• ListandDescribeNationalProgramsDesignedtoFacilitateandEnsure
• Utilization of Generated or Acquired Technologies, Results of R&D and Innovations
• MostlyDescriptive;includefigures,ifavailable
7. AreasofStrengthinS&T(includingmedicine,health)
• OnthebasisofTechnologiesandIntellectualPropertiesGeneratedandUtilized
COUNTRY REPORTS
• OnthebasisofAvailableExpertise
• OnthebasisofExistingCentresofExcellence
• OnthebasisofinternationallyPeerͲReviewedPublications
• OnthebasisofHadawipaper,OECDReviewofInnovationsinSouthEastAsia (presentedinVientiane,Laos)
• OnthebasisofResearchAreaswithInternationalCollaboration
8. MajorContributorstoGDP
• IndicateTopContributorsinAgriculture
• IndicateTopContributorsinMiningandPrimaryResources
• IndicateTopContributorsinManufacturing
• IndicateTopContributorsinServices
• ShowPercentageContributionsduringtheMostRecentYearAvailable
9. MajorExports
• Agriculture,PrimaryIndustries,Manufacturing,KnowledgeIndustries
• RankinOrderofImportanceorShare
• Maximumof10
10.MajorTrading/EconomicPartnersinASEAN
FollowingtheaboveMethodology,thestudyreportisstructuredbychapterinthefollowing manner:
CHAPTERI Ͳ PROJECTRATIONALE,BACKGROUNDANDOBJECTIVES CHAPTERII Ͳ METHODOLOGYFORTHESTUDY
CHAPTERIII Ͳ COUNTRYSITUATIONERS
CHAPTERIV Ͳ ANALYSISOFTHEDIFFERENTFACTORS/INDICATORS CHAPTERV Ͳ OBSERVATIONS/IDEASFORMEMBERSTATES
CHAPTERVI Ͳ RECOMMENDATIONSINSUPPORTOFANASEANCOMMUNITYBY 2015
COUNTRY REPORTS CHAPTERIII
COUNTRYSITUATIONERS
BRUNEIDARUSSALAM
1. S&TPolicyandDevelopmentStrategy
TheBruneiDarussalamLongͲTermDevelopmentPlancontainstheNationalvision (knownasWawasanBrunei2035),theOutlineofStrategiesandPoliciesfor Development (OSPD) and the National Development Plan (RKN) of Brunei Darussalam.
TheScienceandTechnology,ResearchandInternationalDivision(previouslyknown asResearchandDevelopmentUnit)undertheMinistryofDevelopmentismandated tosetupscienceandtechnologypolicyinBrunei.TheScienceandTechnologypolicy inBruneiisdocumentedintheScienceandTechnologyGuidelinesthatoutlinesthe priorityagendaofresearches.Halalfoods,downstreamoilandgasindustries,ICT areamongtheprioritiesandresearchclusterspromotedandfundedbyBrunei Government.Thescienceandtechnology guidelinesare usedbythe Brunei ResearchCouncil(BRC)inreviewingallproposalsapplyingforfundingfromthe government.
ThefirstOSPD(2007Ͳ2012)elaboratestheeightstrategiesunderlinedinthe NationalVisionthrough50policydirections.Itwillbe/wasusedasaguidetopolicy makersandimplementerstopreparedevelopmentprogramsandprojectsfora periodof10yearstowardsaccomplishingtheWawasangoals.
IntheareasofSTI,focusison(i)strengtheningtheSTIinstitutionalsetupand arrangement,(ii)strengtheningtheexistingSTIinfrastructure,(iii)financingSTI researchandpromotion,and(iv)humancapacitybuildingfromprimarytotertiary level.
TowardtheKnowledgeͲBaseEconomy,STIrelatedactivitiesfocusonthepromoted sectorssuchasfinancialservices,developmentofhalalproducts,anddownstream oilindustries.
FundingforallresearchandSTIactivitiescomefromJPKEundertheNational DevelopmentPlan.STI/RDU,MODmonitorsandcoordinatesthefundingandisits custodian.
