There are some suggestions for futher research as follows:
- Indirect speech acts in other movies.
- Polite strategies in “12 years a slave.”
REFERENCES
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Cambridge: Havard University Press.
Bach, K., & Harnish, R. (1979). Linguistic communication and speech acts.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983). Discourse analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cao Văn Hương (2017). Implicatures in "12 Years a Slave" and
"Spotlight". M.A. Thesis, Quy Nhon University.
Clark, H. H. (1979). Responding to indirect speech acts. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 430-477.
Đoàn Thị Hương Hiền (2015). A study of linguistic features of indirect speech acts in modern short stories in English and Vietnamese. M.A.
Thesis, Quy Nhon University.
Finnegan, E., Blair, D. & Collins, P. (1997). Language: Its Structure and Use.
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Huang, Y. (2007). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Holmes, J. (1992). An intrduction to sociolinguistics. New York: Longman Huddleston, R. (1984). Introduction the Grammar of English. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Lê Thị Mỹ Nhớ (2018). A contrastive study of indirect speech acts in
“Spotlight” versus “ Sai Gon, Anh Yeu Em”. B.A Graduation Thesis,
Quy Nhon university.
Leech. G. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Longman.
Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mey, J. L. (1993). Pragmatics: An introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Dung (2014). A study of speech acts in conversations in the new interchange series. M.A. Thesis, Quy Nhon University.
Parker, F. (1986). Linguistics for non-linguists. London: Francis and Taylor Ltd.
Quirk, R. (1972). A grammar of contemporary English. London: Longman.
Quirk, R., & Greenbaum, S. (1973). A university grammar of English.
London: Longman.
Saville-Troike, M. (1982). The ethnography of communication: An introduction. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Searle, J. R. (1976). “A taxonomy of illocutionary acts”. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Searle, J. R. (1979). Expression and Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Thomas, J. (1996). Meaning in interaction: An introduction of pragmatics:
London and New York: Longman.
Vuori, J. A. (2013). Speech act theory. Research Methods in Critical.
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Yule, G. (1997). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
APPENDIXES
THE RAW DATA 1.
-Mr. Ford: Platt. Poor Platt. I believe Tibeats is skulking about the premises somewhere. He wants you dead, and he will have it so. It's no longer safe for you here. And I don't believe you will remain passive if Tibeats attacks. I have transferred my debt to Edwin Epps. He will take charge...
-Solomon Northup: Master Ford. You must know that I'm not a slave.
-Mr. Ford: I cannot hear that
-Solomon Northup: Before I came to you, I was a freeman.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To defend) 2.
- Patsey: The Sabbath day, I is free to roam.
- Solomon Northup : Master sent me running to fetch you, said no time should be wasted.
- Mrs. Shaw: Drink of tea?
- Solomon Northup: Thank you, Mistress, but I don't dare.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To refuse) 3.
- Mr. Epps: What did you just now tell her? What did you say to Pats?
- Solomon Northup: No words were spoken, none of consequence.
- Mr. Epps: You're a liar. You damn liar. I saw you talking with her. Tell me - Solomon Northup: I cannot speak of what did not occur.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To refuse) 4.
- Patsey: Platt. Platt, you awake?
- Solomon Northup: I am.
- Patsey: I have a request. An act of kindness. I secreted it from the mistress - Solomon Northup: Return it.
(Imperative – Statement: To refuse) 5.
- Solomon Northup: For what cause?
- Patsey: All I ask, end my life. Take my body to the margin of the swamp.
Take me by the throat, hold me low in the water until I is still and without life.
Bury me in a lonely place of dying
- Solomon Northup: I will do no such thing. The gory detail with which you speak.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To refuse ) 6.
- Patsey: How can you not know? I ain't got no comfort in this life. If I can't buy mercy from you. I'll beg it.
- Solomon Northup: There are others. Beg them.
- Patsey: I'm begging you
- Solomon Northup: Why would you consign me to damnation with such an ungodly request?
(Interrogative – Statement: To refuse) 7.
- Solomon Northup : It is melancholia. Nothing more. How can you fall into such despair?
- Patsey: How can you not know? I ain't got no comfort in this life. If I can't buy mercy from you. I'll beg it.
- Solomon Northup: There are others. Beg them.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To refuse)
8.
- Solomon Northup: There are others. Beg them.
- Patsey: I'm begging you.
- Solomon Northup: Why? Why would you consign me to damnation with such an ungodly request?
- Patsey: There is God here! God is merciful and he forgive merciful acts.
Won't be no hell for you. Do it. Do what I ain't got the strength to do myself.
