Although lactic acid has a great possibility as a future platform compound, the production process has many subjects. Recently, various examinations were car- ried out not only by fermentation but by the chemical method using a solid catalyst. In this chapter, lactic acid and lactate ester productions from sugars are explained focusing on recent chemical processes using the solid catalysts.
In the lactic acid productions from triose, lactic acid ester is obtained with high yields of nearly 100 % in alcohol solvents. In the lactic acid production from hexose, lactic acid ester or a lactate salts was obtained from glucose and fructose with the comparatively high selectivity of about 50 % by heterogeneous or homogeneous basic catalysts in warm water and by Lewis acid catalysts in alcohol solvents.
The further improvement in the lactic acid yield from glucose is desired for future sustainable societies. Moreover, as for the selective formations of inter- mediate compounds from sugars, the developments of effective solid catalysts are also desired. Probably, for these realizations, it will be required to clear in detail of each elementary step and reaction conditions, like the glycolytic system by bac- terial methods. Moreover, exploitation of a catalyst process which obtains lactic acid from polysaccharides, such as cellulose, directly is also desired.
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Catalytic Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Value-Added Organic Acids in Aqueous Media
Hongfei Lin, Ji Su, Ying Liu and Lisha Yang
Abstract The transition from today’s fossil-based economy to a sustainable economy based on renewable biomass is driven by the concern of climate change and anticipation of dwindling fossil resources. Although biofuels are the central theme of the transition, biomass resources cannot completely replace petroleum. It is projected that biofuels can only supply up to 30 % of today’s transportation fuel market even if all available domestic biomass resources are used for the produc- tion of liquid fuels. Therefore, transformation of biomass into high-value-added chemicals is advantageous to secure optimal use of the abundant, but limited, biomass resources from the economical and ecological perspective. Industry is increasingly considering bio-based chemical production as an attractive area for investment. The potential for chemical and polymer production from biomass is substantial. The US Department of Energy recently issued a report which listed 12 chemical building blocks considered as potential building blocks for the future.
Organic acids (e.g., succinic, lactic, levulinic acid, etc.) are among the widely spread ‘‘platform-molecules,’’ which may be further converted into possibly derivable high-value-added chemicals. The transition from a fossil chemical industry to a renewable chemical industry will likewise depend on our ability to focus research and development efforts on the most promising alternatives. In this chapter, we review the emerging technologies on catalytic conversion of biomass to value-added organic acids in aqueous media.
H. Lin (&)J. SuY. LiuL. Yang
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
e-mail: HongfeiL@unr.edu
F. Jin (ed.),Application of Hydrothermal Reactions to Biomass Conversion, Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-54458-3_5, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
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