Write 2: Write 2: Supply the correct forms of have in these sentences
11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
11 .I 1 A The form of 'used to' [> LEG 11 .W]
Study:
I**I
1 Used to is a simple past form only. If you want to say 'I am in the habit of', you must use the simple present [> 9.1 B]: Iget up early every day. (Not *I use to get up early')
2 We often use do and did + use (Not 'used') to form questions and negatives:
Did you use to smoke? I didn't use to smoke. (Not 'Did you used to' ' I didn't used to') We also use never to form the negative: 1 never used to smoke. (Used not to is rare.) 3 Note the use of did He used to live in Manchester, didn't he? (rather than usedn't he?)
Did you use to live here? - Yes, I did./No, I didn't. He used to live here and so did I.
Write: Supply the missing forms in the following.
1 She used to be a singer, ... Qkddd ... she?
2 He never used to have grey hair, ... he?
3 We ... enjoy physics, did we? (not/used to) 4 ... smoke when you were young? (youlused to) 5 Did you use to smoke? - Yes, I ...
6 He used to work here and so ... 1.
7 Where ... live? (youlused to) 8 You ... (not/used to) eat so much.
11.1 1 8 Uses of 'used to' [> LEG 1 1.60-621 Study:
I**I
1 We use the simple past or used to to refer to past habit.
We need a time reference with the simple past [> 9.3C], but not with used to:
I collected stamps when I was a child. I used to collect stamps (when I was a child).
(Not ' I was collecting stamps when I was a child* [> 9.481)
2 We use used to to make a contrast between past and present with expressions like:
but now .... but not any more, but not any longer:
I used to eat a large breakfast, but I don't any longer.
3 Used to can also refer to past states:
She used to be very punctual (but she isn't any more).
Write: Fill in the blanks with forms of used to or the past progressive (e.g. was living).
1 We ....Cued. @ . ~ q ... for long walks in the country when my father was alive. (go) 2 1 ... getting up early when I was very young. In fact, I still don't like it. (like) 3 ... you ... eating vegetables when you were young? (like) 4 1 ... drive to get to work, but I don't any longer. (have to)
5 1 never ... Sundays, but I do now. (enjoy) 6 1 ... a bath when you phoned me. (have)
7 She ... an employee at the post office before she started her own business. (be) 8 There ... open fields all round our town when I was a boy. (be)
9 John and I ... abroad last year. (work)
10 ... it ... here yesterday? (rain)
11.1 1 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
11.11C Study:
I**I
Write:
11.11D Study:
I**I
Write:
11.11E Write:
'Would' in place of 'used to' and in place of the simple past [> LEG I I ,611 When we are 'remembering the past', we sometimes use would in place of used to.
at 5 and we'd help milk the co en we'd return to the kitchen for break Underline instances where we could use would in place of the simple past or used to.
From the time he was very young, Gerald used to spend all his spare time collecting birds, animals and insects of all kinds. Every morning he used to get up early and go first to the beach. There he caught small crabs and sometimes small fishes, which he put into a large jar and took home with him.
On the way, he always used to go to an ruined fisherman's cottage where he was often lucky enough to find some unusual insect that he had never seen before.
'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour' [> LEG I I .63-64]
We sometimes use will in place of the simple present [> 9.1 B] and would in place of the simple past [> 9.3C1 to refer to a person's 'usual behaviour':
In fine weather he will often sit in the sun for hours. (= he often sits)
Use a phrase with will or would in place of the words in italics.
She always used to tell us a story before we went to bed. .... u . . - . m ...
She still tells us a story occasionally. ...
They only used to discuss family matters with the priest. ...
He's very good, you know. He plays with that toy for hours on end. ...
When he needed extra money, he used to work overtime. ...
She doesn't always tell the truth, I'm afraid. ...
Context
Put in appropriate forms of the past, used to, willor would. Alternatives are possible.
WATER, WATER, EVERYWHERE!