Inadditiontothescienceandtechnologypolicy,whichregulatestheresearch activities,scienceeducationandtechnologyskilltrainingisregulatedbyBrunei’s EducationPolicy.Throughtheinstitutionofsystematicandstructuredreforms,with respecttoeducationpolicy,structure,curriculum,assessmentandqualifications, andprofessionaldevelopment,Bruneiaspirestotransformitseducationlandscape insupportofthenation’sdrivetorealizeitsBruneiVision2035(WawasanBrunei 2035).
COUNTRY REPORTS
In1993,the9ͲYearEducationPolicywasreplacedbya12ͲYearEducationPolicy, whichmandatessevenyearsofeducationinpreͲschoolandprimary,threeyearsin lower secondary, and twoyears in upper secondary orvocational/technical education.In2003,thenewEducationOrderwasinauguratedtoachievethestatus ofaneffective,efficient,andequitablesystemofeducationthatwouldbeboth consonantwiththenationalphilosophyofMalayIslamicMonarchyaswellasthe needsofamodern,technologicalandICTera.In2007,theCompulsoryEducation Order2007wasenacted,mandatingthateveryBruneiresidinginthecountrywill havetoreceivecompulsoryeducationforatleastnineyears.Thesuccessofthese educational policy changes through years was seen in Brunei’s progressive improvementsinitsliteracyratesfromonly69%in1971to80.3%in1981,89.2%in 1991and94.7%in2001.
ThehighstandardofmathematicsandscienceeducationinBruneiDarussalamis revealedintherankingofthequalityofmathandscienceeducation,which positionedBruneiatsecondplaceafterSingaporeamongASEANMemberStatesand 27thworldwide(withSingaporerankedat1stplace).However,thehighstandard imposedbyBCGCE‘A’level’foruniversityentrancehasbeenfoundtocause relativelylowtertiaryeducationenrollmentratesevenbyASEANstandards,whichis only16%belowSingapore(60%),Thailand(44.7%),Malaysia(32.1%),Philippines (28.7%)andIndonesia(21.3%).
2. InfrastructureforS&T
a. ScienceandTechnology,ResearchandInternationalDivision(STI),Ministryof Development
TheSTI,undertheMinistryofDevelopment,isresponsibleforoverseeingthe nation’s science and technology efforts. The Division is responsible for coordinatingscienceactivitieslocally,regionally,andinternationallyandfor supportingR&Dbyfundingresearchprojectsandscienceandtechnology activities(withfundingcomingfromJPKE).
TheNationalCommitteeonScienceandTechnology(NSTC)wasformedin1994, chairedbytheMinisterofDevelopment.Themissionofthecommitteeisto promoteandencouragethedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyinthe interestofnationaldevelopment.ItsmainobjectiveistoensurethatS&Tcan effectively contribute to economy, environment, social and cultural development. Specifically, this committee is in charge of regulating the development of S&T in Brunei Darussalam, formulating policy towards expansionofS&T,anddevelopingphysicalinfrastructureforexpansionofS&Tin BruneiDarussalam.
Toensuretheaccomplishmentoftheabovementionedthreemaingoals,eight strategieshavebeenidentifiedtoensurethatallaspectsofthedevelopmentare implementedsystematicallyandeffectively.Theeightstrategiesincludethe following:(i)educationstrategy,(ii)economicstrategy(iii)securitystrategy,(iv) institutionaldevelopmentstrategy,(v)localbusinessdevelopmentstrategy,(vi)
COUNTRY REPORTS infrastructuredevelopmentstrategy,(vii)socialstrategy,and(viii)environment
strategy.
b. BruneiResearchCouncil
Inordertosetthepolicydirectionforresearchanddevelopment(R&D)and innovation,HisMajesty’sGovernmentestablishedtheBruneiResearchCouncil (BRC)underthePrimeMinister’sOffice.TheCouncilispresentlylocatedatthe DepartmentofEconomicPlanningandDevelopment,whichfunctionsasits Secretariat.TheCouncilisresponsiblefortheformulationanddeterminationof national policies on research and guidelines for promoting, facilitating, coordinating, andregulatingthe conductof research activities inBrunei Darussalam.TheCouncilhasbeenactiveinidentifyingpriorityscienceand technologyclusterstohelpBruneiDarussalamtodevelopitsnicheamongthe otheralreadywellͲestablishedplayersintheglobalarena.
