ADH
Aldosterone
Aldosterone, the main mineralocorticoid hormone, is a steroid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland. It is essential for sodium conservation in the kidney, salivary glands, sweat glands and colon
Cortisol
Q: Which hormone inhibits ovulation?
ACTH
Prolactin
Prolactin (PRL), also known as luteotropic hormone or luteotropin. it causes milk production in and after pregnancy. It inhibits pituitary to produce FSH and LH, as a result, no ovulation.
It is a natural method of contraception after pregnancy.
FSH
LH
Q: A young boy was presented with a mass in the Inguinal region. On history, his doctor came to know that he was born at Gestation age of 34 weeks. On palpation, there are no testes in the scrotum. What can be the risk in coming years for this boy
Recurrent UTI
Spermatocele
Varicocele
Malignancy
undescended testes causes is increased risk of malignancy, as in this case no palpated testes mean testes are undescended
Q: A Patient presented with RTA and got a fracture of medial epicondyle of the elbow.
Which nerve can be damaged?
Median nerve
Radial nerve
Axillar nerve
Ulnar nerve
Ulnar nerve passes below the medial epicondyle and is called funny bony. Any injury to medial epicondyle results in ulnar nerve injury. It causes the loss of supination of forarm Q: The temporomandibular joint is stabilized by which ligament?
Stylomastoid ligament
Synovial membrane
Joint capsule
Stylomandibular ligament
Stylomandibular ligament provides strength to the joint while chewing and speaking Tthe temporomandibular joint is stabilized by a stylomandibular ligament that is attached to the styloid process of mandibular bone and temporal bone
Q: Internal spermatic fascia is a derivative of which structure?
External oblique fascia
Internal oblique fascia
Tr versalis fascia
Internal spermatic fascia is a thin layer, which loosely invests the spermatic cord it is a continuation downward of the tr verse fascia.
Inguinal ligament
Q: Correct root value for knee-jerk is:
L1-L3
L3-L4
the knee jerk reflex is mediated by the L3 and L4 nerve roots, mainly L4. Insult to the cerebellum may lead to pendular reflexes, ankle jerk is S1-S2.
S2-S4
L1-L2
Q: Ileocecal valve has a function of:
It’s a rudimentary valve
Maintains the patency of ileum
Prevents reflex of caecal contents
Ileo-cecal value prevents the cecal content to reflux back into the ileum during peristalysis.
Gut below the ileocecal value is supplied by inferior mesenteric artery.
Its involved in defecation reflex
Q: A patient had rigidity in muscles, flexion in arms and extension in legs.On examination, his reflexes were increased. What can be the possible cause?
LMNL
UMNL
Upper motor neuron presents with Muscle weakness,Decreased control of active movement,particularly slowness.Spasticity, a velocity-dependent change in muscle tone, Clasp-knife response where initial higher resistance to movement is followed by a lesser resistance
Brown squard syndrome
Lateral sclerosis
Q: The ureter is underneath to which of the following structure?
of L2
Psoas muscle
Bladder
Uterine artery
Uterine artery lies above the ureter and is at risk of damage during gynecological procedures. “The best mnemonic is water under the bridge”
Q: Which of the following tumor is caused by gene amplification?
Leukemia
Ependyoma
Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is a neuroendocrine tumor causing the paraneoplastic syndrome. It is due to amplification of genes. Gene amplification causes uncontrolled growth of cells.
Glial glioma
Q: A Patient had postsurgical bleeding and massive blood tr fusions were made. What can be the complication in this patient?
Hypokalemia
Low serum IgG
Hypocalcemia
If massive blood tr fusions ARE GIVEN a calcium level of the patient must be checked because citrate in stored blood results in chelation and patient presents with hypocalcemia.
Calcium gluconate showed be given with every massive blood tr fusion.
