Fascia tr versalis forms the

 inguinal canal

 femoral sheath

The fascia tr versalis is a thin layer of fascia that lines thetr versus muscle and is continuous with a similar layer lining the diaphragm and the iliacus muscle. The femoralsheath of the femoral vessels is formed by the fasciatr versalis and the fascia iliaca.

 inguinal ligament

 conjoint tendon

19. Which artery alongwith left gastric and common hepatic forms the celiac trunk

 inferior mesenteric

 spleenic

Branches of celiac trunk: common hepatic, splenic, left gastric. These constitute the main blood supply of the stomach.

 hepatic

 Superior mesenteric

20. A structure close to crus cerbri ...???

 basal ganglia

 uncus

 substantia nigra

The substantia nigra is a nuclear complex deep to the crus cerebri in each cerebral peduncle of themidbrain. It consists of a pars compacta, pars reticulata and a smaller pars lateralis

 insula

21. Digoxin toxicity is worsen by

 hyperkalemia

 hypernatremia

 hypokalemia

Factors predisposing to Digoxin toxicity—renal failure (decreased excretion), hypokalemia (permissive for digoxin binding at K+-binding site on Na+/K+ ATPase), verapamil,

amiodarone, quinidine (decreased digoxin clearance,displaces digoxin from tissue-binding sites).

 hyponatremia 22. Beta HCG is released by

 ovary

 corpus leutium

 hypothalamus

 placenta

hCG: SOURCE: Syncytiotrophoblast of placenta.FUNCTION: Maintains the corpus luteum (and thus progesterone) for the 1st trimester by acting like LH (otherwise no luteal cell stimulation, and abortion results)

23. Loss of vibration, lesion at

 medial leminiscus

 dorsal column

Dorsal columnis Associated with:It is an Ascending Tract: pressure, vibration, fine touch, and proprioception

 lateral spinothalamic

 anterior spinothalamic 24. Basophilic staining is of

 nucleus

Hematoxylin is a blue dye which stains basophilic substrates that are the acidic cellular components such as DNA and RNA. Hematoxylin stains nuclei blue, and may tint the cytoplasm of cells with extensive mRNA in their cytoplasm.

 mitochondria

 golgi complex

 SER

25. Patient Falls as he close his eyes , lesion is at

 basal ganglia

 uncus

 cerebellum

If a patient can"t maintain his/ her balance while closing his/ her eyes, than it is due to lesion of cerebellum (Romberg Sign positive).

 Brainstem

26. Cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle is associated with

 Fredrich ataxia

 Dandy walker syndrome

Dandy-Walker: Agenesis of cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle (fills the enlarged posterior fossa). Associated with hydrocephalus and spina bifida.

 Arnold chiari syndrome

 cerebellar ataxia

27. Platysma muscle is invested in

 pretracheal facia

 para vertebral fascia

 endocervical fascia

 superficial fascia

The superficial cervical fascia is a thin layer of connectivetissue that encloses the platysma muscle. Also embeddedwithin it are cutaneous nerves, superficial veins, and the superficial lymph nodes.

28. Pain on area of face between mouth n orbit, which nerve involved?

 CN VII

 CN V

sensory supply of the Area of the face is supplied by the Trigeminal nerve and motor supply is by Fascial Nerve.

 CN IV

 CN III

29. Breast lesion with large cells and clear halo

 LCIS

 phyllodes

 metastatic CA

 paget disease

Paget disease:Results from underlying DCIS. Eczematous patches on nipple. Paget cells = large cells in epidermis with clear halo

30. S. hematobium is associated with

 Ca urinary bladder

SCC of Urinary Bladder Risk factors include Schistosoma haematobium infection (Middle East), chronic cystitis, smoking, and chronic nephrolithiasis. Presents with painless hematuria.

 Ca lung

 HCC

 pancreatic cancer

31. RBCs are piled up when stand in tube, phenomenon is

 ESR

 roulex formation

Acute-phase reactants in plasma (e.g., fibrinogen) can cause RBC aggregation as pile up (rouleux formation) , thereby increased RBC sedimentation rate (RBC aggregates have a higher density than plasma)

 dilution

 destruction

32. common side effect of theophyllin

 Cardiotoxicity

Theophylline—likely causes bronchodilation by inhibiting phosphodiesterase cause increased cAMP levels due to decreased cAMP hydrolysis. Usage is limited because of narrow therapeutic index (cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity),metabolized by cytochrome P-450.

