Ovary
Corpus luteum
Placenta
The corpus luteum is the main source of estrogen and progesterone in early pregnancy whereas during later stages of the pregnancy estrogen and progesterone is produced in high amounts by the placenta
Fetal liver
07 Mar 2018 Morning (A)
Q: Blood flow increases to non exercising skeletal muscle through which Mechanism
local metabolism
O2 requirements
adrenergic stimulation
Vasodilator metabolites (lactate, K+, and adenosine) accumulate because of increased metabolism of the exercising muscle. While in non exercising muscles, the blood flow increases by sympathetic stimulation
Vasodilation
Q: angle of femur with shaft less than 125
coxa vox
coxa valga
coxa vera
Coxa vara is a deformity of the hip, whereby the angle between the head and the shaft of the femur is reduced to less than 120 degrees. This results in the leg being shortened, and the development of a limp. It is commonly caused by injury, such as a fracture
shanton angle
Q: patient taking aspirin for joint pains.what can be the side effect in this patient?
increased CT
increase platelets
dec. clotting Factors
increased BT
Toxicity of Aspirin: Gastric ulceration, tinnitus (CN VIII). Chronic use can lead to acute renal failure, increased bleeding time, interstitial nephritis, and upper GI bleeding. Reye syndrome in children with viral infection. Overdose causes respiratory alkalosis initially, which is then superimposed by metabolic acidosis
Q: Recurrent laryngeal nerve arch around which aortic arch?
2nd arch
3rd arch
4th arch
6th arch
It ascends in the groovebetween the trachea and the esophagus. On the left side, thenerve hooks around the arch of the aorta and then ascends into the neck between the trachea and the esophagus
Q: what biochemical compound is used mostly in lens for energy?
glucose
glucose is source of energy through glycolysis using glucose as major fuel (major pathway in RBCs, leukocytes, kidney medulla, lens, testes, and cornea)
fatty acids
sorbitol
fructose
Q: Man died due to dissecting aneurysm.what finding you can expect on biopsy
lateral necrosis
Intima media necrosis
Dissecting aneurysm is An aneurysm in which the wall of an artery rips (dissects) longitudinally. This occurs because bleeding into the weakened wall splits the
wall.Dissecting aneurysms tend to affect the thoracic aorta. Intimal tear with dissection of blood through media of the aortic wall. This leads to necrosis of the thrombosed tissues due to decreased blood supply
Apoptosis
red infarct
Q: bulbourethral gland is located in?
superficial peroneal space
deep peroneal space
In males, the deep perineal pouch contains the following: The membranous part of the urethra. The sphincter urethrae. The bulbourethral glands. The deep tr verse perineal muscles. The internal pudendal vessels. The dorsal nerves of the penis.
peroneal bursa
adductor canal
Q: appendicular artery is branch of
inferior hypogastric
posterior cecal
Appendicular artery is a branch of the posterior cecalartery.The veins drain into the posterior cecal vein.
inferior mesenteric
anterior cecal
Q: Where is the shivering centre in brain
posterior hypothalamus
posterior hypothalamus is Temperature regulation and shivering Center, while lesion at this site causes poikilothermia (inability to thermoregulate) Stimulates sympathetic nervous system
anterior pituitary
anterior hypothalamus
thalamus
Q: dome of diaphragm is supplied by which nerve?
vagus
phrenic nerve
Diaphragm is innervated by C3, 4, and 5 (phrenic nerve). Pain from diaphragm irritation (e.g., air or blood in peritoneal cavity) can be referred to the shoulder (C5) and the trapezius ridge (C3, 4)
C1-C2
C5-C6
Q: scalp muscles are supplied by which nerve
CN2
CN3
CN5
CN7
The facial muscles are supplied by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), with each nerve serving one side of the face. In contrast, the nearby masticatory muscles are supplied by the mandibular nerve, a branch of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V
Q: which of the following is diagnostic for tuberculosis
skin PPD
PCR
ELISA
suputum for AFB
PPD +ve if current infection, past exposure, or BCG vaccinated.PPD -ve if no infection or anergic (steroids, malnutrition, immunocompromise) and in sarcoidosis. Interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) is a more specific test, has fewer false positives from BCG vaccination. While disgnostic text is sputum for AFB
Q: patient had RTA nd 5&6th ribs fractures.what analgesic will provide Long time analgesia?
paracetamol
aspirin
diclophenac
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine Injection belongs to a group of medicines known as local anaesthetics. It is injected into the body where it will either totally stop pain or will cause partial loss of feeling (numbness), depending on the amount used.