( Imperative – Statement : To refuse) 9.
- Mrs. Epps : This is a list of goods and sundries. You will take it to be filled and return immediately. Take your tag. Tell Bartholomew to add it to our debt.
- Solomon Northup: Yes, Mistress.
- Mrs. Epps : Where you from, Platt?
- Solomon Northup: I told you.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To refuse) 10.
- Mrs. Shaw: Drink of tea?
- Solomon Northup : Thank you, Mistress, but I don't dare.
- Mrs. Shaw : Would you know of Master Epps's consternation to be any lessened with your timely return? Anger's his constant condition. Sit. Sit and drink the tea that I offered. What'n be Epps's concern
- Solomon Northup: I'd rather not say.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To refuse) 11.
- Burch: Well, boy, how do you feel now?
- Solomon Northup: My name... My name is Solomon Northup
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To defend) 12.
- Burch: Well, boy, how do you feel now?
- Solomon Northup : My name... My name is Solomon Northup. I'm a free man. A resident of Saratoga, New York. The residence of my wife and children who are equally free.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To defend) 13.
- Mr. Epps: You come here.
- Solomon Northup: Master Epps.
- Mr. Epps : I said come here!
- Solomon Northup: I brought her back, just like you...
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To defend) 14.
- Tibeats: And didn't I tell you to get a keg of nails?
- Solomon Northup: And so, I did.
- Tibeats: So, you did. God damn you. I thought you knowed something!
- Solomon Northup: I did as instructed.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To defend) 15.
- Solomon Northup: Mr. Parker.
- Mr. Parker: Ah, Mr. Northup. Mrs. Northup. Solomon, could I interest you in a new cravat? Pure silk, by way of the French.
- Solomon Northup: We're in need of a fresh carry all for my Mrs.'s travels.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To refuse) 16.
- Solomon Northup: There's no truth to it
- Mr. Epps : You say.
- Solomon Northup: How could I write a letter without ink or paper?
(Interrogative – Statement: To defend) 17.
- Solomon Northup: There's no truth to it - Mr. Epps : You say.
- Solomon Northup: How could I write a letter without ink or paper?
Who am I gonna write to?
(Interrogative – Statement: To defend) 18.
- Solomon Northup: There's no truth to it - Mr. Epps : You say.
- Solomon Northup: How could I write a letter without ink or paper? Who am I gonna write to? I got no friends living as I know of.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To defend) 19.
- Solomon: We need a sympathetic ear. An opportunity to explain our situation.
- Clemens: Who, in your estimation, is that sympathetic ear?
- Solomon Northup: The two men I journeyed with. I'm certain they're making enquiries at this very moment.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To convince) 20.
- Tibeats: And you know what of transport and terraforming?
- Solomon Northup: I labored repairing the Champlain canal on the section over which William van Nortwick was superintendent. With my earnings, I hired several efficient hands to assist me and entered into
contracts for the transportation of large rafts of timber from Lake Champlain to Troy.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To convince) 21.
- Randall: Mama! Mama!
- Solomon Northup: Quiet. Quiet, please.
- Solomon Northup: Your mother will come, I swear she will (Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To convince)
22.
- Tibeats: It's a scheme. Plenty of engineers have schemed similarly. The passes are too tight.
- Solomon Northup: I reckon them at more than 12 feet at their most narrow. Wide enough for a tub to traverse if a team of niggers cleared it out.
( Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To convince) 23.
- Solomon Northup : I will do no such thing. The detail with which you speak .
- Patsey: I thought on it long and hard.
- Solomon Northup : It is melancholia. Nothing more. How can you fall into such despair?
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To convince) 24.
- Mr. Epps: You say.
- Solomon Northup: How could I write a letter without ink or paper? Who am I gonna write to? I got no friends living as I know of. That Armsby.
That Armsby is a lying, drunken fellow.Didn't he want you to hire him as
an overseer? Didn't he want you to hire him as an overseer?
(Interrogative – statement : To convince) 25.
- Mr. Epps: You say.
- Solomon Northup: How could I write a letter without ink or paper? Who am I gonna write to? I got no friends living as I know of. That Armsby.
That Armsby is a lying, drunken fellow. Didn't he want you to hire him as an overseer? Didn't he want you to hire him as an overseer? Well, that's it.
He wants to make you believe we're all gonna run away so you'll hire him as an overseer.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To convince ) 26.
- Mr. Epps: You say.
- Solomon Northup: How could I write a letter without ink or paper? Who am I gonna write to? I got no friends living as I know of. That Armsby.
