B: He’s read several magazines.
Present Perfect Progressive versus Present Perfect Simple
Use the present perfect progressive to say how long something has been happening.
Use the present perfect simple to say how many things have been done or how many times something has been done.
Present Perfect Progressive Present Perfect Simple
Sandy and Amal have been discussing the differences They have decided that women talk about feelings more in behavior between men and women for 2 hours. than men.
How long have you been discussing stereotypes? How many times have you discussed this issue?
Saeed has been driving since early this morning. He has driven 400 miles.
How long have you been driving? How many different models of car have you driven?
Use the present perfect progressive to talk about an annoying action or situation.
I haven’t slept at all. My phone has been ringing all night.
Who’s been eating the cakes? There is only one left!
Time Expressions with the Present Perfect Progressive:
How long, for, since, all day/all week/all month/all year
They’ve been talking for over an hour. The children are getting bored.
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11 Form, Meaning and Function
A. Ask and answer questions about the picture. It’s been raining for ten minutes. What have the people been doing during this time? Use the present perfect progressive and the present perfect simple.
A: What has the man at the magazine stand been doing during the rain?
B: He’s been reading.
A: How many magazines has he read?
B: He’s read several magazines.
Present Perfect Progressive versus Present Perfect Simple
Use the present perfect progressive to say how long something has been happening.
Use the present perfect simple to say how many things have been done or how many times something has been done.
Present Perfect Progressive Present Perfect Simple
Sandy and Amal have been discussing the differences They have decided that women talk about feelings more in behavior between men and women for 2 hours. than men.
How long have you been discussing stereotypes? How many times have you discussed this issue?
Saeed has been driving since early this morning. He has driven 400 miles.
How long have you been driving? How many different models of car have you driven?
Use the present perfect progressive to talk about an annoying action or situation.
I haven’t slept at all. My phone has been ringing all night.
Who’s been eating the cakes? There is only one left!
Time Expressions with the Present Perfect Progressive:
How long, for, since, all day/all week/all month/all year
They’ve been talking for over an hour. The children are getting bored.
6 The Gender Divide
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93 Words Connected with Hobbies and Interests
Here are some words connected with popular free time activities. Write some words connected with a hobby or interest of your own.
Playing Sport Reading Books Collecting Items Surfing the Internet Your Hobby
play a team sport science fiction stamps computer, laptop water sport detective stories stuffed toys educational join a club adventure stories comic books play games training best seller stickers Internet cafe outdoors poetry bookmarks enjoyment keep fit book worm enjoyment knowledge athletic track entertaining happiness new information rewarding bookmark fascination competition novel satisfaction awards writer collection Ahmed is a footballer. He has played every week since he was ten years old. He plays in his local team and
they have won many competitions and awards.
Sally is a bookworm. She loves reading novels and poetry. One day she hopes to be a writer.
Ali has always been fascinated with superheroes and comic books. They bring him much enjoyment and happiness and he now has a collection of more than one thousand.
Adjective + Preposition + Gerund I’m not very good at playing sport.
I’m fascinated by traditional stories and books.
I’m interested in reading all sorts of stories.
B. Work in groups. Find out about your classmates’ hobbies and interests. Ask how long they’ve been doing them. Complete the chart.
A: Can you play a sport?
B: Yes, I can. I play tennis on the weekends.
A: How long have you been playing tennis?
B: I’ve been playing tennis since I was ten.
A: Have you taken part in any tournaments?
B: Yes, I have.
Hobby/Interest Name Length of Time
Sport Books
Collecting something Your idea
Your idea Your idea
C. Tell the class about your group’s hobbies and interests.
6 The Gender Divide
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1. Think about and research methods that people have used to communicate with others throughout history. For example, Native Americans used to communicate through smoke signals. They used a blanket to cover and uncover the fire in order to make a specific number of smoke puffs rise. Someone at a distance could watch and interpret the smoke signals and understand the message that was being sent.
2. Work in pairs/groups. Find out about different methods of communication that have been used through time and make notes in the chart.
3. Use your notes and the information that you have collected to prepare a PowerPoint presentation for your class.
Communication Method 1 2 3 4
Description
Time period
Place
Person/group involved
Advantages
Disadvantages
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12 Project
1. Think about and research methods that people have used to communicate with others throughout history. For example, Native Americans used to communicate through smoke signals. They used a blanket to cover and uncover the fire in order to make a specific number of smoke puffs rise. Someone at a distance could watch and interpret the smoke signals and understand the message that was being sent.
2. Work in pairs/groups. Find out about different methods of communication that have been used through time and make notes in the chart.
3. Use your notes and the information that you have collected to prepare a PowerPoint presentation for your class.
Communication Method 1 2 3 4
Description
Time period
Place
Person/group involved
Advantages
Disadvantages
6 The Gender Divide
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95
6 The Gender Divide
13 Self Reflection
Things that I liked about Unit 6: Things that I didn’t like very much:
Things that I found easy in Unit 6: Things that I found difficult in Unit 6:
Unit 6 Checklist I can do this
very well. I can do this
quite well. I need to study/
practice more.
talk about gender differences and similarities discuss stereotypes
ask for and give directions
use verbs + infinitives or gerunds with different meanings use passive forms of infinitives and gerunds
use auxiliary verbs after but and and
use the present perfect simple and the present progressive tense
use time expressions: How long ...?; for; since; all day, week, month, year
talk about hobbies and interests use adjectives + prepositions + gerunds
My five favorite new words from Unit 6: If you’re still not sure about something from Unit 6:
• read through the unit again
• listen to the audio material
• study the grammar and functions from the unit again
• ask your teacher for help
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1 Language Review
A. Complete each sentence by adding both...and, not only...but also, either...or, or neither...nor.
For some items, more than one answer may be possible.
1. _____________ Beijing _____________ Shanghai are cities in China.
2. All numbers are _____________ even _____________ odd.
3. Solar energy is _____________ clean _____________ renewable.
4. _____________ Ayrton Senna _____________ Jim Clark were famous race car drivers.
5. In the Spanish language, nouns are _____________ masculine _____________ feminine.
6. _____________ Finding Nemo _____________ The Lion King are animated films.
7. Studies have found that _____________ men _____________ women talk more than the other.
8. _____________ cars _____________ airplanes existed 200 years ago.
9. The word change can mean _____________ coins _____________ to become different.
10. Some words in the English language, like conflict and suspect, are _____________ nouns _____________ verbs.
B. Rewrite each pair of sentences as a single sentence with an adverb clause. Use a word or phrase from the box to begin each adverb clause. For some items, more than one answer may be possible.
because if (in order) to only if so that where
even if in case now that since unless wherever
Check the product carefully. There may be defects.
Check the product carefully in case there are defects.
1. You feel anxiety about leaving your job. You should still do it.
2. The police will have trouble finding the criminal. It would help if there were a witness.
3. We have finished this tedious task. We can relax.
4. She feels restless. It doesn’t matter where she is.
5. Let’s choose our destination. Then we can book our trip.
6. More consumers buy that brand. It has a good reputation.
7. He wants to be accepted into a prestigious university. He will have to study hard.
8. The secret agent altered his appearance. It was difficult to recognize him.
C. Write two sentences about each item using adverb clauses.
I brought an umbrella in case it rains.