Blocks actions of adenosine.

 vomiting

 dirrohea

 hepatotoxicity

33. premalignant lesion of skin is

 lichen planus

 actinic keratosis

Actinic keratosis: Premalignant lesions caused by sun exposure. Small, rough, erythematous or brownish papules or plaques. Risk of squamous cell carcinoma is proportional to degree of epithelial dysplasia.

 inguine keratosis

 acanthosis nigrican

34. Shunt is reversed from right to left in

 CHF

 COPD

 Eisenmenger

Eisenmenger syndrome:Uncorrected left-to-right shunt (VSD, ASD, PDA) leads to increased pulmonary blood flow causespathologic remodeling of vasculature and increasedpulmonary

arteriolar hypertension. RVH occurs to compensate and shunt becomes right to left. Causes late cyanosis, clubbing, and polycythemia.

 TOF

35. Cervix at introcious due to which structure damage?

 Levator ani

PROLAPSE OF THE UTERUSThe levator ani muscles and the tr verse cervical,pubocervical, and sacrocervical ligaments are of verygreat importance in supporting and positioning theuterus. Damage to these structures during childbirthor as a result of 2 poor body muscular tone mayresult in downward displacement of the uterus, calleduterine prolapse.

 bulbourethral

 bulbospogiosus

 bulborectalis

36. One organ targeted autoimmune disease

 mulle sclerosis

 GB syndrome

 IBD

 Hashimoto

Most of the Autoimmune Diseases involves the mulle systems as systemic involvement, while Hashimoto Thyroiditis is the one which involves only single organ that is thyroid.

37. Thrombolytic in pregnency

 heparin

CLINICAL USE of Heparin: Immediate anticoagulation for PE, acute coronary syndrome, MI, DVT. Used during pregnancy (does not cross placenta). Follow PTT.

 warfarin

 anti thrombin III

 fundaparinox

38.Clot retraction occurs fully in following minutes?

 60

Clot Retraction—Serum. Within a few minutes after aclot is formed, it begins to contract and usuallyexpresses most of the fluid from the clot within 20 to60 minutes.The fluid expressed is called serum becauseall its fibrinogen and most of the other clotting factorshave been removed

 50

 45

 40

39. Protien synthesis is by

 SER

 RER

Rough endoplasmic reticulum:Site of synthesis of secretory (exported) proteins and of N- linked oligosaccharide addition to many proteins

 golgi complex

 Lysosomes

40. Resting Membrane potential is due to

 K

the resting membrane potential of nerve is −70 mV, which is close to the calculated K+

equilibrium potential of −85 mV, but far from the calculated Na+ equilibrium potential of +65 mV. At rest, the nerve membrane is far more permeable to K+ than to Na+.

 Na

 Ca

 Cl

41. Inflammation mediator is

 IL 2

 IL 1

IL-1: fever (hot) mediate inflammation.IL-2: stimulates T cells. IL-3: stimulates bone marrow.IL-4: stimulates IgE production.IL-5: stimulates IgA production.IL-6: stimulates aKute-phase protein production.

 TNF

 IL3

42. Mutant gene skip expression, phenotype is

 pleotropy

 anticipation

 variable Expressivity

 incomplete penetrance

Variable expressivity: Phenotype varies among individuals with same genotype.Incomplete penetrance:Not all individuals with a mutant genotype show the mutant

phenotype.Pleiotropy: One gene contributes to mulle phenotypic effects.

43. Absent ganglion cells in colon is Dx of ?

 AFP

 toxic megacolon

 aperistaltic intestine

 Hirshsprung

Hirschsprung disease: Congenital megacolon characterized by lack of ganglion cells/enteric nervous plexuses (Auerbach and Meissner plexuses) in segment on intestinal biopsy. Due to failure of neural crest cell migration. Associated with mutations in the RET gene

44. Hypersegmented neutrophils are characteristics of

 iron deficiency anemia

 sickle cell anemia

 B12 deficiency

Hypersegmented polys (5 or more lobes) are seen in vitamin B12/ folate deficiency

 sideroblastic anemia 45. Iron absorption in form of

 ferrous

Iron: Absorbed as Fe2+ in duodenum. Folate: Absorbed in jejunum and ileum.B12: Absorbed in terminal ileum along with bile acids, requires intrinsic factor

 ferritin

 ferric

 dissolved

46. Which of following ATT inhibits DNA dependant RNA polymerase

 INH

 rifampin

Rifampin, a derivative of rifamycin, is bactericidal against M tuberculosis. The drug

inhibitsDNA-dependent RNA polymerase (encoded by the rpo gene) in M tuberculosis and many othermicroorganisms.

 ethambutol

 pyrazinamide

47. square of variance equals

 sensitivity

 specificity

 standard deviation

Standard deviation = squre of variance, how much variability exists from the mean in a set of values.Standard error of the mean = an estimation of how much variability exists between the sample mean and the true population mean

 mean

48. Hall mark of chronic inflammation

 epitheloid cells

Chronic Inflammation: Mononuclear cell and fibroblast mediated,characterized by persistent destruction and repair. Associated with blood vessel proliferation, fibrosis.

