Exam know -how
• Remember that you will get cred it fo r using more t han o ne way of saying somethi ng.
For example. when yo u are making suggestions, t ry to use different ways of suggesting.
Be careful, though, to make sure that yo u use an appropriate st yle for each suggest ion you make.
Eachofthese informal[ettersshould be writt enin 120-180wordsin anappropriate style.
1 YourAmerican penfriendisthinking of travellingaround Europeand has askedyoufor anyadvice and suggestions you might have, particularlyabout what weather to expect.
Write your letter, giving suitab leadviceand suggestions.
2 Yourarea has beenhaving somevery strangeweather in rece nt weeks. Writealett er to yo ur penfriend describing the strange wea the r and the effect it has had on you rlife . Write your lette r.
Grammar focus
The verb'suggest'can be used in the followingways:
I suggest (the towns)buildinga flood barrier. (.;ng form) Isuggest (that)the town buildsa flood barrier. (that clause)
/ suggest (that)the town should build a flood barrier. (that cla use with should) Isuggest a flood barrier. (noun)
/ suggest that the town builda flood barrier.(is also possible,but very formal and not used very often) Tick any sentences that are correct.Rewrite any that are incorrect.
1 Iwould like to suggest thatwe warningtouristsaboutthedangersof sunbathing.
2 The pilot suggested we should wait untilthecloudscleared.
1 Isuggestthatan examinationofweather records for evidence ofclimate change.
4 Many local peoplesuggestedthe council'sbuildanindoorshoppingcentre.
5 Theweathermansuggested that people planningatrip checkingthe forecast beforethey leave.
Wr i t i n g Sk i l ls / U n i t 9 57
U n t
1 0 The Environment
WARM-UP ~
L oo k at t he pictures. In pa irs, ask and answe r t he fo llowing questions,
• What different forms of po llut ion are t here?
• What is t he biggest threat to th e environme nt whe re yo u live?
• How would youimprov eyour lo cal environment?
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS /
Dos and Don 'ts
Decide whethe r yo u sho uld or sho uld n't do t he fo llo wing when you a re wr iting a tr ansaction al letter.
1 choose th e two most i mportant prompts t o write abou t 2 often imagineth at the notes were written by you 3 mentionextrarelevant points in your letter
4 mentionall t he prom pt s together in a list in one paragraph S int rod uce extra information that is interesting, even if irrelevant
Do/ Don't Do / Don't Do/ Do n't Do / Don't Do / Don't
Make the prompts formal
Read th e fo llowing prompts fro m different exam quest ion s and write se ntences asking fo r or givi ng the info rmat ion in a more fo rmal way_ Start with th e words given.
1 Any plans for clea ning beach?
I won der _
2 Time of next environmental group meeting?
Would yo u m ind _
3 L o cal reside nt s not asked fo r op inion.
Anot he r conc e rn is _
4 Doctors say health pro blems in town increas ing.
According to _
5 Noise from local factories - big problem.
Amajor _
Think about the prompts
Read t his writing quest ion and do the tas k which follows .
You live close to a large factory and are concerned about the environmenta l p rob lems it causes. You have seen th is advertisement in a local new spaper and decided to write a letter t o the managing d irector of t he factory.
Read the ad vert isement and the no tes you have made carefully. Then w rit e a letter t o th e m anaging d irect or, comp lainin g ab out th e prob lems c aused b y the fact ory.
wc-vc-l1'f
---1- a t la,t lowl
Mu.fil1§- We at Webster Brothers take the environment seriously. <;tifl (,:Mdk b ad That's why th is year we have: _---11--01'1 ~mc. d;J~<;
• reduced air po llution by 10 %.
• started to recycle materials.
• liste ned to lo cal opinion .
You can trust us to care f or yo ur environ me nt.
~Jl~[rl"'rl][uKE~:Wo rking for a better future for all.
what a l>ovt th<:- yive.r?
' '---- - - - 1
Tick which of the follow ing points you HAVE to ment ion in your l etter . a the fact that recycling should have started sooner
b your concerns about river pollution
c the fact that they missed the last loca l meeting on the environment d the fact that the fact ory produces a bad smell
e the noise pollution caused by the factory
m Think beyond the prompts
Tick which of the follo wing extra po ints you COULD mention in your l etter.
a the fact ory makes a lot o f noise
b the worker s are underpaid for the work they do c recycling should have started sooner
d your cousin works at the factor y as a manager e traffic t o the factory is increasing
Wr i t i n g Sk l i s I U n i t 10 59
U n
10
t
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Write a paragraph
R ead this i nco mplete answer to t he que st ion abo ve.