c. UniversityͲBasedResearchInstitutes
i. SultanOmarAliSaifuddien(SOAS)CentreforIslamicStudies,Universityof BruneiDarussalam(UBD)
ThecentreaimstogenerateIslamicexpertsandscholarscapableof exploringcontemporaryissuesinthecontextofIslamandappreciatingand understandingIslaminthepeople’sdailylivesfromthepolitical,economic, andsocialperspectives.
ii. KualaBelalongFieldStudiesCentre
SetupbyUBDin1991,itislocateddeepintheTemburongDistrict’s unspoiledjungleasaninternationalfocusforbiodiversityresearchintothe threatenedrainforestsofBorneo.
iii. InstituteofASIANStudies
AdministeredunderUBD,theinstitutefocusesonresearchinhistorical, cultural,andsocialissuesinAsiaandhasfoursubsidiaryunitsnamely—the EastAsianResearchGroup,theASEANResearchGroup,theSouthAsian ResearchGroup,andtheBorneoResearchGroup.
iv. UBDͲIBMCentre
Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD)has acquired an IBM Blue Gene supercomputer—thefirstofitskindintheASEANregion.
v. eͲGovernmentInnovationCentre(eG.InC)
TheeG.InCfacilitatesthecollaboration(includingtheconductoftraining programsandworkshops)ofGovernmentagenciesandindustriestosupport thesuccessfulimplementationofeͲgovernment.Thekeyresearchareasin eG.Inc,incollaborationwithexpertsfromKAIST,includethefollowing:
Governance,Legislation,policyandstandards
Agileenterpriseinfrastructure
Nationalauthenticationandonlinesecurity
EͲgovernmentroadmaps
EͲgovernmentportalsandchannelsstrategyandconsultancy
EͲgovernmentevaluationandmonitoring
Businessprocessreengineeringforgovernmentservices
COUNTRY REPORTS
d. InstitutTeknologiBrunei(ITB)
ITBoffersHigherNationalDiplomasandundergraduatedegreeprogramsinthe fieldsofEngineering,Business,andComputing.Programsareofferedinthe areasofBusiness,ComputingandInformationSystems, CivilEngineering, MechanicalEngineering,Electrical&ElectronicsEngineering,Petroleumand ChemicalEngineering.Since1986,ITBhasfocusedonmeetingthenationallabor needsbyenrollingahighpercentageoflocalBruneianstudents.However,a smallpercentageofinternationalstudentshavebeenandarecurrentlyenrolled in ITB programs. ThroughITB’s international outreach activities, Queens University Belfast (UnitedKingdom), theUniversity of NewSouth Wales (Australia),ShellInternationalExploration&Production(Singapore),BruneiShell PetroleumandBruneiLiquefiedNaturalGasarenowamongthoseuniversities andindustriesaffiliatedaspartnersofITBcurrentlycollaboratingineducation andR&Dactivities.
SixresearchclusterswithinITBhavebeenidentified.TheseincludeElectrical PowerandEnergy,ProductandManufacturing,ElectronicsandCommunication, ComputingandInformationSystems,BusinessandIndustrialManagementand Civil,EnvironmentalandSustainabilityEngineering.
e. ResearchInstitutesundertheMinistryofIndustryandPrimaryResources (MIPR)
i. AquacultureResearchAndDevelopmentDivision
TheAquacultureResearchandDevelopmentDivisionconductsresearchand developmentofaquaculturetechnologyespeciallyonfish/shrimpculture andfryproduction,verificationofnewculturetechnologyaswellasnew speciesmonitoringofaquacultureareasaimingtoincreasetheproductivity ofaquacultureindustryinNegaraBruneiDarussalam.
