WESTERN BLOT
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), also known as an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), detects HIV antibodies and antigens in the blood. ... However, the Western blot is no longer used, and today the ELISA test is followed by an HIV
differentiation assay to confirm HIV infection 1Q: Hallmark of HIV.
PROGRESSIVE IMMUNODEFICIENCY
HIV and CD4+ T Cell Depletion.These mechanisms fail in HIV infection
characterized by progressive immune deficiency. Loss of CD4+ T cells and systemic immune activation are the hallmarks of HIV infection
02 May2018 Morning (B)
1Q: Characteristic of amyloidosis
CONGORED STAIN POSITIVE
Congo red is a vital dye that intercalates in amyloid fibrils to stain,conditions characterized by deposits of Congo red–positive
1Q: Athletes at rest have
INCREASED STROKE VOLUME
stroke volume increases sharply at exercise onset up to around 40%O2 With aerobic exercise training, stroke volume increases at rest as well
1Q: Polycythemia feature
INCREASED RBC MASS
Increased RBC mass indicates “true” polycythemia. An increase in plasma Hb attributed to a normal or high normal RBC mass and reduced plasma volume is termed spurious polycythemia. ... When saturation is <90%, hypoxia may cause increased erythropoietin (EPO) production and secondary polycythemia
1Q: Heart rate increased.
END DIASTOLIC VOLUME DECREASED
Reduced heart rate, which increases ventricular filling time. Increased aortic pressure, which increases the afterload on the ventricle, reduces stroke volume by increasing end-systolic volume, and leads to a secondary increase in ventricular preload 1Q: Parietal cells when stimulated secrete
ECL AND INTRINSIC FACTOR
The pH of the secreted fluid can fall by 0.8. Gastrin primarily induces acid- secretion indirectly, increasing histamine synthesis in ECL cells,which in turn signal parietal cells via histamine release/H2 stimulation
1Q: Doughnut shaped cyst.
CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS
Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts are ring or doughnut shaped 1Q: Right kidney anterior relation
LIVER (ALL OTHERS WERE ALSO CORRECT SOMEHOW)
The right kidney is 2-8 cm lower than the left Kidney, because of the large liver which sits superior to it.Relationship: Anteriorly the right kidney is related to the Liver, duodenum and hepatic flexure of ascending colon
1Q: Absence of cartilage in terminal bronchioles differentiate it from
CONDUCTING BRONCHIOLE
The primary bronchi, in each lung, which are the left and right from the tertiary bronchi in that their walls do not have hyaline cartilage and when the conducting zone changes to the respiratory zone
1Q: Maxillary sinusitis.
STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
Air-fluid level (arrow) in the maxillary sinus suggests sinusitis especially in areas with known Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance
1Q: Lymphoid hyperplasia seen in.
LEISHMANIASIS
protozoa from the genus Leishmania frequently seen among travellers returning from tropical Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia (CLH)
1Q: Bronchopulmonary segments in right lung
10
Bronchopulmonary Segments.There are 10 bronchopulmonary segments in the right lung (3 in the superior lobe, 2 in the middle lobe, 5 in the inferior lobe), and 8
segments in the left lung (4 in the upper lobe, 4 in the lower lobe) 1Q: Impaction of foreign body at riht upper bronchus, collapse of.
APICAL SUPERIOR SEGMENT
foreign body is shown in the right lower bronchus.but in most cases the apical segment of the right lower lobe did
1Q: SA node is pacemaker due to
FASTER RATE OF GENERATING IMPULSES
SA node, the normal pacemaker within the electrical conduction system of the heart. The contraction of cardiac muscle (heart muscle) in all is initiated by electrical impulses known as action potentials
1Q: Highest velocity of conduction in purkinje fibers due to
MORE GAP JUNCTIONS
The conduction velocity of electrical impulses is much higher in Purkinje fibers (2–3 m/s) than in myocardial cells (0.3–0.4 m/s). The fast propagation is partially due to the different connexins in the gap junctions in these cells
1Q: Ventricles are directly depolarixed by
PURKINJE FIBERS
The sequence of depolarization is, according to Kisch : right ventricle apex, right ... The duration of depolarization is also much longer in Purkinje fibers
1Q: Low cardiac output seen in
CARDIAC FAILURE
Cardiac output is the amount of blood your heart is able to pump in 1 minute.