Write a paragraph of about 3 0 wo rds to co mplete the l etter, ment ioning the one remainingpromp t and add inganyrelevant ideas of yourown.
,
De""yt-\I'-rl..\l'l\ ev,
I<?\Vo\ wvit-i"'8 \-0 yCl.\to cO\Ao\p1."i....e'I'oOl.\\-yC,,",YQlAveYt\se ""'e",\- whiev' ...rre""'..eJ. i",1-\" ....;...y'5 DAily~ews. I ""'y cpil\iol\,yo"..
COlMfAloIy1,.,""5 ....0 vi, t.--l- t-ocle'\il"-\,to be COl...; , -POYtt-.e e....vi....ol\y.o.el\!- 1.....p....c+-,yel..\y.p""C+Oyyis e...e o-Pt\.\e bi"est fdl1l.\,te..s 11\ I-v'e",",,,e o\',
11\I-v.e ....ave-Hse...e"'tY0l..\lM.e" ti.Il....ea Hã'\€ .pActt\.\0\\-0\("
polll...t-i" .....pyo"..,t-he.p""ct<lry v...s .p",11e",by 107.'. !-\owevey,yO" -P<'I.ileJ.
to lM.e""t-io,", tv."",\-01\ sOlM.e J.<?\yslee 1vesi""-e"k ",,"..e -PoyceJ.to 51-0IY
i""J.covseec....vse o-P t\'-'e l..\"Iple""s"" t sl'o',ellco i"" .pyOIM.the-POIn,,')'.'rt-e-e w<?\s ",lsa 0 lM.e"'t-io....~rhe ~....c+ rh r f'oll~t-io of rhe Rive.... Lee h....s ....c+l.o...ll'1i. eve""seJ.. ove.... +-hel....s+-ve: .
Websre.... Borhe....sis se....i.ov.slyJ...lo'\<'Iji..., Thetee....1e ...vi...."...IMe...r ...J.. IMl.o.Sr r ....ke ....cti." be~" eir isr"" 1 re.
II",,\.:.~" w J.. r" e....J..i...., '1"l.o. esf'0....set"rhe ....eeve f'''i...+-s.
'/ol.o...s si ce el'1,
JG1\""'eS FVG1\\\ci.s
iii Read yaur partner's writ ing
Swap paragraphs and read what your partner has written. Using your partner's paragraph, answer the followi ng questions.
1 Has my partner mentioned the re maining
prompt? _
2 What extra relevant points has my partne r made?
3 Has my pa rtner used an app ropr iate style?
ID
D iSCUSS ~
Read yo ur paragraph t o the class, or listen t o paragraphs other peo ple have written. What ext ra relevant po ints have yo u come up with?
Study the mod el
Read mo de l composition 1 0 on page104.
Tick t he se ntences where the write r menti ons th e point s from the prompts.
Underline any extra information that is fro m the writer's imagination.
COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT ~(---~-
Read th is compos ition question and do th e exercises t hat follow.
Youlive in a coastal townand areconcerned about pollution caused by local ferries.You have seen thisadv ertisement in alocalnewspaper and you decide to write a lette r to the managing director of the ferry company.
Read the advertisement and the notes you have made carefully. Then write a letter to the managing direct or.complaining about the environmentalproblems caused by ferries.
not me. -
<;O/Ylc. dYe.
~itc- old
/" '\
: Fastsail Ferries :
: OUf fast,efficient ferry service runs all year round.You'll be amazed at :
theluxuryof a Fastsail fe rr y.And we've gone green,too! We care <;tllI pi"odvG-C- abo ut OUfenvironmentand that's Whn,y~w:e~: ----T ;l l ot of
.... use modern,efficientferrie~. <;mo!:x
• havecut fumes by 10%.
• support local environmental groups. . We arealso planni ng this su m merto provide a regular service to the :
. island of Alonissos,whe re passen gers can see theMediterran~thv('/atc-l1<;
\... ~~.~~. ~.~~~ .i.~ .i~~..~~~~.r.~ I. ~~~i:~ .~ ) ~dl<;
• •
Brainstorming
Answerthefollowingquestio ns. Discuss your answers withtheclass.
1 Doyouknow the name of the person you are
writing to? _
2 How areyou goingto start yourletter?
Dear _
3 What style isapp ropriate?
Rele vant or irrelevant?