ii. AgroͲTechnologyResearchandDevelopmentDivision
EstablishedintheDepartmentofAgricultureandAgrifoodunderthe MinistryofIndustryandPrimaryResources,thisdivisionistaskedto performthefollowingfunctions:
(1) TofacilitateandassistagriculturalentrepreneurstodeliverHalal, quality,safe,environmentalfriendlyandmarketorientedagricultural andagriͲfoodproducts;
(2) Togeneratestrategicandinnovativetechnologiesinrelevantareasof agroͲtechnologytopromotesustainabledevelopmentoftheagriculture andagriͲfoodindustries;
(3) TosupportthedevelopmentoflocalagricultureandagriͲfoodindustries byprovidingadvisory,consultancy,technicalservicesandtechnology transferinrelevantareasofagroͲtechnologytotheindustries;
(4) ToupgradeexpertiseandcapabilitiesinrelevantsectorsofagroͲ technologytosupportenhancementoffurtherdevelopmentofthe agricultureandagriͲfoodindustries;and
(5) Toassistinenforcementofregulations,guidelinesandstandardsinthe agriculturalandagriͲfoodindustries.
COUNTRY REPORTS ThemainunitsundertheAgroͲtechnologyDevelopmentDivisionarePost
Harvest&FoodTechnology,FarmingTechnology,Biotechnology,Soiland PlantNutrient,AgrochemicalTechnology.
iii. Science,TechnologyandEnvironmentPartnershipCentre(STEP)
ThecentrefacilitatesandsupportstheimplementationoftheMoE’spolicies andstrategyplan,andanyotherrelevantnationalandinternationalgoals andobjectivesrelatedtothefieldsofSTEincludingmathematicsandscience education.Thecentre supportstheMoE in achieving thegoalsand objectivesofinternationalorganizations,includingASEAN,UNESCO,Islamic Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO) and the Commonwealth.
3. FundingforR&D
TheR&DbudgetofBruneiiscontrolledbytheDepartmentofEconomicPlanning andDevelopment(JPKE)underthePrimeMinister’sOffice,andpartlybytheScience and Technology, Research and International Division under the Ministry of Development.ThetotalR&Dexpenditure(GERD,budgetbase)is63MillionBruneian DollarsforDevelopmentTerm2007—2012,equivalentto0.12%ofGDPonayearly basis.AccordingtotheScienceandTechnologyIndicatorssurveybytheScienceand Technology,ResearchandInternationalDivision,in2004,91.1%ofresearchfunding camefromthegovernmentandlessthan0.1%fromindustries.
4. HumanResourcesInvolvedinR&D
a. HumanResourceStatisticalData
R&DpersonnelinBruneiDarussalamnumber244(headcount,data2004, including99womenresearchers,equivalentto0.102R&Dpersonnelper1000 population).NonewerdataisavailableandnospecificdefinitionontheR&D personnelexists.TheR&DpersonnelaremostlyaffiliatedwiththeUniversityof BruneiDarussalamandInstituteofTechnologyBrunei.
b. Capability for S&T Human Resource Development in Higher Education Institutions
TheBruneieducationsystemproducesscientistsandtechnologistsintheoiland gas producing sector, the Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources (Agriculture,Fishery,andForestry),healthandeducation.Sciencehasbeen introducedinlowersecondaryschools,andcontinuestobeofferedasNational Diploma,HigherNationalDiploma,andbothunderͲandpostgraduatedegree programs.By2010,UniversityBruneiDarussalamhad366academicstaff, including229(63%)localand137(37%)expatriate.Forlocalstaff,thisnumber includes9AssociateProfessors,49SeniorLecturers,140Lecturers,and31 Tutors. Contractual staff members include 12 Professors, 28 Associate Professors,69SeniorLecturers,25Lecturers,2Tutorsand1AssistantLecturer (UBDStatistics2010).
5. S&TOutputs
PatentsandpublicationsarenotwelldevelopedanddocumentedinBrunei.