Granuloma: nodular collections of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells. Outcomes include scarring and amyloidosis.

 neutrophils

 eosinophils

 Basophils

49. true about central DI

 inc. ADH

 dec. ADH

ADH level is decrease in central diabetes insipidus (DI),normal or increased in nephrogenic DI and 1° polydipsia.Nephrogenic DI can be caused by mutation in V2-receptor.

Desmopressin (ADH analog) = treatment for central DI.

 inc. Aldosterone

 Decreased serum Osmolarity

50. In arrhythmia, Hemodyanamiclly unstable patient is managed by

 Electrical cardioversion

When a patient is in shock then electrical cardioversion is the preferred method.Atrial fibrillation Chaotic and erratic baseline (irregularly irregular) with no discrete P waves in between irregularly spaced QRS complexes. Can result in atrial stasis and lead to

thromboembolic stroke. Treatment includes rate control, anticoagulation, and possible pharmacological or electrical cardioversion as indicated.

 Pharmacological

 Digoxin

 sotalol

51. Catecholamines are secreted by

 ganglion

 hypothalamus

 anterior pituitary

 adrenal medulla

Adrenal Cortex secrets the steroids hormones while adrenal medulla secrets the catecholamines.

52. cotton wool spots are characteristics of which opportunistic infection

 RSV

 CMV

Retinitis caused by CMV: Cotton-wool spots on fundoscopic exam and may also occur with esophagitis, CD4+ < 50 cells/mm.

 candida

 P. jirovicii

53. epitheloid cells are characteristics of which type of inflammation/necrosis?

 acute

 Fibrinoid

 Caseous

 Granulomatous

GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION:A. Subtype of chronic inflammation B. Characterized by granuloma, which is a collection of epithelioid histiocytes (macrophages with abundant pink cytoplasm), usually surrounded by giant cells and a rim of lymphocytes

54. Oxidative burst is due to

 inflammation

 bacterial killing

Respiratory burst (oxidative burst)Involves the activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase complex (e.g., in neutrophils, monocytes), which utilizes O2 as a substrate. Plays an

important role in the immune response leading to rapid release of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

 infection

 Opsonization

55. brush border is associated with

 DCT

 PCT

Early proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)—contains brush border. Reabsorbs all of the glucose and amino acids and most of the HCO3–, Na+, Cl–, PO43–, K+, and H2O.

 loop of Henle

 thick limb

56. which is a potent antioxidant

 vit E

Vitamin E (tocopherol tocotrienol):FUNCTION Antioxidant (protects erythrocytes and membranes from free radical damage).

 vitamin B1

 B2

 B3

57. 12 yr child recurrent infections, cause

 HIV

 IgA deficiency

Selective IgAdeficiency:Unknown. Most common 1°immunodeficiency.Majority

Asymptomatic. Can see Airway and GI infections, Autoimmune disease, Atopy, Anaphylaxis to IgA-containing products

 HBV

 Ig G deficiency

58. flask shape ulcer in colon is due to

 lumbricoids

 S. m oni

 S. haematobium

 histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica: Amebiasis: bloody diarrhea (dysentery), liver abscess (“anchovy paste” exudate), RUQ pain (histology shows flask-shaped ulcer if submucosal abscess of colon ruptures)

59. Most common cause of delayed wound healing??

 inflammation

 chronic wound

 infection

Common causes of the wound healing are, infection, malnutrition, foreign body, poor approximation and healing factors deficiencies. Infections cause delayed healing by organism"s poisoning and physical effects.

 female gender

60. Hypervitominosis A can manifest as

 bronchitis

 dysentery

 Cushing

 pseudotumor cerebri

EXCESS Arthralgias, skin changes (e.g., scaliness), alopecia, cerebral edema, pseudotumor cerebri, osteoporosis, hepatic abnormalities. Teratogenic (cleft palate, cardiac

abnormalities), so a @ pregnancy test and reliable contraception are needed before isotretinoin is prescribed for severe acne.