Low serum po4 E high serum mg
Q: The most common site for fertilization of ovum in female reproductive tract is:
Ovary
Fallopian tubes
Ampulla
A uterine tube contains 3 parts. The first segment, closest to the uterus, is called
theisthmus. The second segment is the ampulla, which becomes more dilated in diameter and is the most common site for fertilization. Fertilization at all other sites may result in ectopic pregnancy.
Uterine cavity
Q: A person presents with hematuria and burning micturition. On further
investigation mass lesion was found in his bladder and came out to be Cancerous growth.
What organism can cause CA bladder?
HPV
Nectar specie
Schistosoma hematobi
Gross hematuria is an alarming sign for bladder pathology. Cancerous growth in bladder is caused by Schistosoma hematobium. It colonizes the bladder wall and results in continuous irritation causing metaplasia.
E.coli
Q: A baby boy was having bilateral mulle cysts in his kidneys. Considering it a case of infantile PCKD. What is the pattern of inheritance?
Autosomal dominant
X linked
Codominance
Autosomal recessive
Infantile PCKD is an autosomal recessive trait whereas adult onset PCKD is autosomal dominant. It presents in childhood with poor prognosis and cysts is liver
Q: The deficiency of which vitamin causes homocystinurea?
Vit B6
Vit B3
Vit B12
Both Vit B12 and B6
Vitamin B12 and B6 both involved in the metabolism of homocysteine. Deficiency of these two vitamins results in raised homocysteine levels in blood and homocystinuria. B12 convert homocysteine to methionine and B6 converts homocystine to cysteine
Q: Posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum is supplied by:
LCA
RCA
Right coronary artery supplies the right ventricle and posterior one-third interventricular septum. It also supplies posteromedial papillary muscle.
Right marginal branch
Left marginal branch
Q: Terminal bronchiole is different from Upper parts of respiratory epithelium, because of:
Epithelium is columnar
Ilia are absent
Cartilage is absent
Cartilage is absent in Terminal bronchiole . Trachea has ring-shaped cartilages that converted in C shaped cartilages in primary and secondary bronchioles
The epithelium is st. squamous
Q: A Patient presented with twitching in muscles of upper limbs and carpopedal spasm. His ECG shows QT prolongation. What is the diagnosis?
Hypercalcemia
Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia
Hypocalcemia
Hypocalcemia causes prolonged QT interval and shortened PR interval. On physical
examination, the patient presents with tetany and carpopedal spasm. Hypercalcemia causes shortened QT interval and prolonged PR interval
Q: A person is unable to oppose his thumb to little finger. Which Nerve is damaged?
Median nerve
Median nerve passes beneath the carpel ligament. In carpel tunnel syndrome the nerve is compressed resulting in loss of opposition of thumb and sensations over the thenar eminence.
ulnar nerve
Radial nerve
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the back of the hand
Q: The costocervical artery is a branch of which of the following arteries?
Superior cervical
Internal carotid
Posterior cervical
Subclavian artery
Costocervical artery arises from the upper and back part of second part of subclavian artery behind the scalenus anterior on the right side and medial to that muscle on the left side Q: which muscle group causes lateral rotation of shoulder joint?
Supraspinatus+deltoid
Infraspinatus+teres minor
supraspinatus and deltoid are involved in medial rotation of shoulder while Infraspinatus and teres minor are involved are involved in lateral rotation of shoulder .
Supraspinatus+teres minor
Trapezius+pectoralis major
Q: The respiratory droplet can tr mit in a maximum distance of:
1ft
2ft
3-6ft
Respiratory droplets are a major source of various contagious infections. They can be spread from at distance of 3-6 feet.
2-4ft
Q: What is the first mechanism in the pathogenesis of thrombus formation?
Immobility
Endothelial injury
thrombus formation cause is endothelial injury, immobility, stasis of blood, decreased activity of anticoagulants. Whenever a thrombus is formed the first step is an injury to endothelial wall.