Decidewhet her the following additionalpoints would berelevant (R)or irrel evant (I)inthis let t er.
a Fastsail ferries aremoreexpensive than other ferry companies.
b Fastsail ferriesusually leavelat e.
c The Mediterraneanmonk seal isan endangered species.
d Passengers complain about the staff beingrude.
e Fastsail ferri esareverynoisy.
especially late at night.
f The ferries dump rubbishat sea.
Wr i t i n g Sk i l l s / U n i t 1 0
4 What compl aint s do you haveto mention?
5 What action wouldyou like the managingdirectorto take?
a join morelocal environmentalgroups b cancelplansfor trips to Aloni ssos c improvethe behaviour of hisst aff
Make it formal
These sentencesaretooinfo rmal for this kind ofletter. Rewrite them in a more formal style.
1 The thingabout your ferriesisthat someofthem are ancientand dirty.
2 You say pollution is10% less,but that's rubbishbecause there's still a lotof smoke.
61
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Po\Y<?\jY""Pl.o.'3
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(l6si"B expv€ssl.o\\,(s)
YOv,yS ,
Fivst ....""w,e +
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. 1
Homework
IJ>
Now write your letter. .
Read this c hec klist. When yo u have written your letter, tick the boxes.
U n
10
ED
t
Plan your paragraphs
Co mp lete t he follow ing paragraph plan, makingnotes onwhat youare goingto include in each paragraph .
• I have written Inan appropriate
sty le. C
• I have included points frorn all the
prompts. 0
• I have added rele vant info rmat ion from
my imagination. D
• I have written in paragraph s. 0
• I have checked for spelling
mistakes. ~
• I have checked for grammar
mistakes. ::J
Wordperfect
Readthe se sente nce s and the nuse the words in bold to complete the sentencesbelow.
• Peo plewholive near airports oft ensuffer from noise pollution.
• An animal'snatural habitat istheplacewhere it usuallylives.
• Some animals are endangeredandneed protection.
• The bluewhale faces extinction unless we actquickly.
• Whenan animalisin captivity,it lives in aplace like azooand isn't free.
• Thisspeciesoftigeris veryrare.
• The Mediterraneanmonksealisprotected, whichmeans you can't hunt the m.
• Inthe West,we rely onfossil fuelssuch as oil andcoal.
• You can helpthe environment by using more solarenergy,especiallyin countriesthat have a lot of sunshine.
• Manyconservationistsare workinghard to save animalswhich areunderthreat.
1 Eventually,the worldwillrunout of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and we willhave to find other energy sources.
2 The in thetown cent re is terribleand you have to shout to have a conversation.
3 It was exciti ngto go to Africaand see elephants in their_-,--- -,---_
4 Manypeo ple in Spainheat their wate rusing _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in thesummer.
S Unlesswe do somethingto hel p thoseanimals
whichare ,we could lose
manyanimals forever.
6 Expert say that pollution
seriouslythreate nsthis area.
1 The zoo anno uncedthat it was thefirsttimea
panda had had a baby _
a The Indian elephant isa different _ _ _ __ _ _ fromtheAfrican.
9 Because there are sofew inthe wild, the golde n
eagle is bylaw.
10 The Siberian tiger andcould
disappearina veryshort time.
EXAM PRACTICE - FO R M A L TRANSACTIONAL LETTER
Exam kno w-h ow
• When you write a transactional letter,you mustinclude all relevant info rmat io n from t he p rompt s. You will also be given c r edit if you include ext ra relevant points t hat you have th ought of yourself.
,\:>...:rI\O\- , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---".L; ",t-I\i~k\-
Write an answerto the following question in 120ã180 word s inanappropriate st yle.
You live near anairport. You and otherresidents in the areahave received the following letter from the airport directorregarding propose d development of the airpo rt.
Read theletter and the notes you havemadecarefully.Write a letter to the airport director, complai ning about the problemscaused by the airportand expressing youroppositionto the proposed development.
Dear Residents, /
Heathwick airportis now entering its tenthyear. Duringthat time,we haveseennoise levelsfallto record low levels.This isinspiteof thefactthatthenumberof flights has
" .
\'o\eve"",se i" increased.We havealso seena decreasein thenumberof complaints from localresident~
tv"",.p.pie --I-.~We hope that you willagreethat now isthe timeforHeathwic ktoexpand. We have ...t-,
decidedto adda fourthrunway to t.heairpo rt,which.willattractaround 100,000more I ... bee""reope ...tA~_e"",ve
travellers everyyear. At thesametime,we areplanningto plant trees to help decrease the ",",oved. "",w"",y!
noise problemfor local residents.