That Armsby is a lying, drunken fellow. Didn‟t he want you to hire him as an overseer? Didn't he want you to hire him as an overseer? Well, that's fellow. Didn‟t wants to make you believe we're all gonna run away so you'll hire him as an overseer. He believes you're a soft soap. And he's given to such talk, made this story out of whole cloth because he wants a situation.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To convince) 27.
- Clemens: I'd be just as certain they're counting the money paid for delivering you to this place.
- Solomon Northup: They were not kidnappers, they were artists. Fellow performers.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To protest) 28.
- Solomon Northup: They are as my flesh.
- Eliza: Then who is distressed? Do I upset the master and the mistress? Do you careless about my loss than their well-being?
- Solomon Northup: Master Ford is a decent man.
( Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To protest) 29.
- Eliza: Ford is your opportunity? You think he does not know that you are more than you suggest? But he does nothing for you. Nothing. You are no better than prized livestock. Call for him. Call! Tell him of your previous circumstances, and see what it earns you, Solomon. So, you've settled into your role as Platt, then?
- Solomon Northup: My back is thick with scars for protesting my freedom.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To protest) 30.
- Mr. Ford: Platt. Poor Platt. I believe Tibeats is skulking about the premises somewhere. He wants you dead, and he will have it so. It's no longer safe for you here. And I don't believe you will remain passive if Tibeats attacks.
I have transferred my debt to Edwin Epps. He will take charge...
- Solomon Northup: Master Ford. You must know that I'm not a slave.
- Mr. Ford: I cannot hear that
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To protest) 31.
- Tibeats : Make them boards flush.
- Solomon Northup: They are, sir.
- Tibeats : No, they is no such thing.
- Solomon Northup: They are as smooth to the touch as a yearling's coat.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To protest) 32.
- Solomon Northup: All right, all right, all right, all right. Into bed. Into bed. Thank you for the music. Come on. Ouch. Get in there. Come on.
Give me a kiss. I love you, Margaret.
- Margareth: I love you, too.
- Solomon Northup: Sleep well. I'll take this. I don't want to hear any more noise.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To warn) 33.
- Burch: Well, boy, how do you feel now?
- Solomon Northup : My name... My name is Solomon Northup. I'm a free man. A resident of Saratoga, New York. The residence of my wife and children who are equally free. And you have no right whatsoever to detain me.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To warn) 34.
- Randall: Do you know when my mama will come?
- Radburn: Hush him up!
- Randall: Mama! Mama!
- Solomon Northup: Quiet. Quiet, please.
(Imperative – Statement – To warn) 35.
- Randall: Mama! Mama!
- Solomon Northup: Quiet. Quiet, please. Your mother will come, I swear she will. But you must be silent.
(Imperative – Statement: To warn) 36.
- Solomon Northup: Patsey, Master wishes you to return.
- Patsey: The Sabbath day, I is free to roam
- Solomon Northup: Master sent me running to fetch you, said no time should be wasted.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To warn) 37.
- Burch: You're not any free man.
- Solomon Northup: And I promise you. I promise you upon my liberation. I will have satisfaction for this wrong.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To insist) 38.
- Freeman: Very good. Very good. Let's see, here. Eliza! Stand up when you hear your name. Eliza. Lethe! John. Oren. Platt. Platt. Stand up. You fit the description given. Why didn't you answer when called?
- Solomon Northup: My name is not Platt. My name...
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To insist) 39.
- Solomon Northup: The creek is plenty deep enough to sail. Even with a boat full of load. The distance from the work area to the point on the latter bayou is several miles by water fewer than land. It occurs to me that the expense of transportation would be materially diminished...
- Tibeats: "Materially diminished"?
- Solomon Northup: If we use the waterway (Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To insist) 40.
- Sheriff: What are your children's names?
- Solomon: Margaret and Alonzo.
- Sheriff: What was your wife's name before her marriage?
- Solomon Northup: Anne Hampton. I am who I say.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To insist) 41.
- Anne: It is the custom. I wonder what you will do without me.
- Solomon: I won't stay idle.
- Anne: Darling, it's good money
( Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To promise) 42.
- Clemens: Survival's not about certain death, it's about keeping your head down.
- Solomon: Days ago, I was with my family. in my home. Now you tell me all is lost. "Tell no one who I am." That's the way to survive? Well, I don't want to survive. I want to live. Days ago, I was with my family. in my home. Now you tell me all is lost. "Tell no one who I am." That's the way to survive? Well, I don't want to survive. I want to live.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To promise) 43.
- Solomon Northup: It's all a matter of perspective, sir. From where you stand, you may see differently, but the hands are not mistaken. I simply ask that you use all your senses before rendering judgment.
