(1)P This section provides additional requirements for lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC).
Reference is made to the other Sections (1 to 10 and 12) of this document and the Annexes.
Note. Headings are numbered 11 followed by the number of the corresponding main section. Headings of lower level are numbered consecutively, without connection to sub-headings in previous sections. If
alternatives are given for Expressions, Figures or Tables in the other sections, the original reference numbers are also prefixed by 11.
11.1.1 Scope
(1)P All clauses of the Sections 1 to 10 and 12 are generally applicable, unless they are substituted by special clauses given in this section. In general, where strength values
originating from Table 3.1 are used in Expressions, those values have to be replaced by the corresponding values for lightweight concrete, given in this section in Table 11.3.1.
(2)P Section 11 applies to all concretes with closed structure made with natural or artificial mineral lightweight aggregates, unless reliable experience indicates that provisions different from those given can be adopted safely.
(3) This section does not apply to aerated concrete either autoclaved or nornlally cured nor lightweight aggregate concrete with an open structure.
(4)P Lightweight aggregate concrete is concrete having a closed structure and a density of not more than 2200 kg/m3 consisting of or containing a proportion of artificial or natural lightweight aggregates having a particle density of less than 2000 kg/m3
11.1.2 Special symbols
1 (P) The following symbols are used specially for lightweight concrete:
LC the strength classes of lightweight aggregate concrete are preceded by the symbol LC 17E is a conversion factor for calculating the modulus of elasticity
171 is a coefficient for determining tensile strength
1]2 is a coefficient for determining creep coefficient '73 is a coefficient for determining drying shrinkage
p is the oven-dry density of lightweight aggregate concrete in kg/n13 For the mechanical properties an additional subscript I (lightweight) is used.
11.2 Basis of design
1 (P) Section 2 is valid for lightweight concrete without modifications.
11.3 Materials 11.3.1 Concrete
(1)P In EN 206-1 lightweight aggregate IRi) concrete @] is classified according to its density as shown in Table 11.1. In addition this table gives corresponding densities for plain and reinforced concrete with normal percentages of reinforcement which may be used for design purposes in calculating self-weight or imposed permanent loading. Alternatively, the density may be specified as a taget value.
(2) Alternatively the contribution of the reinforcement to the density may be determined by calculation.
Table 11.1: Density classes and corresponding design densities of LWAC according to EN 206-1
Density class 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 I
Density (kg/m3) 801- 1001- 1201- 1401- 1601 1801
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Density I Plain concrete 1050 1250 1450 1650 1850 2050
. (kg/m3) I Reinforced concrete 1150 1350 1550 1750 1950 2150
(3) The tensile strength of lightweight aggregate concrete may be obtained by multiplying the tet
values given in Table 3.1 by a coefficient:
171 = 0,40 + O,60p12200 (11.1)
where
~ p is the upper limit of the oven dry density for the relevant class in accordance with Table 11.1 @il
11.3.2 Elastic deformation
(1) An estimate of the mean values of the secant modulus E1em for LWAC may be obtained by multiplying the values in Table 3.1, for normal density concrete, by the following coefficient:
17E = (pI2200)2 ( 11.2)
where p denotes the oven-dry density in accordance with EN 206-1 Section 4 (see Table 11.1 ).
Where accurate data are needed, e.g. where deflections are of great importance, tests should be carried out in order to determine the Elem values in accordance with ISO 6784.
Note: A Country's National Annex may refer to non-contradictory complementary information.
(2) The coefficient of thermal expansion of LWAC depends mainly on the type of aggregate used and varies over a wide range between about 4.10-6 and 14ã10-6/K
For design purposes where thermal expansion is of no great importance, the coefficient of thernlal expansion may be taken as 8.10-6 IK.
The differences between the coefficients of thermal expansion of steel and lightweight aggregate concrete need not be considered in design.
~
00 ...
tlck,cube
(MPa)
1---
"em (MPa)
"elm (MPa)
"elk,O,05 (MPa)
"etk,D,95 (MPa)
(GPa) Cie1 (%0)
6icu1(%0)
Cie2 (%0)
Cieu2 (%0)
n
Cie3(%0)
Cieu3(%O)
13 18 22
17 22 28
'---~
kf1em
28 33 38 44 50 55 60 66
33 38 43 48 53 58 63 68
----~--
"elm = fctm . '71
" Ictk,O,05 -- . '71
"etk,D,95 fetk,D,95 . 171
E1em = . 77E
17E)@il
{ k = 1,1 for sanded lightweight aggregate concrete k = 1.0 for all liohtweioht aooreoate concrete
Elc1
2,0 2,2 2,3
3,5 771 3,1'71 2,9171
2,0 1,75 1,6
1,75 1,8 1,9
3,5 771 3,1171 2.9171
77 88
78 88 For "ek 20 MPa
"em = "ek + 8 (MPa)
'71=0,40+0,60pI2200
5% - tractile
95% - fractile
'7E (pI2200)2
see Figure 3.2
see Figure 3.2
2,4 2,5 see Figure 3.3
2,7'71 2,6'71 see Figure 3.3
~ I 6icu2 I ;:::: l&ie21 @1]
1,45 1,4
2,0 2,2 see Figure 3.4
2,6'71 see Figure 3.4
ICieu31;:::: 16ie31
~
~
CN
~
en ...
n; en en
Q)
::::s
a. a.
