Cclass 䊐 Access to Public Members ... how objects are constructed and destroyed, and ■ how access control to base classes can be realized Trang 2500 C H A P T E R 2 3 I N H E R I T A N C E■ CONCEPT OF INHERITANCE Is relation Car Properties

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... value to a string, the current contents are replaced by a new character sequence You can assign the following to a stringobject: ■ another string ■ a string constant or ■ a single character The ... have higher precedence than the assignment operators =and+= 䊐 Using + to Concatenate Strings You can use the +operator to concatenate strings, that is, to join those strings together Example: string ... +operator has precedence over the <<operator, the strings are concatenated before the “sum” is output Concatenation takes place from left to right String constants and single characters are also

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... character To decide whether a single character is smaller, greater, or identical to another character, the character codes of the character set are compared Thus, if you are using the ASCII character ... white space characters. // (A word is the maximum sequence of characters // containing no white space characters.) // -#include <iostream> #include <string> #include <cctype> ... use the at()method to access a single character In contrast to the subscript operator, the at()method performs range checking If an invalid index is found an exception occurs and the program will

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... possible to define recursive functions in C++ Recursion requires local objects to be created each time the function is called, and these objects must not have access to any other local objects from ... func() func(); { } Copy The executable file only contains one instance of the function’s machine code ✓ HINT The machine code of the function is stored in the executable file wherever the function ... last local object to be created is destroyed first Trang 2180 C H A P T E R 1 0 F U N C T I O N SBranching // 1 st Call // 2 nd Call func(); void func() func(); { } // 1st Call // 2nd Call func();

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... information about Creative Commons licenses, go to http://creativecommons.org or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. To cite this book, ... corresponding device into the controller being built. If, on the other hand, the goal is to synthesise analogue electrical circuits, the function set might include components such as transistors, ... solutions to the problem. This is analogous to the process by which an egg grows into a chicken. For example, if the goal is the automatic creation of an electronic controller for a plant, the function...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 05:20

... reduced susceptibility to errors: an object controls access to its own data. More specifically, an object can reject erroneous access attempts ■ easy re-use: objects maintain themselves and can ... operators allows them to apply existing operators to objects of class type. Chapter 20 discusses how implicit type conversion occurs in C+ + when an expression cannot be compiled directly but can ... Interchange) is used. This 7-bit code contains definitions for 32 control characters (codes 0 – 31) and 96 printable characters (codes 32 – 127). The char (character) type is used to store character...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 17:20