61. Primry dehydration is caused by

 normal saline

 Hypertonic solution

When a person takes Hypertonic solution, it increases the Osmolarity of the serum leading to sense of dehydration and causes stimulation of thirst by primary dehydration.

 hypotonic saline

 5% dextrose

62. Excercise dec blood flow to

 skeletal

 vasomotor

 visceral

 splanchnic

Exercise causes increased blood supply to the Strenous working of the skeletal muscles while compromising the blood supply to the splanchnic system.

63. patent urachus causes

 meatal atresia

 meatal atrophy

 umblical discharge

Patent urachus—urine discharge from umbilicus.Urachal cyst—partial failure of urachus to obliterate,fluid-filled cavity lined with uroepithelium, between umbilicus and bladder. Can lead to infection, adenocarcinoma.Vesicourachal diverticulum—outpouching of bladder.

 bladder extrophy

64. which of following is Erythropoitn stimulant

 anemia

 infection

 inflammation

 Hypoxia

Erythropoietin: Released by interstitial cells in the peritubular capillary bed in response to hypoxia

65. drug of choice for atrial fibrillation rythum cardioversion?

 Digoxin

Atrial fibrillation Chaotic and erratic baseline (irregularly irregular) with no discrete P waves in between irregularly spaced QRS complexes. Can result in atrial stasis and lead to

thromboembolic stroke. Treatment includes rate control, anticoagulation, and possible pharmacological (Digoxin) or electrical cardioversion.

 sotalol

 flecanide

 amoidarone 66. which is DNA virus

 Hep. A

 Hep. C

 Hep. D

Examples of the DNA viruses are Herpes virus, Hepadnavirus, Adenovirus, parvovirus, poloma virus, papilloma virus, Hep. B and Hep. D viruses.

 Hep. E

67. Tremor at end of movement, lesion at

 cerebellum

 basal ganglia

 vermis

 substantia nigra

Parkinson TRAPS your body—Tremor (at rest—e.g., pill-rolling tremor), cogwheel Rigidity, Akinesia (or bradykinesia), Postural instability and Shuffling gait.

68. Anti D is given to women in which pregnancy

 1st

 2nd

 Every

Treatment: Rho(D) immune globulin for mother during every pregnancy to prevent initial sensitization of Rh- mother to Rh antigen.

 last pregnancy 69. Factor 8 is derived from

 liver

Most of the clotting factors are synthesized in liver, that is the of derranged coagulation profile in CLD.

 spleen

 pancreas

 lungs

70. A Drug which is nephrotoxic but less likely cuase bone marrow depression?

 Methotrixate

 cyclosporine

Clinical Uses of Cyclosporine: Tr plant rejection prophylaxis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis.Toxicity: Nephrotoxicity,hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, tremor, hirsutism, gingival hyperplasia

 6 MP

 5 HT

71. calcium is often elevated in...?

 cancer

Squamous cell carcinoma :Is Central in location, cause Hilar mass arising from bronchus,Cavitation,Cigarettes,hyperCalcemia (produces PTHrP).

 infection

 inflammation

 renal failure

72. Infectious mononucleosis is associated with

 RSV

 HBV

 B cells

 activatd T cells

Mononucleosis. Associated with activation of T cells, Characterized by fever,

hepatosplenomegaly, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy (especially posterior cervical nodes)

73. Utreus regress in size due to

 golgi complex

 Lysosomes

Lysosomes are spherical membrane-enclosed organelles that are approximately 0.5 àm in diameter and contain enzymes required for intracellular digestion. Examples are

intracellular digestion, regression of size and autophagy.

 RER

 peroxisome

74. In autosomal dominant genetic defect, if phentyphically it is not expressed, pattern is

 pleotropy

 reduced penetrance

Incomplete/ Reduced penetrance:Not all individuals with a mutant genotype show the mutant phenotype.Example: BRCA1 gene mutations do not always result in breast or ovarian cancer

 variable expressivity

 codominance

75. Amylodosis is stained by

 sudan red

 sudan black

 congo red

Amyloidosis: Abnormal aggregation of proteins (or their fragments) into b-pleated sheet structuresleading to damage and apoptosis. It is stained by congo red staining.

 geimsa stain

76. Sternocleidomastoid muscle sinus and discharge, cause is anamoly of

 2nd brachial cleft

Thyroglossal duct cyst presents as an anterior midline neck mass that moves with swallowing or protrusion of the tongue (vs. persistent cervical sinus leading to branchial cleft cyst-2nd brachial cleft- in lateral neck).