~ ..,
3 Q)
~ o
::::s
(")
:::r
Q) ..,
Q) a
(1) ..,
Ci;'
~ (") fA
0' ..,
cc :::r
i' !e.
cc
:::r t:j to
~ Zoo
o ~ t:j
::::s ~Z
(") ~
.., ~~
C'D I ~
CD ~ ~
•• ~~ I
~~
0 1
ot7 ~~
. - . 0
----~o ~
11.3.3 Creep and shrinkage
(1) For lightweight aggregate concrete the creep coefficient if' may be assumed equal to the value of normal density concrete multiplied by a factor (pI2200)2.
The creep strains so derived should be multiplied by a factor, 7]2, given by
7]2 = 1,3 for ~ek :s; LC 16/18
= 1,0 for ~ek 2:: LC20/22
(2) The final drying shrinkage values for lightweight concrete can be obtained by multiplying the values for normal density concrete in Table 3.2 by a factor, 7]3, given by
7]3 = 1,5 for ~ek :s; LC16/18
= 1,2 for ~ek 2:: LC20/22
(3) The Expressions (3.11), (3.12) and (3.13), which provide information for autogenous
shrinkage, give maximum values for lightweight aggregate concretes, where no supply of water from the aggregate to the drying rrlicrostructure is possible. If water-saturated, or even partially saturated lightweight aggregate is used, the autogenous shrinkage values will be considerably reduced.
11.3.4 Stress-strain relations for non-linear structural analysis
(1) For lightweight aggregate concrete the values ce1 and ceu1 given in Figure 3.2 should be substituted by clc1 and clcu1 given in Table 11.3.1.
11.3.5 Design compressive and tensile strengths
(1)P The value of the design compressive strength is defined as
(11.3.15) where rc is the partial safety factor for concrete, see ~ 2.4.2.4@2], and alec is a coefficient according to 3.1.6 (1)P.@]
Note: The value of alee for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is 0,85.
(2)P The value of the design tensile strength is defined as
(11.3.16) where rc is the partial safety factor for concrete, see 2.4.2.4 and alet is a coefficient according to 3.1.6 (2)P. @il
Note: The value of alct for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is 0,85.
11.3.6 Stress-strain relations for the design of sections
(1) For lightweight aggregate concrete the values cc2 and ceu2 given in Figure 3.3 should be replaced with the values of llc2 and llcu2 given in Table 11.3.1.
(2) For lightweight aggregate concrete the values cc3 and ccu3 given in Figure 3.4 should be replaced with the values of £Jc3 and £Jcu3 given in Table 11.3.1.
11.3.7 Confined concrete
(1) If more precise data are not available, the stress-strain relation shown in Figure 3.6 may be used, with increased characteristic strength and strains according to:
(11.3.24 )
Note: The value of k for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is:
1,1 for lightweight aggregate concrete with sand as the fine aggregate 1,0 for lightweight aggregate (both fine and coarse aggregate) concrete
£Jc2,c = £Jc2 ("ckJ"Ck)2
£Jcu2,c = Clcu2 + O,2(J2/"ck
(11.3.26) (11.3.27) where Clc2 and Clcu2 follow from Table 11.3.1.
11.4 Durability and cover to reinforcement 11.4.1 Environmental conditions
(1) For lightweight aggregate concrete in Table 4.1 the same indicative exposure classes can be used as for normal density concrete.
11.4.2 Concrete cover and properties of concrete
(1)P For lightweight aggregate concrete the values of minimum concrete cover given in Table 4.2 shall be increased by 5 mm.