The problem in heart failure is that the heart isn't pumping out enough blood each time it beats (low stroke volume)
1Q: Parotid supply
GENERAL VISCERAL EFFERENT
General Visceral Efferent (Autonomic—Parasympathetic) The general visceral efferent, or parasympathetic fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve, initially arises from the tympanic nerve. The following sequence then occurs for the tympanic nerve to supply the parotid gland
1Q: Atlas doesn't have.
SPINOUS PROCESS
The vertebrae in these spinal regions all have unique characteristics.The atlas doesn't have a vertebral body or a spinous process
1Q: Rustling sound on auscultation, which layer involved
PERICARDIUM
Fibrous pericardium Is a strong, dense, fibrous layer that blends with the friction sounds like the rustle of silk, which can be heard on auscultation
1Q: COVER-UNCOVER test indicate.
TROPIA
Single cover test (cover-uncover test) The single cover test is generally
performed first.The presence of ANY movement on a single cover test indicates a tropia. In the case of a phoria, or latent deviation, the examiner observes the eye underneath the occlude
1Q: Abnormally thick saliva than usual, which receptors involved
BETA1 &2
1Q: Porphyrins bind to.
HEPTOGLOBIN
each hemoglobin protein can bind four oxygen molecules. One of the most important classes of chelating agents in nature are the porphyrins
1Q: Post-operative analgesia after limb surgery.
KETOROLAC
Ketorolac significantly reduced the pain intensity 30-min after the operation 1Q: Changes after massive blood loss
HYPOTENSION, TACHYCARDIA, LOW CVP
massive myocardial infarction or other cause of primary cardiac. Distributive - vasodilatation +/- leakage from endothelium with the following Class 4: 40% blood loss marked hypotension, tachycardia and tachypnea
1Q: Ability of organism to infect maximum with least dose(SOMETHING LIKE THAT)
VIRULENCE
The infecting dose rises to 108 when the organisms are ingested. The virulence of F. tularensis is based on its ability to survive and replicate
1Q: Vibrio cholera
RESISTANT TO ALKALINE MEDIUM
Vibrio cholerae O group They tolerate alkaline media that kill most intestinal commensals
1Q: Which nerve supplies a muscle that act On both hip and knee joint.
FEMORAL
The femoral nerve, together with the iliopsoas muscle, lies more laterally tuberosity, cross both the hip and knee joints, have fascial and ligamentous as well 1Q: Cartilaginous model.
OSTEOID BECOMES MATURE AFTER DEPOSITION
osteoid is the unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix that forms prior to the maturation of bone tissue. Osteoblasts begin the process of forming bone tissue by secreting the osteoid as several specific proteins
1Q: Arteritis involving temporal artery
GIANT CELL ARTERITIS
Giant-cell arteritis (GCA), also called temporal arteritis, is an inflammatory disease of blood
1Q: Fibroblast secrete
AMORPHOUS GROUND SUBSTANCE
Ground substance. Ground substance is an amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space that contains all components of the extracellular matrix except for fibrous materials such as collagen and elastin Components of the ground substance are secreted by fibroblasts
1Q: Hallmark of chronic inflammation
LYMPHOCYTES AT SITE
Autoimmune reactions give rise to chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The hallmark of chronic inflammation is the infiltration of the tissue site by
macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells (mature antibody-producing B lymphocytes) 1Q: Corneal epithelium supported by
DESCEMENTS MEMBRANE
Descemet membrane is the basement membrane of the corneal endothelium 1Q: Farmer has interstitial fibrosis due to
INORGANIC DUST
Exposures to inorganic (mineral) dusts among farmers and farm workers may be substantial.Pulmonary fibrosis (mixed dust pneumoconiosis) has been reported in
agricultural Work-related respiratory disorders among Finnish farmers 1Q: 17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency, defect in which step
PREGNELELONE TO 17 HYDROXYPREGNELELONE
Patients with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency have alterations in their CYP17 gene and/or to carry out the 17,20 desmolase reaction of 17-hydroxypregnenolone
1Q: Fibers connecting mibrain with cerebellum
SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PUDUNCLE
Dissection showing the projection fibers of the cerebellum. (Superior peduncle labeled at center top.) In the human brain, the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum) is a paired structure of white matter that connects the cerebellum to the midbrain
1Q: Fibers in pontocerebellary afferent mainly arise from
MOTOR CORTEX
pons were motor cortex (areas 4 and 6), parietal association cortex (areas 5 and 7),The pontocerebellar projection is mainly crossed
1Q: Infectious mononucleosis
CELLS INFECTED WITH EBV
Infectious mononucleosis (IM, mono), also known as glandular fever, is an infection usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)
1Q: 5 HT3 Agonist.