Q: which of the followimg is a buffer for plasma?
PO4
Hb-H
proteins
HCO3
The major extracellular buffer is HCO3-, which is produced from CO2 and H2O.The pH of the CO2/HCO3- buffer pair is 6.1
Q: seminiferous tubules work through
LH
progesterone
FSH
FSH & androgen
he Sertoli cells possess specific high-affinity FSH receptors and produce androgen-binding protein, which carries androgens intracellularly, serves as an androgen reservoir within the seminiferous tubule, and tr ports testosterone from the testes into the epididymal tubule.
Q: muscle of third layer of sole is
flexor brevis
extensor brevis
extensor hallucis
flexor digitiminimi
The flexor digiti minimi brevis of the foot is one of the muscles that comprise the third layer of the sole of the foot others are Flexor hallucis brevis, Abductor hallucis
Q: acetazolamide’ toxicity causes
dec. Ca
alkalosis
acidosis
Toxic effects of Acetazolamide. Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, paresthesia, NH3 toxicity, sulfa allergy
dec. K ions
Q: which area is represented by smallest area in cerebral cortex?
back
lips
hands
thigh
In cerebral cortex, smallest area is represented for thigh and largest area for the lips Q: in an African pygmi what can you expect to happen
dec.somatomediens
Somatomedins are a group of proteins that promote cell growth and division in response to stimulation by growth hormone (GH) also known as somatotropin (STH). It Stimulates linear growth and muscle mass through IGF-1/somatomedin secretion leading to increased insulin resistance (diabetogenic). These somatomediens are decreased in African pygmi
dec. GH
inc.somatomediens
dec. Somatostatin
Q: if a person is lying down aspires something.where will that foreign body lodge In airway?
right lower
lleft apical
right middle
right apical of lower lobe
In standing position, aspirate goes to right lower lobe while in lying patient aspirate goes to right apical lobe
Q: patient had stroke.on further investigation There was pale infarcted area.what us the cause of this infarct
hemmorhages
embolism
thrombi
Thrombotic infarct are while or pale infarct also known as Anemic infarcts are caused by arterial occlusions,hemmorhagic infarcts are red infarcts, in which red cells ooze into the necrotic area.
Q: what is the major neuroendocrine response in a patient having surgery
anesthesia
theater phobia
intubation
bleeding
Surgery is one of the major stressful conditions in hospital settings, it has many responses in relation to stress where major stress is the bleeding during surgery
Q: Colon mass movement is lost in a patient of 40 years of age,suddenly. What can be the causitive injury to
myenteric plexus
sympathetic fibers
aurbach plexus
The myenteric plexus (or Auerbach's plexus) provides motor innervation to both layers of the muscular layer of the gut, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic. it primarily controls the motility of the GI smooth muscle. Any lesion to it can cause GI motility disorders
vagal fibers
Q: major function of estrogen in a female?
egg formation
ovulation
menstruation
secndary sexual character
The primary function of estrogens is development of female secondary sexual
characteristics. These includes breasts, endometrium, regulation of the menstrual cycle etc Q: relation of internal carotid artery in neck to external carotid artery wil be
anterior
posterior\
lateral
internal carotid artery begins at the level of the upperborder of the thyroid cartilage . It ascends throughthe neck in the carotid sheath with the internal jugular vein lateral to the external carotid artery
superior
Q: patient with 40 percent burn is presented with slow voltage ECG.what is the imblance in his electrolyte picture?
hypernatremia
hypokalemia
hyperosmolarity
hyponatremia
Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition in which severe blood or fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body and is a direct result of plasma loss (and hyponatremia). The intravascular volume is rapidly depleted as plasma is lost from the surface of the burn
Q: pulmonary varix involves directly
pleural lymphatics
pericardial artery
pulmonary vein
Pulmonary vein varix (PVV), also sometimes termed a pulmonary venous aneurysm, refers to a localised aneurysmal dilatation of a pulmonary vein.
pulmonary lymphatics
Q: which one is most important mediator of inflammation?
prostacyclin
prostagladin
Most important mediators of the Information are the prostagladins they are produced by membrane lipids by the action of phospholipase A2 in response to tissue injury
thromboxane
elastins
Q: sub arachnoid space ends at which level?
S1
S2
The spinal cord ends at the level of vertebrae L1–L2, while the subarachnoid space —the compartment that contains cerebrospinal fluid— extends down to the lower border of S2.
