Using the correct sampling procedures are critical for all fuels and fuel components. ASTM D4057, Practice for Manual Sam- pling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products, provides several procedures for manual sampling. ASTM D4177, Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products pro- vides automatic sampling procedures. For volatility determina- tions of a sample, ASTM D5842, Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement, contains special precautions for sampling and handling techniques to maintain sample integrity. ASTM D4306, Practice for Aviation Fuel
Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination, should be used to select appropriate containers especially for tests sensitive to trace contamination. Also ASTM D5854, Prac- tice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products, provides procedures for container selection and sample mixing and handling. For octane or cetane number determination, protection from light is important.
Collect and store sample fuels in an opaque container, such as a dark brown glass bottle, metal can, or minimally reactive plastic container to minimize exposure to UV emissions from sources such as sunlight or fluorescent lamps. For sampling of oxygen- ated materials water displacement must not be used, because of potential problems associated with the interaction of water with oxygenates.
Applicable ASTM Specifications ASTM Title
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
D1152 Specification for Methanol (Methyl Alcohol) D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D5797 Specification for Fuel Methanol (M70-M85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines
ASTM Title
D5798 Specification for Fuel Ethanol
(Ed75-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines
D5983 Specification for Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE) for Downstream Blending with Automo- tive Spark-Ignition Fuel
D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Distillate Fuels
D7467 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20)
D02:1347 Committee D02 Research Report on Reformulated Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
Applicable ASTM/IP Test Methods
Before using any test method, the Scope shall be reviewed to make sure the test method is applicable to the product being tested and that the specified measurement range covers the area of interest.
ASTM IP Title
D86 154 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure D93 13 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-
Martens Closed Cup Tester
D130 131 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test
D189 71 Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
D445 14 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity) D524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon
Residue of Petroleum Products
D613 163 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration D874 139 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricat-
ing Oils and Additives
ASTM IP Title
D891 Test Methods for Specific Gravity, Apparent, of Liquid Industrial Chemicals
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration
D976 107 Test Methods for Calculated Cetane Index of Distillate Fuels
D1160 154 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Reduced Pressure
D1266 13 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Prod- ucts (Lamp Method)
D1613 131 Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents and Chemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products D1688 Test Methods for Copper in Water D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in
Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Labora- tory Procedure)
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Prod- ucts by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluo- rescence Spectrometry
D2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge D3117 Test Method for Wax Appearance Point of
Distillate Fuels
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry
ASTM IP Title
D3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel
D3505 Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Pure Liquid Chemicals
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Tester
D4045 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Prod- ucts by Hydrogenolysis and Rateometric Colorimetry
D4052 84 Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density of Liquids by Digital Density Meter D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum
and Petroleum Products
D4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Prod-
ucts by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluores- cence Spectroscopy
D4306 Standard Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
D4530 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue (Micro Method)
D4737 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation
D4815 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and d to C4Alcohols in Gasoline by Gas
Chromatography
D4951 Test Method for Determination of Additive Elements in Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry D4953 Test Method Test Method for Vapor Pres-
sure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)
D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spectroscopy
D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petro- leum Products (Automatic Method) D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petro-
leum Products (Mini Method)
D5441 Test Method for Analysis of Methyl tert- Butyl Ether (MTBE) by Gas Chromatography D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total
Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel, and Engine Oils by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D5501 Test Method for the Determination of Ethanol Content of Denatured Fuel Ethanol by Gas Chromatography
ASTM IP Title
D5580 Standard Test Method for Determination of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, p/m- Xylene, o-Xylene, C9and Heavier Aromatics, and Total Aromatics in Finished Gasoline by Gas Chromatography
D5773 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Constant Cooling Rate Method) D5854 Standard Practice for Mixing and Handling
of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petro- leum Products—Designation: Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards D6423 Test Method for Determination of pHe of
Ethanol, Denatured Fuel Ethanol, and Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85)
D6450 Test Method for Flash Point by Continuously Closed Cup (CCCFP) Tester
D6550 Standard Test Method for Determination of Olefin Content of Gasolines by Supercritical- Fluid Chromatography
D6584 Test Method for Determination of Free and Total Glycerin in B100 Biodiesel Methyl Esters by Gas Chromatography
D6890 Test Method for Determination of Ignition Delay and Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils by Combustion in a Con- stant Volume Chamber
D7318 Test Method for Total Inorganic Sulfate in Ethanol by Potentiometric Titration
D7319 Test Method for Determination of Total and Potential Sulfate and Inorganic Chloride in Fuel Ethanol by Direct Injection Suppressed Ion Chromatography
D7328 Test Method for Determination of Total and Potential Inorganic Sulfate and Total Inorganic Chloride in Fuel Ethanol by Ion Chromatography Using Aqueous Sample Injection
D7501 Standard Test Method for Determination of Fuel Filter Blocking Potential of Biodiesel (B100) Blend Stock by Cold Soak Filtration Test (CSFT)
E203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration
E1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
Applicable EN Test Methods
EN14112 The Rancimat Test, Fat and Oil Derivatives—Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)—Determination of Oxidation Stability (Accelerated Oxidation Test).
EN14538 Fat and oil derivatives—Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)—Determination of Ca, K, Mg and Na Content by Optical Emission Spectral Analysis with Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP OES)
4
Fuels for Land and Marine Diesel Engines and for Nonaviation Gas Turbines
Steven R. Westbrook1and Richard T. LeCren2
THE DIESEL ENGINE IS NOW FULLY ESTABLISHED in a variety of applications on land and in marine use. On land, it serves to power trains, buses, trucks, and automo- biles and to run construction, petroleum drilling, agricul- tural, and other off-road equipment. At sea, it serves both to provide main propulsion power and to run auxiliaries.
Gas turbine engines also serve in a wide range of appli- cations. Over half of the larger industrial gas turbines are in electric-generation use. Other uses include gas pipeline trans- mission, co-generation systems, and transportation. Cruise ships use gas turbines in newer ships to reduce vibration and stack emissions. In the military, gas turbines power a number of combatant ships both as main propulsion units and as the power source for auxiliary uses. Gas turbines are also used to power some military ground vehicles such as main battle tanks.
The quality criteria and methods for testing fuels for land and marine diesel engines and for nonaviation gas tur- bines are sufficiently similar to address in a common chap- ter. Obviously, certain criteria and tests will apply to one or the other rather than both. For example, cetane number, which is a critical property for automotive diesel fuels, is of limited significance for gas turbine fuels.