ALOSETRON
The 5-HT3 antagonists, informally known as "setrons", are a class of drugs that act as receptor antagonists at the 5-HT3 receptor, a subtype of serotonin receptor found in terminals of the vagus nerve and in certain areas of the brain. With the notable exceptions of alosetron and cil etron
1Q: Prolonged oxygen therapy, patient developed.
SPONATANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX
The exact incidence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax is uncertain, although the Intubated patients being mechanically ventilated may develop an iatrogenic
1Q: Kaplan-Meir graph.. ??
Kaplan–Meier plot for two conditions associated with patient survival. The Kaplan–
Meier estimator, also known as the product limit estimator, is a non-parametric 1Q: Muscle causing extension and lateral roatation at hip.
GLETEUS MAXIMUS
Hip abduction occurs when the femur moves outward to the side, as in taking the thighs apart. Each muscle of the lateral rotator group causes lateral rotation of the thigh.
These muscles are aided by the gluteus maximus and the inferior portion of the adductor magnus
1Q: Esophagus compression by enlargement of.
LEFT ATRIUM
Echocardiography showed a left atrial, right atrial and right ventricular enlargement.
Esophageal manometry revealed hypotonic peristaltic contractions of the esophageal body and a lower than normal resting pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter
1Q: Esophagus
NORMAL CONSTRICTION AT ARCH OF AORTA
aortic arch producing compression of the trachea and esophagus. Left the patient's left and be relieved of constriction
1Q: Test used to decide between dialysis or tr plant
CREATININE CLEARANCE
dialysis or a kidney tr plant Creatinine clearance is tested by taking a 24-hour urine sample and a blood sample
1Q: Cerebellar lesion cause
DYSARTHRIA
Dysarthria that has progressed to a total loss of speech is referred to as anarthria.
Neurological injury due to damage in the central or peripheral nervous system may result in weakness, paralysis, or a lack of coordination of the motor-speech system, producing dysarthria
1Q: Fibrosis will cause
DECREASE VITAL CAPACITY
In patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a restrictive ventilatory defect is typically present. Vital capacity, functional residual capacity, total lung capacity, and forced vital capacity (FVC) all are reduced
1Q: Structure derived from mesenchyme of pharyngeal arches
LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES
pharyngeal arch structures, including the cartilages, the branchiomotor neurons for skeletal muscles derived from arch mesenchyme
1Q: Mild dyskeratosis noticed, classified as
CIN1
Diagnosis of low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (CIN 1)dyskeratosis and cytonuclear abnormalities such as multinucleation, nuclear hyperchromasia
1Q: Somites formed by
PARA-AXIAL MESODERM
Paraxial mesoderm, also known as presomitic or somitic mesoderm is the area of mesoderm in As the primitive streak continues to regress, somites form from the paraxial mesoderm by "budding off" rostrally
1Q: Dormant stage of plasmodium in man.
HYPNOXOITES
Plasmodium vivax has a dormant stage in the human liver. After the sporozoites enter the hepatocytes not all will develop into schizonts, but some remains as hypnozoites.A dormant stage in P. ovale has recently been questioned. Plasmodium falciparum and
Plasmodium malariae do not have a dormant liver stage
1Q: Degree of heat tr fer by evaporative and non-evaporative me
DEPEND ON THERMAL GRADIENT
This is because human life implies relatively small temperature gradients
1Q: Wound at knee cap in 6 year child not healing despite daily dressing, cause
MALNUTRITION OR HIGH MOBILITY??
stiff knee is a common problem and may be caused by an injury or knee condition.affect these movements, limiting the mobility at the joint, leading to a stiff knee
1Q: Post. Duodenal ulcer bleed
GASTRODUODENAL ARTERY
gastroduodenal artery after unsuccessful left gastric artery embolization for a bleeding gastric ulcer
1Q: Difference between ICF & ECF.