The subarachnoid space is a pressurized space located between the arachnoid and pia mater layers.
S3
S4
Q: what should be the pharmaceutical and doctor interaction purpose?
hospital purpose
staff purpose
should be entertained for patient benefits
In medical ethics, it is an absolute duty of a Doctor to ensure the benefit of the patients at all levels of practical issues
earning purpose
Q: drug having the extensive metabolism by liver is
nitroglycerin
nitroglycerin is totally absorbed by the intestinal mucosa but undergoes a massive hepatic first pass effect, rendering its oral bioavailability negligible High first-pass effect of
Nitroglycerin, so sublingual dose is much smaller than oral high lipid solubility ensures rapid absorption
captopril
rifampin
isoniazid
Q: acetazolamide at toxic dose causes
hyponatremia
hypercalcemia
dec. sensations
dec. pH
TOXICITY of Acetazolamide results in dec. pH, Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, hypokalemiaparesthesias, NH3 toxicity, sulfa allergy
Q: lipoprotein is made by liver where it is released directly from hepatocytes?
porta hepatis
portal triad
sinusoids
space of dissi
Exchange between blood and hepatocytes is facilitated by the surface microvilli. This exchange occurs in the space of Disse which is between the fenestrated endothelial cells of the sinusoid and the basal surface of hepatocytes
Q: Patient is hypertensive and its progressing.where is the problem
reflex action
positive feedback
negative feedback
Negative feedback mechanism is the mechanism that controls the different physiological disturbance in body working in opposition to the disturbance. When it is defective, the disturbance cannot be controlled
sensory loss
Q: which of the following lymph nodes group receives lymph from breast tissue directly?
apical
Subclavian
external memory
internal memory
Lymphatic Drainage:The lateral quadrants of the breast drain into the anterior axillary or the pectoral nodes. Internal memory LNs receive lymph directly from breast tissue
Q: which compartment of Meningeal tissues contain nerve bundles and vessels
subdural
sub Arachnoid
The subarachnoid space is the interval between thearachnoid membrane and the pia mater.
It is occupied by delicate connective tissue trabeculae and intercommunicating channels containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The cavity is small in the normal brain. It contains blood vessels and CSF
sub-pia
epidural
Q: Continuous monitoring of drug level in blood is checked due to
narrow dosage
dec. 1st pass effect
seeing response
narrow therapeutic index
The therapeutic index is a comparison of the amount of a therapeuticagent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity. This may be achieved
throughtherapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) protocols.
Q: lady presented with shortness of breath and tingling sensations In lower limbs.his blood picture shows Hb 8 WBCs 3500/ul and hypersegmented neutrophils.
iron deficiency anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia is an anemia that results from inhibition of DNA synthesis during red blood cell production. The two most common causes ofmegaloblastic anemia are
deficiencies of vitamin B-12. It results in anemia and hypersegmented neutrophils.
Pernicious anemia
Leukemia
Q: myelocytes are differentiated through
nucleus morphology
staining of granules
During their development, myelocytes undergo different morphological stages that are characterized by the presence of granules in their cell bodies
cytoplasm staining
RER shape
Q: semilunar valve open during which stage of cardiac cycle
rapid ejection
When ventricular pressure becomes greater than aortic pressure, then semilunar valves open.Rapid ejection of blood into the aorta occurs because of the pressure gradient between the ventricle and the aorta.
slow ejection
isovolumic contraction
isovolumic relaxation
Q: mechanism of ACE inhibitors is
dec. Aldosterone
Mechanism of action. ACE inhibitors reduce the activity of the renin–angiotensin–
aldosteronesystem (RAAS) as the primary etiologic (causal) event in the development of hypertension in people with diabetes mellitus, as part of the insulin-resistance syndrome or as a manifestation of renal disease.inc.
Aldosterone
dec. renin
dec. filtration
Q: 21 years old boy with the history of recurrent upper tract Infections nd thick saliva.what is the cause?
IgA deficiency
SCID
AIDS
α1 anti-trypsin deficiency
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is a genetic disorder that may result in lung disease or liver disease. The combination of emphysema with recurrent respiratory tract infections and in a young person strongly suggestive of homozygous α1-antitrypsin defiCiency. In these
instances the emphysema is usually panacinar in type
Q: most common childhood tumor is
lymphoma
CML
CLL
leukemia
Leukemia, also spelled leukaemia, is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells. These white blood cells are not fully developed and are called blasts or leukemia cells.. These are the most common tumors of childhood