37. Put it in the kitchen.
38. In the kitchen Madge had a new fridge.
39. I live here.
40. Here lies Mary Jane.
41. Here the corn is ripening.
42. Nothing grows there.
43. There goes a happy man.
44. There I used to sit.
45. I couldn’t see him, scarcely.
46. He lost his temper, almost.
47. You'll be meeting them on Tuesday, 48. In the kitchen there’s a lot to eat.
49. Did you enjoy the match last week?
50. Noisily they washed the dishes.
51. Mr Plumtree washed the dishes.
52. Have you seen him ever?
53- Before, he was tall and strong.
54. We were later released.
Note that Class ar can be divided according to theme. The class. of never, hardly and scarcely is the class sometimes called ‘seminegatives’
(remember their influence on checking tags in Section 11). The clause
SECTION 13 Io1
sequence is P {$7 when they are thematic. The other a1 adjuncts are only rarely found in theme position.
Class a2 adjuncts mainly concern time, but not particular points of time in the past or in the future.
All the Class a adjuncts focus on the whole clause, and not just the verb. Class B adjuncts focus on the verb more directly. The syntactic distinction between 81 and B2 follows closely the type of group—whether adverb-head (81—quielly) or preposition-head (B2—ai home). Class Bi includes all the many ‘quality’ adverbs ending in -ly.
The classification is just an outline. A word like just, or now, has more than one meaning, and the position may depend on the appropriate meaning.
(21) Now I want you all to look at this.
(22) I want you all now to look at this.
(23) I want you all to look at this now.
Now, at the front of (21) is probably unstressed, and links the sentence with what goes before. It has a similar function to well, so, etc. and we would classify it as AY. In (22) now is at in-P position and is stressed. It shows that the sentence is part of an orderly presentation. proceeding step by step, Such words—like then, therefore, are also a¥ items. In Example (23) it means ‘at this moment’, and would be classed as a Bg adjunct, along with tonight.
Exercise 13.4
Look for ambiguities in the following examples, and try to classify the adjuncts.
1. Sir Jasper leaped easily astride his horse.
2. I can easily manage that!
3. The chairman spoke definitely.
4. The chairman definitely spoke.
Place, manner and time
It quite often happens that two or even three adjuncts occur post-p in the same clause. The main classes are place, manner and time. These terms refer to the meaning of the adjuncts, but as well as the meaning there are some positional rules that help in the classification.
(a) Adjuncts of the same class occur in any sequence without showing prominence, e.g.
102 CLAUSE STRUCTURE
(24) Bill arrived at half past two yesterday.
(25) Bill arrived yesterday at half past two.
(6) Adjuncts of different classes usually follow the sequence place, manner, time.
(26) Bill arrived unexpectedly yesterday.
(27) Bill arrived at the office unexpectedly.
(28) Bill arrived at the office yesterday.
(ag) Bill arrived at the office unexpectedly yesterday.
Exercise 13.5
(a) Classify the adjuncts in Examples (24)~(29) as place, manner or time.
(b) Make a set of clauses like (26)-(29). Start with Mr Plumiree lived and add the adjuncts here, happily and before the war.
(c) Ifx, v and z are adjuncts, and the clauses below are all in normal sequence, which classes do x, ¥ and z belong to?
1. Madge sang z x 2, Madge sang z¥
3. Madge sang v x Exercise 13.6
Add to your classification the adjuncts in the following examples.
Put it on the table by yourself.
Bill threw it across the room to me.
He’s going by train tomorrow.
We're off to Scotland tomorrow.
The baby was born last night at 23.27.
Bill threw it to me across the room.
He walked across the room with a smile.
The baby was born at 23.97 last night.
He did it by himself with a smile.
10. Put it on the table tomorrow.
11. He greeted us with a smile yesterday.
12, He did it with a smile by himself.
SW OTe Ps ©
Exercise 13.7
Go back to Exercise 13.3, and list the adjuncts of class B which do not occur in-p. Add them to the classification of 13.4 and 13.5, but don’t just do it on their meaning. Try them out positionally. For example, if you
SECTION I4 103
think quickly is a manner adjunct, then it should occur naturally after here and before yesterday, e.g.
He ran here quickly yesterday.