COUNTRY REPORTS
Basedon2004S&TIndicators,thereare17SCIjournalarticlesand2applicationsto theUSPTO.MostpublicationsandpatentsarefromtheUniversityofBrunei DarussalamandtheInstituteofTechnologyBrunei.FirstroundS&Tcontributionper facultyincludetheFacultyofScience(FOS)$594.060,97;PAPRSBInstituteofHealth Sciences(IHS)$1.543.433,50;andFacultyof Arts andSocialSciences(FASS)
$59.304,00.ThesecondroundincludesFacultyofScience(FOS)$16.670.540,00;
PAPRSBInstituteofHealthSciences(IHS)$48.974,80;FacultyofArtsandSocial Sciences(FASS)$607.671,12;SultanHassanalBolkiahInstituteofEducation(SHBIE)
$387.499,00;andFacultyofBusiness,EconomicsandPoliciesStudies(FBEPS)
$180.583,20.Nonewerdataisavailable.
6. S&TUtilizationProgramsincludingIndicatorsofUtilization
a. BruneiAgroͲTechnologyPark
Theparkisamajor263ͲhectaresitedevelopmentclosetothecapitalBandar SeriBegawan.TheParkattractsresearchandinnovativetechnologyapplicants withaparticularfocusonlifesciencesͲbasedactivitiesinagriculture,fisheries, andforestry.Thepark isan industrialsite for manufacturing,storage, transportation,researchanddevelopmentandotherHalalrelatedsupport services.
b. HalalScienceCentre
TheestablishmentofaHalalScienceCentreisinlinewithBruneiDarussalam’s aspirationtodevelopitsabilitytoprovideaccreditationservicesforBrunei HalalCertificationprocessandBruneiHalalbrandproject.Thisinitiative streamlinesBrunei’scurrentcapabilitiesinresearchanddevelopmentandin analyticalservicessupportedbyworldͲclasstechnologiesandexpertise.Atthe initialstage,laboratoryworkwillbeconcentratedonprimaryfoodingredients forexample,cookingoil,preservatives,andotherbasicfoodingredients.Ona laterstage,thecentrewillbeabletoexamineandanalyzevariousfood ingredientsandwillventureouttoanalyzenonͲfoodproducts.
c. InnovationandEnterpriseOffice(IEO)inUBD
EffortsforpromotinginnovationandentrepreneurshipinUBDaresupportedby theInnovationandEnterpriseOffice.Theofficeprovidesinformation,advice, andthecommercializationofintellectualpropertyrights.Theofficealsohelps researchers, entrepreneurs, and organizations obtain intellectualproperty rights,includingpatents,trademarks,copyrights,andtradesecrets.
7. AreasofStrengthinS&T(includingmedicine,health)
Biodiversity,energy,halalfood,foodsecurity,agroͲtechnology,climatechange, Asianstudies,andIslamicbankingandfinanceareamongareasofstrengthin scienceandtechnologyinBrunei.
a. Biodiversity
TheforestsofBruneiDarussalamareamongthemostdiverseintheworld.The countryisamongthetop10nationsthathaveaveryhighpercentageof forestedlandarea(58%).UBDrecentlylaunchedthe“GlobalEarthObservatory
COUNTRY REPORTS Project”withtheCentreofTropicalRainforestScienceofHarvardUniversityin
partnershipwiththeSmithsonianTropicalResearchInstituteofPanama.
b. Energy
BruneiDarussalam’soilandgasindustryformstheheartofthecountry’s economycurrently,butthenationaleconomypolicycontinuestodiversifyits economyforlongͲtermsustainabledevelopment.Brunei,especiallyUBDhasan extensiveresearchprogramonenergy,particularlyrenewableandalternative energy.
c. FoodSecurity/Agrotechnology
FoodsecurityisoneoftheforemostgoalsoftheMinistryofIndustryand PrimaryResources(MIPR).Thegovernmentaimstoachieve60%selfͲsufficiency inriceproductionby2015.UBDhelpstocarryoutresearchinthisimportant area.
d. Climatechangemodeling
The collaboration between UBD and IBM provides UBD researchers the opportunitytoworkwithworldͲclassresearchersfromIBM’sglobalresearch laboratoriesonprojectsthatanalyzeandassessthecurrentandfutureimpactof climatechangeintheASEANregion.
e. Asianstudies
StrategicallylocatedinthehubofAsia,BruneiDarussalamhasaccesstoa wealthofresourcesandknowledgethatenablesUBDtosetupresearch programsandresearchclustersfocusingonhistorical,economic,cultural,and socialissuesintheregion.
f. IslamicBankingandFinance
Islamicbankingandfinancehasgrowninglobalimportanceandisbecomingan integralpartofthebankingandfinancesector.Thelevelofpenetrationof Islamic finance in Brunei Darussalam is the highest in the region, at approximately40%.