POTASSIUM HIGH IN ICF
xtracellular fluid (ECF) surrounds all cells in the body.Overall, the ICF contains high concentrations of potassium and phosphate ( H P O 4 2 Recall that an osmotic gradient is produced by the difference in concentration of all solutes
1Q: Breast cancer regarded high grade because of
NUCLEAR MORPHOLOGY
breast cancers of no specific or of specific type, and was considered meaningless for this group of tumors because of the overlapping morphological and seen in cases with extensive DCIS, notably of high nuclear grade
1Q: Surfactant deficiency
DECREASE COMPLIANCE
Surface tension is a “collapsing force” which opposes lungs exp ion and decreases compliance. Surfactant decreases surface tension, and hence, increases compliance (This is the why surfactant deficiency in respiratory distress syndrome causes lungs collapse)
1Q: Alternating breathing pattern high tidal volume then suddenly becomes low
CHEYNE STROKE BREATHING
Cheyne-Stokes respiration is a type of breathing disorder characterized ... predicts worse outcomes and increases the risk of sudden cardiac death. ... breathing (waxing and waning amplitude of flow or tidal volume)
1Q: Dicrotic notch denotes
AORTIC VALVE CLOSURE
Dicrotic notch and the incisura. This thing is widely believed to be the effect of the aortic valve closing.In fact, when it is measured in the aorta the notch is called the incisura, because it cuts into the waveform. However, further down the arterial tree the incisura disappears
1Q: Nucleus ambigus located in
MEDULLA
The nucleus solitarius is the nucleus in the medulla that receives afferent
information from the larynx (via cranial nerve X) and posterior pharynx and mediates the gag and cough reflexes (cranial nerves IX and X)
1Q: Notochord derivative
NUCLEUS PULPOSUS
In anatomy, the notochord is a flexible rod made out of a material similar to
cartilage. A postembryonic vestige of the notochord is found in the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs
1Q: Axoospermia, investigation to be done.
FSH AND LH
sperm can be found in the semen, then ICSI can be performed using sperm in the ejaculate.In men with azoospermia and normal testosterone, LH, and FSH Investigation of the infertile couple
1Q: Amenorrhea during lactation due to
GnRH
Lactational amenorrhea is related to high plasma concentrations of prolactin, which appear to suppress the GnRH pulse generator
1Q: Reduce free radicles
TR ERRIN
The ability of tr ferrin to potentiate oxygen free radical-mediated the release of tr ferrin-derived iron by reduction of tr ferrin-bound ferric iron (Fe3+)
1Q: In hyperthyroidism there is sensitization of heart to
EPINEPHRINE
epinephrine with marked increases in heart rate and blood It was also learned from clinical experience that the hyperthyroid patient could react to thyroidism results in the clinical manifestations of this disease by sensitizing
1Q: Nucleolus
LARGE AMOUNT OF RNA
nucleolus, a long ribosomal RNA (rRNA) precursor molecule is Fibrillar centers contain large amounts of RNA polymerase I, which tr cribes rRNA
1Q: Submandibular ganglion location bounded by
MANDIBLE, ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR BELLY OF DIGASTRIC
The submandibular triangle, also known as the digastric triangle, is bounded anteriorly by the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, posteriorly by the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, superiorly by the mandible, and inferiorly by the mylohyoid and hypoglossus muscles
1Q: Stress predisposes to
CVS AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
psychiatric co-morbidity and efficacy of mirtazapine treatment in young subjects with chronic or cyclic vomiting syndromes
1Q: Risk of malignant melanoma increased.
XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM
Frequent mutation of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) system in both malignant melanoma and the inherited skin disease Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) has led to
speculation about whether XP may influence melanoma risk 1Q: Repolarization carried out by
POTASSIUM EFFLUX
Potassium - Biological functions. Potassium plays a determining role in the cellular repolarization. Depolarization caused by sodium and calcium influx is followed by repolarization caused by potassium efflux. The return of the cell to the state of initial or resting equilibrium is achieved by membrane Na+/K+-ATPASE
1Q: Characteristic about fat embolism
MANIFEST AFTER 12 HOURS OF INJURY
manifestation of fat embolism syndrome (FES) can start from 12 hours to 3 days after diagnosis of the underlying clinical disease. The three most characteristic
1Q: Structure located 2 feet away from ileocecal valve
MECKELS DIVERTICULUM
The solitary diverticulum lies on the antimesenteric border of the ileum (opposite to the mesenteric attachment) and extends into the umbilical cord of the embryo.Meckel's diverticulum is located in the distal ileum, usually within 60–100 cm (2 feet) of the ileocecal valve
1Q: Purine endproduct in human
URIC ACID
Gout is common painful rheumatic disease, resulting from the deposition of monosodium urate monohydrate microcrystals or uric acid in various parts of the body, primarily in joints and surrounding tissues due to overproduction or underexcretion of poorly soluble uric acid which is the end product of endogenous
1Q: DNA coiling gets melted easily by abundance of which sequences
C-T OR C-G
DNA replication, a major source of inheritance.The base–pairs in DNA are adenine- thymine (A-T) and cytosine-guanine (C-G)
1Q: Bonemarrow carry out of differentiation of undifferentiated stem cells under the influence of
GROWTH FACTORS
such as the gut and bone marrow, stem cells factors that are typically produced by undifferentiated cells system and scientists can observe growth and differentiation of damaged heart, can have beneficial effects
1Q: Respiratory distress
DIABETIC MOTHER
respiratory distress syndrome was present in five infants (0.95%) all were less than 34 weeks' gestational age most cases of respiratory distress in the infants of diabetic mothers were unrelated to surfactant deficiency
1Q: GFR
10% DECREASE BY 10% DECREASE IN BP
arterial blood pressure coupled Overall the constriction of the afferent arteriole decreases both blood flow is very high the renal blood flow could be reduced to 10-30% of normal
1Q: Drugs alter GFR by
ALTERING GLOMERULAR COEFFICIENT
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is defined as the volume of plasma that is filtered .The filterability factor significantly decreases as the molecular weight Altered Clearance of Renally Cleared Drugs in Patients With Kidney Disease
1Q: Sodium and water reabsorption
ALDOSTERONE
If decreased blood pressure is detected, the adrenal gland is stimulated by these stretch receptors to release aldosterone, which increases sodium reabsorption from the urine, sweat, and the gut. This causes increased osmolarity in the extracellular fluid, which will eventually return blood pressure toward normal
1Q: Burns opportunistic infection
CANDIDA
Burn patients are ideal hosts for opportunistic infections. Candida infection in burn patients has a reported mortality ranging from 14% to 90%
1Q: Orofecal route
HEPATITIS E
Men who have sex with men (MSM) have an increased incidence of pathogens tr mitted by the oro-fecal route. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging cause of acute hepatitis and fecal shedding is observed during primary infection
1Q: ADH stored in
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. Hormones known as posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized by the hypothalamus, and include oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.
1Q: Typical sweating 2L wala scenario
ICF OSMOLARITY INCREASE
Sweating causes hypotonic fluid loss ICF, ECF both and the total volume of water in the body has remained at a normal level
1Q: Important in maintaining GFR
TUBULOGLOMERULAR FEEDBACK
The drop in GFR causes a tubuloglomerular feedback—mediated arteriolar dilation, restoring GFR and also increasing renal blood flow. Consequently, the regulation of GFR also results in the autoregulation of renal blood flow
1Q: Right sided weakness and diplopia on seeing left, lesion in
MIDBRAIN OR CEREBRAL CORTEX
The lesion is on the opposite side of the hemiparesis Rarely, but this will occur if there is a lesion of the cerebral peduncle in the midbrain
1Q: Benign tumor and hyperplasia
BENIGN TUMOR IS ENCAPSULATED
If a tumor lacks the ability to invade adjacent tissues or spread to distant sites by metastasizing then it is benign, whereas invasive or metastatic tumours are
malignant,Benign tumors will grow in a contained area usually encapsulated in a fibrous connective tissue capsule
1Q: Fetal HB
LOWER AFFINITY FOR 2,3 BPG
fetal hemoglobin (HbF) exhibits a low affinity for 2,3-BPG, resulting in a higher binding affinity for oxygen
1Q: H antigen
BLOOD GROUP OH
H antigen deficiency is known as the "Bombay phenotype" (h/h, also known as Oh) and is found in 1 of 10,000 individuals in India and 1 in a million people in Europe.Because the H antigen is the precursor of the ABO blood group antigens, if it is not produced, the ABO blood group antigens are also not produced
1Q: Patient has dyspnea on lying down.
RETROSTERNAL GOITER
Retrosternal goitre is usually referred to as enlarged thyroid gland with greater than began to experience more difficulty in breathing even when lying down.The majority of patients present with shortness of breath or asthma
1Q: Treatment of pseudomembrane colitis.
VANCOMYCIN