- Tibeats: Oh, my, you are a brute. You are a dog. And no better for following instructions!
- Solomon Northup: I do as ordered.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To promise)
44.
- Armsby: I'll do it. And I'll accept whatever payment's offered. To assist you, I put my own self at risk. I will do so fair compensation is all I ask.
Draw up your letter. We'll meet again in two days?
- Solomon Northup: In two days.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To promise) 45.
- Judge: It comes to you quite naturally. Are you educated?
- Solomon Northup: Niggers are hired to work, not read or write. Niggers are hired to work, not read or write.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To deny) 46.
- Solomon Northup: They are as smooth to the touch as a yearling's coat.
- Tibeats : Are you calling me a liar, boy?
- Solomon Northup: It's all a matter of perspective, sir. From where you stand, you may see differently, but the hands are not mistaken I simply ask that you use all your senses before rendering judgment
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To deny) 47.
- Tibeats : Are you calling me a liar, boy?
- Solomon Northup: It's all a matter of perspective, sir. From where you stand, you may see differently, but the hands are not mistaken I simply ask that you use all your senses before rendering judgment.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To deny) 48.
- Mrs. Epps: He learn you to read?
- Solomon Northup: A word, here or there. But I have no understanding of
the written...
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To deny) 49.
- Radburn: That old thing of yours is just rags and tatters. You need something proper to wear. Go on, put it on. Got no gratitude?
- Solomon Northup: That's from my wife.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To beg) 50.
- Eliza : Under the circumstances, he is a slaver. But you truckle at his boot. You luxuriate in his favor.
- Solomon Northup: I survive! I will not fall into despair! I will offer up my talents to Master Ford! I will keep myself hearty until freedom is opportune!
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To beg) 51.
- Armsby: On my honor.
- Solomon Northup: It's a simple enough request. I only ask that you deposit a letter at the post office in Marksville, and that you keep the action an inviolable secret forever. I only ask that you deposit a letter at the post office in Marksville, you keep the action an inviolable secret forever.
(Declarative – Command/ request: To order) 52.
- Solomon Northup: The proceeds of my fiddling performances. Just a few picayunes, but all I have in the world. I promise them to you if you will do me the favor I require. But I beg you not to expose me if you cannot grant the request.
- Armsby: What is it you ask?
- Solomon: First, your word, sir.
(Declarative – Command / request: To order) 53.
- Mrs. Shaw: He do.
- Solomon Northup: Master Epps has somehow come to believe that Master Shaw is something of a lothario. A misguided belief, no doubt.
- Mrs. Shaw: No doubt... if not born out of truth itself.
- Solomon Northup: I meant no disrespect.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To apologize) 54.
- Mrs. Shaw: He ain't heard you.
- Solomon Northup: I meant no disrespect to you, Mistress.
- Mrs. Shaw: Got no cause to worry for my sensibilities. I ain't felt the end of a lash in more years I can recall. I ain't worked a field, neither.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To apologize) 55.
- Solomon Northup: I'll apologize for my appearance. But I have had a difficult time these past several years. Margaret. Alonzo. Who is this?
- Margaret: He's my husband.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To apologize) 56.
- Mr. Epps: Strike her, Platt. Strike her! You will strike her. You will strike her until her flesh is rent and meat and blood flow equal or I will kill every nigger in my sight. You understand me? Strike her! Strike her! Until I say no more. I ain't said nothing! Give me the whip! Get up!
- Solomon Northup: Thou devil! Sooner or later, somewhere in the course
of eternal justice, thou shalt answer for this sin.
(Declarative – Exclamation: To express one‟s anger) 57.
- Clemens: Survival's not about certain death, it's about keeping your head down.
- Solomon Northup: Days ago, I was with my family in my home. Now you tell me all is lost. "Tell no one who I am." That's the way to survive? Well, I don't want to survive. I want to l i v e .
(Declarative – Exclamation: To express one‟s sadness) 58.
- Solomon Northup : I will do no such thing. The detail with which you speak .
- Patsey: I thought on it long and hard.
- Solomon : It is melancholia. Nothing more. How can you fall into such despair?
(Interrogative – Exclamation: To Express one‟s sadness) 59.
- Eliza : God!
- Solomon Northup : Eliza. Eliza. Stop! Stop your wailing! If you let yourself be overcome by sorrow, you will drown in it.
(Declarative – Command/ Request: To advise) 60.
- Eliza: Have you stopped crying for your children? You make no sounds, but will you ever let them go in your heart?
- Solomon Northup: They are as my flesh.
(Intended meaning # Literal meaning: To agree)