Turbulent blood flow
High HDL
Q: A patient presented with bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and granulomas were found in lungs. There was no central necrosis in lesion. What is the diagnosis?
TB
Crohns disease
Fungal infection
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is an autoimmune restrictive disease of lungs, presents with granulomatous lung lesions and hilar lymphadenopathy. Labs show increased Vitamin D levels.lesions of
sarcoidosis is different from TB and they don't have caseation necrosis
Q: A patient had abscess in oral cavity with yellow color granules. On culture anaerobic organism was separated. Which organism is causing this Abscess?
Nocardia
Actinomyces
Actinomyces israili is an important cause of abscess formation in the oral region. It is an anaerobic organism with yellow color granules in an abscess, produces foul-smelling abscesses.
Listeria
Leprosy
Q: A patient underwent blood tr fusions and he was presented with SOB sweating and edema. What has happened?
Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction
Type 2 hypersensitivity
SOB and edema after blood tr fusion describes type 2 hypersensitivity reaction. Preformed antibodies in the recipient’s blood reaction with donar’s blood cells. Epinephrine should be given immediately and tr fusion should be stopped.
Arthus reaction
Serum sickness
Q: Rectus abdominis muscle is supplied by which nerve group?
Upper six intercostal nerves
Lower six Intercostal nerves
Upper six intercostal and subcostal nerve
Lower six intercostal and subcostal
Rectus abdominis muscle is the major abdominal muscle supplied by lower six intercostal and subcostal nerves. It is also an accessory muscle in expiration
Q: Which hormone is responsible for fetal brain development?
Growth Hormone
Calcitonin
Cortisol
Thyroid
In cretinism, a congenital deficiency of fetal thyroid results in mental retardation and coarse skin and hair so Thyroid hormone is necessary in the development of the fetal brain
Q: Permanent cells are found in which of the following tissues?
Skin
GIT
Cardiac tissue
Cardiac tissues only undergo hypertrophy under stress. They do not regenerate once formed. They are the permanent cells along with nerve cells.
Gonads
Q: When comparison between two values is required which method is best?
T-test
T-test checks differences between me of 2 groups whereas chi-square checks differences between 2 or more percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes.
Chi-square
Odd ratio
ANOVA
Q: A 20 years old Fisherman was presented with shortness of breath and pins and needle sensation in his both lower limbs. On further investigation, he was found to have an infection of a parasite? which one is most possible?
Necatoramericanus
Ancylostomaduodenale
Ancylostomaduodenale
Diphylobothriumlatum
diphylobothriumlatum, a parasite found in freshwater fish .Pins and needles sensation in legs is due to the deficiency of vitamin B12 which is due to its infection SOB in the patient is due to anemia
Q: Lateral longitudinal arch of the foot is formed by:
Talus
1, 2 metatarsals
Calcaneum
Calcaneum is the largest tarsal bone. It forms the lateral longitudinal arch. It is the most commonly fractured bone in the foot.
Long plantar ligament
Q: A woman was brought in labor room after delivery of a baby boy back at her village.She was having tachycardia BP 80/40 her platelet count was 80,000.what is the diagnosis?
Hemophilia
DIC
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is characterized by systemic activation of blood coagulation, which results in generation and deposition of fibrin, leading to microvascular thrombi in various org and contributing to mulle organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
HELPP syndrome
Preeclampsia
Q: The internal jugular vein is covered by?
Superficial layer of cervical fascia
Carotid sheath
The internal jugular vein is lined by carotid sheath along with carotid artery and drain deoxygenated blood from liver and gut and goes into the right atrium.
Investing layer of fascia
Platysma
Q: A patient loses the sense of orientation while turning the head toward opposite side.Which nerve is damaged?
Oculomotor
Fascial
Vestibulocochlear
Vestibular nerve involves maintaining balance The patient is unable to maintain balance and loss orientation. Bilateral vestibulocochlear neuromas are found in neurofibromatosis type 2. Vagus