8. MajorContributionstoGDP
ThemajorcontributionstoGDPareoil,naturalgas,garments,andagriculture.
9. BruneiMajorExports
ExportscommoditiesinBruneiincludedcrudeoil,naturalgas,andBrunei'smain exportsandthecountry'seconomicmainstaysincludepetroleum,liquefiedgas,and itsproducts.Thegovernmentisattemptingtopromoteeconomicdiversificationlike clothingmanufacture,banking,tourism,andconstructionindustries.
10. MajorTrading/EconomicPartnersinASEAN
Brunei’sexportspartnersareIndonesia(10.8%),Malaysia(1.6%),Singapore(2.6%) andThailand(1.9)(JPKE–ExternalTradeStatistics2009).Oilandnaturalgasaccount foralmostallexports.Sinceonlyafewproductsotherthanpetroleumareproduced locally,awidevarietyofitemsmustbeimported.BruneistatisticsshowSingapore asthelargestpointoforiginofimports,accountingfor25%in1997.Japanand MalaysiawerethesecondͲlargestsuppliers.
COUNTRY REPORTS
CAMBODIA
1. S&TPolicyandDevelopmentStrategy
Asoftoday,CambodiahasnotdevelopedacomprehensiveScienceandTechnology policy.ManyelementsforpromotingS&Tinnovationsare,however,implicitly presentintheNationalStrategicDevelopmentPlan(2006Ͳ2010and2009Ͳ2013).The establishmentofsomeinstitutionsalsoreflectstheareaswhereS&Tcanbeusedto improveproductivity.Establishedin1998,theCouncilforAgricultureandRural Developmentcitesthegoalofimprovingagriculturalproductivityanddiversification aswellasthecreationofnonͲagriculturalruralprivateenterprises.
Inaddition,theNationalInformation&CommunicationTechnologyDevelopment Councilwasestablishedin2003toformulatepoliciesforInformationTechnology(IT) promotionanddevelopment.Anotherimportantgovernmentagency,theNational TrainingBoard,whichwascreatedin2005,istaskedtopreparethenationalpolicy andthenationaltrainingplanfortechnicalandvocationaleducation.
In2006,theLawonPatents,UtilityModelCertificates,andIndustrialDesignswas passedindicatingadesiretoharnessinnovationsforeconomicdevelopment.The areaswhereS&Tcanbeusedforimprovedproductivityarethekeyproductsthat havebeenidentifiedtohaveexportpotential.Meanwhile,theNationalExport strategyidentifiesproductsthatcouldbedevelopedintosuccessfulexports.This strategy also articulates the steps that could be taken to reinforce the competitivenessofgarments,fruitsandvegetables,organicrice,silkandsilk products,andfreshwaterfish,allofwhichhavehighexportpotential.Asidefrom garmentsandagriculturalproducts,tourismandconstructionareexpectedtoplay majorrolesintheeconomyinthecomingyears.
Intermsofbroadareas,thenationaldevelopmentprioritiesforS&Tareagriculture, engineeringandtechnology,andthenaturalsciences.
Cambodiawouldalsoliketofocusontechnologydevelopmentandapplication effortstoimprovesmallandmediumenterprises(SMEs).Morethan31,000SMEs arefoundinthemanufacturingsector.Inviewofthis,Cambodiahashaveidentified fourpillarsfortechnologytransfertoSMEs.Theseincludeupgradingofstandards andproductquality,linkagesbetweenindustryandtheresearchanddevelopment sectors,promotionoftechnologiestoSMEs,andprovisionofskilledlabor.