V Iwouldbeinterested to hear anyviewsyou may haveregardingtheseproposals.
/
Yours sincerely,
"otBOo"\' Fafyic.f:. 61oydoll
e"o\.l8\\-
"eed. .f'ewev Airport Director
{,\'8!.-,\-s
Grammar focus
You can make some sentences more formal bymoving a preposition from the end of the sentence as in this example:
Pollution threatens thejunglewhich the tigerlivesin.
Pollution threatens thejungle in which the tigerlives.(more formal) Rewrite the following sentences in a similar way.
1 Peoplecan write letterstothe factorieswhich the pollutioncomes from .
2 Greenpeace is an environmental group which manypeoplebelongto.
3 Extinction isa prob lem which we should all worryabou t.
4 Hunting is a threat which some animalsneed tobeprot ected from.
5 Noise is another problem which people complainabout.
W r i t i n g Sk i l l s / U n i t 1 0 63
u n t
True / False
•
1 1 Technology
WARM-UP ~
Look at the pictures. In pairs. ask and answe r the following que st ion s.
• How much electronic techno logy do yo u use e ac h day?
• Would robots be use fu l in the home?
• Do you think wewillever havedomest ic robot s?
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS /
True or false?
Dec ide whether the fo llo wing statement s about writi ng are True or Fa lse.
1 Itisbette r to have lots of short se ntences together. True / False 2 You shouldn't write longer sente nces because it's too easy to
make more mist akes. True / F alse
3 I t's better to try to write difficult sentences , even if you make minor mistakes.
4 T wo sentences are better than one because they use more wor ds.
5 A long sente nce followed by a short sentence can create a st rong dramatic effect .
6 L onger, more com plicated sente nces tend to be more forma l.
True / False True / False True / False
Match to make sentences
Match the two halves of the sentenc es to ea ch other . 1 If robots become common in the home,
2 Those people who are afraid of tech nology
l Our grandparents would have faced th e same problems 4 Feeling that they are too old to learn,
S Many teenagers would never beco me interested in co mputers 6 Video and computer games . which so me say encourage violence.
a some people avoid contact with new technology.
b if they did not play video games.
c people will have mo re free tim e.
d if they had had th e same technology as us.
e can actually t each young people skills. such as map read ing.
f should be encouraged to learn.
What do the sentences do?
Look again at th e sentences above. F or ea ch sen tence, write its numbe r, 1-6.
next to what itis doing.
This sentence ...
a gives a reason.
b contain s an example.
c presents a poss ible fut ure sit uat ion.
d co ntains a suggestion.
e prese nts a hypothetical sit uat i o n about the past.
f presen ts a hypothetica l si t uat io n about t oday's world .
Connect the sentences
Join each pa ir of se ntences to make one mo re co mple x se ntence starti ng with the words given.
1 Some peo ple know little abo ut co mputers. They will have pro ble ms finding a job.
Peop le _
2 T he Ancient Egyptians did not have tele vision. A s a result, they did not have adve rtisements.
If _
3 We rely on technology more and mor e. It is changing th e way we work.
T echno logy. _
4 P eo ple will be forced to use computers. They know they have no choice.
Knowing _
5 The race to the Moon took place in 1 969. I t produced new te chno logy that weuse today.
The race to the Moon . _
W r i t i n g S k i t l s / U n i t 11 65
U n t
1 1
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Rewrite the paragraph
The parag rap h below comes from a discursive compo sition about technolog y.
The writ er could have connected the sentences toget he r t o ma ke a better paragraph. Rewrite th e paragraph, connecting the sen tences togethe r .
-,
In conclusion. technology is developing all the rime.It affectsall of us. Some people arc not afraid to take risks.These people are prepared to learn how to LISt' 11t'\\' technology.
We know how important it is.Wt' should all try co become fa miliar with compu ters.the internet and e-mail.
I...co...ch,\siol\,t-ecJ,......olo~,..t, _
'So"'-'€ people,who _
k...OWl ...~ _
Discuss
R ea d your pa ragrap h to the class. or listen to paragraphs o t her peo ple have written. Have yo u all joined the sentenc es in the same way?
Study the model
Read model composit ion 11 o n p age 105. Find the followi ng and underl ine.
F ind se ntences that connect ideas t ogether using:
1 an- ingform 2 a con ditional
1 a relative pronoun (who , which) 4 an inversion