 3rd cleft

 2nd brachial arch

 3rd brachial arch

77. hepatocytes are derived from

 mesoderm

 neuroectoderm

 mesenchyme

 Endoderm

Endoderm Forms parenchyma of: - Liver (hepatocytes)- Pancreas - Submandibular and sublingual glands - Follicles of thyroid gland

78. Exposed to loud jet sound, what will happen

 tympanic rupture

Acoustic trauma:. Pennanenr damage to hearing can be caused by a single brief exposure to very inLensesound, e.g. an explosion, gunfire or a powerful cracker. Noise level in rifle or a gun fire may reach l40~170 dB SPL Sudden loud sound may damage outer hair cells, disrupt the orgflll of corti and rupture the Relssner"s memhrflLle. A severe hlast may conc.omitantly rupture tympanic memhrane and disrupt ossicular chain.

 sensineural loss

 ossicular damage

 oval window rupture

79. Nerve supply of temporal region of scalp

 auriculotemporal

The auriculotemporal nerve, which supplies the skin ofthe auricle, the external auditory meatus, the temporomandibular joint, and the scalp.

 frontal

 ethmoid

 sphenoid

80. ventricular filling is accompanied by

 QRS complexes

 ST wave

 AV nodal delay

P wave—atrial depolarization. Atrial repolarization is masked by QRS complex.PR interval—

conduction delay for ventriclar filling through AV node (normally < 200 msec).QRS complex—ventricular depolarization (normally < 120 msec).

 QT interval

81. rectum is supplied by nerve

 S1-3

 S1-4

 S3-4

 S2-4

The pelvic splanchnic nerves constitute the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system in the pelvis.They arise from S2, 3, and 4, as described for the sacralplexus.

82. Rt upper and lower limb weakness, artery involved is

 ACA

 MCA

MCA: Motor cortex—upper limb and face. Lesion causes contralatral paralysis of body.

 PCA

 PICA

83. Hirschsprung diseaseis associated with which mutation

 HNPPC

 HFP

 AFP

 RET

Hirschsprung disease Congenital megacolon characterized by lack of ganglion cells/enteric nervous plexuses (Auerbach and Meissner plexuses) in segment on intestinal biopsy. Due to failure of neural crest cell migration. Associated with mutations in the RET gene

84. Feature of left cerbellar lesion?

 spasticity

 flaccid paralysis

 ipsilatral incoordination

Lesion of the Cerebellum causes Intentional tremors, limb ataxia, and loss of balance, damage to the cerebellum results in ipsilateral deficits, fall toward side of lesion.

 agraphesthesia

85. Drug of choice for hyptertension in 2nd Trimester of pregnancy is?

 captopril

 losartan

 furosemide

 Hydralazine

CLINICAL USE of Hydralazine : Severe hypertension, CHF. First-line therapy for hypertension in pregnancy, with methyldopa. Frequently coadministered with a β-blocker to prevent reflex tachycardia

01 May2018 Evening (A)

1Q: The pressure in RT atrium at which pulmonary valve opens?

 25mmHg

 0

 15

 8

Once the pressure in the left and right ventricles exceeds the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery, the aortic and pulmonary valves open. Pressure range in the right atrium is 0 to 8 mm Hg

1Q: Location of Tr mural Thrombi?

 Lt Atrium

 Lt ventricle

Early data from the prethrombolytic and thrombolytic eras suggest that in the setting of AMI, LV thrombus was present in 7–46% of patient

It is most often located in the LV at the site of myocardial infarction

Ref : Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Radiology - Page 837 c.Vein

d.Artery

134. Rt. middle lobe of lung drains into which vein?

 Superior Pulmonary Vein

The right middle and superior pulmonary veins usually join so that two veins, superior and inferior, leave each lung.

b.Inferior Pulmonary Vein c.Bronchial veins

1Q: Blood supply of Rectum?

 Superior mesenteric artery

 Branches of inferior mesenteric artery

The Inferior Mesenteric Artery. The inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) is a major branch of the abdominal aorta. It supplies arterial blood to the org of the hindgut the distal 1/3 of the tr verse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum.

 Inf Rectal artery

1Q: Knee jerk is an example of?

 Myogenic reflex

 Automatic reflex

 Involuntary reflex

When a response is involuntary, it may be called a reflex action. One example is the knee- jerk reflex the right leg is crossed over the left, and struck sharply just above or below the knee-cap, the lower leg jerks outward by reflex action