11.5 Structural analysis 11.5.1 Rotational capacity
~Note: For light weight concrete the value of Bpl,d as shown in Figure 5.6N, should be multiplied by a factor
&lcu2/ &cu2.@il
11.6 Ultimate limit states
11.6.1 Members not requiring design shear reinforcement
(1) The design value of the shear resistance of a lightweight concrete member without shear reinforcement V1Rd,c follows from:
(11.6.2) IEl)where '11 is defined in Expression (11.1), "ck is taken from Table 11.3.1 and (Jcp is the mean
cornpressive stress in the section due to axial force and prestress, where O"cp<O.2 fcd.@1]
Note: The values of C1Rd,c, Vl,min and k1 for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
~ recommended value for C1Rd,c is 0, 15/yc' for V1,min is 0,028 k3/2
fc//2 and that for k1 is 0,15.@il
189
~Table 11.6.1 N: Values of VI,min for given values of d and flck @]
VI,min (MPa) d
(rnm) ~ flck(MPa)@]
20 30 40 50
200 0.36 0.44 0.50 0.56
400 0.29 0.35 0.39 0.44
600 0.25 0.31 0.35 0.39
800 ~0.23@] 0.28 0.32 0.36
~ 1000 0.22 0.27 0.31 0.34
60 70 80
0.61 0.65 0.70
0.48 0.52 0.55
0.42 0.46 0.49
0.39 0.42 0.45
0.37 0.40 0.43
(2) The shear force, VEd , calculated without reduction f3 (see 6.2.2 (6) should always satisfy the condition:
~VEd 0,5 bw d V1 ~ed where
VI is in accordance with 11.6.2 (1) @lI
11.6.2 Members requiring design shear reinforcement
(1) The reduction factor for the crushing resistance of the concrete struts is V1.
(11.6.5)
Note 1: The value of VI for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value follows from:
VI = 0,5 (1-"ek/250) @] (11.6.6N)
~ Note 2: For lightweight concrete VI should not be modified in accordance with Note 2 of 6.2.3(3). @lI
11.6.3 Torsion
11.6.3.1 Design procedure
(1) In Expression (6.30) for lightweight concrete V is taken equal to V1 according to 11.6.2 (1).
11.6.4 Punching
11.6.4.1 Punching shear resistance of slabs or column bases without shear rei nforcement
(1) The punching shear resistance per unit area of a lightweight concrete slab follows from VIRd,e GIRd,e k 7]1(100~ "ek )1/3 + k2 O"cp 2 (7]1VI,min + k20"ep) (11.6.47) where
'71 is defined in Expression (11.1) GIRd,e see 11.6.1 (1)
VI,min see 11.6.1 (1)
Note: The value k2 for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is 0,08
~(2) The punching shear resistance, VIRd, of lightweight concrete column bases follows from @lI
(11.6.S0) where
'71 is defined in Expression (11.1)
IRi) PI ~ O,OOS
CIRd,e see 11.6.1 (1) VI,min see 11.6.1 (1)
11.6.4.2 Punching shear resistance of slabs or column bases with shear reinforcement (1) Where shear reinforcement is required the punching shear resistance is given by
V1Rd , cs = O,7SvIRd , c + 1,5 (~J s u d (_1_J ASWfYWd ' eff sin a (11.6.S2)
r 1
where VIRd,e is defined in Expression (11.6.47) or (11.6.S0) whichever is relevant.
(2) Adjacent to the column the punching shear capacity is limited to a maximunl of
~ VEd .:; VlRd max (11.6.S3)
uod '
~ The value of VIRd,max for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex.The
recommended value is O,4v"ed, where v is taken equal to V1 defined in expression (11.6.6N) @il
11.6.5 Partially loaded areas
(1) For a uniform distribution of load on an area Aeo (see Figure 6.29) the concentrated resistance force may be determined as follows:
(11.6.63) 11.6.6 Fatigue
(1) For fatigue verification of elements made with lightweight aggregated concrete special consideration is required. Reference should be made to a European Technical Approval.
11.7 Serviceability limit states
(1)P The basic ratios of span/effective depth for reinforced concrete members without axial compression, given in 7.4.2, should be reduced by a factor 17~,15 when applied to LWAC.
11.8 Detailing of reinforcement - General
11.8.1 Permissible mandrel diameters for bent bars
(1) For lightweight aggregate concrete the mandrel sizes for normal density concrete given in IRi) 8.3 @l]to avoid splitting of the concrete at bends, hoops and loops, should be increased by So%.
191
11.8.2 Ultimate bond stress
(1) The design value of the ultimate bond stress for bars in lightweight concrete may be
~ calculated using Expression 8.2, by substituting the value "ctd for fetd , with "etd = "ctk,O,05/YC. The @il
values for "ctk,O,05 are found in Table 11.3.1.
11.9 Detailing of members and particular rules
(1) The diameter of bars embedded in LWAC should not normally exceed 32 mm. For LWAC bundles of bars should not consist of more than two bars and the equivalent diameter should not exceed 45 m m.
11.10 Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures
(1) Section 10 may be applied to lightweight aggregate concrete without modifications.
11.12 Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures
(1) Section 12 may be applied to lightweight aggregate concrete without modifications.