The thing I remember most about my childhood was my visits to my aunt Charlotte in her lovely country house. She (be) ... MU ... a remarkable woman by any standards. She (be) ' ... really skilled at water-divining and she (find)
... water on the most unpromising bits of land. The farmers (love) ... her, especially as she (never accept) ... money for water-divining. 'Water (always find) ... its own level,' she (say)
' ... 'and I know exactly where that level is. Water-divining is a gift from God and you don't accept payment for that.' She had a gift for noticing changes in the weather, too. 'lt's going to rain soon,' she (say) ... '1 can feel it in my bones,' and she (always be) ... right! In her later years, she developed a bad back and (often visit) l o ... her osteopath. She (never tire) l 1 ... of telling us that her osteopath (say) l 2 ... as he massaged her painful back, 'lt's going to rain, Charlotte. I can feel it in your bones!'
l can feel it in your bones!
For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
11 .I 2A 'Need' as a modal and as a full verb [> LEG I I . a ] Study:
I**I
1 We use need as a modal (without to after it) mainly in the negative to mean 'it isn't necessary' [> 11.1 OB-C]: I needn't go to the meeting today. I needn't have gone to the meeting yesterday.
2 In the affirmative, we use need as a modal:
- in questions: Need you go so soon? Need you have told him the truth?
- with 'negative adverbs' (e.g . hardly): I need hardly tell you how important this is.
3 Otherwise, we generally use the full verb need to (used like any regular verb):
I need to// don't need to// needed to// didn't need to go to the dentist this morning.
Write: Replace the phrases in italics with modal need or the full verb need to.
modal full verb
1 Is it necessary for you to go so soon?. ... .&&..v..p..: :?.. ... &?.~..%d..@.~:.. ? ...
2 Is it necessary for me to wait till you return?
...
3 It's not necessary for them to wait.
4 It wasn't necessary for yoil to have said that. ...
...
5 It's hardly necessary for me to explain it. [> 13.2AI
6 There is no need for him to learn about this. ...
...
7 All that is necessary for you to do is to agree.
8 1 don't think there is any need for you to explain. ...
11 .I 2B The form of 'dare' as a modal and as a full verb [> LEG I I .65-661
Study:
I**I
1 We use dare as a modal (that is, without to after it) mainly in the negative to express lack of courage: I daren't tell him the truth. I daren't ask for more money.
2 In the affirmative, we use dare as a modal:
- in questions: Dare you do it?
- with 'negative adverbs' (e.g. hardly): I hardly dare tell him what happened.
3 We also form questions with do/does/did Do you dare tell him? I don't dare tell him.
4 We can use dare to as a full verb: Do you dare to tell him? I don't dare to tell him.
5 And note: I didn't like the meal ...,
but I daren't say so// daren't have said so// didn't dare (to) say so// dared not say so.
Write: Supply dare, daren't, dare not have (done), didn't dare (do), etc.
1 I ... &VW& ... tell them I've just broken their favourite vase.
2 1 ... tell them I had broken their favourite vase.
3 1 hardly ... mention this, but you still haven't paid for those tickets.
4 ... we ask for more money after what he has j ~ ~ s t said?
5 1 knew I was right, but I ... say so at the time.
6 I'm going to tell your mother what you've just said! - Just you ... I
7 She'd like to wear more unconventionai clothes, but she ...
8 We didn't like the meal they gave us, but we ... said so. It would have been rude.
9 They offered me something strange to eat which I ... refuse.
1 1.12 'Need' and 'dare' as rnodals and as full verbs
11.12C Study:
I**I
Write:
11.12D Write:
Uses of 'dare' [> LEG 11 .67-691 We use dare in four ways to express:
courage: Very few climbers have dared (to) attempt Mount Everest without oxygen.
Dare (to) is in the affirmative here, and this use is relatively rare.
lack of courage: I don't dare (to) tell the children that our holiday has been cancelled.
This use of dare (to), in the negative, is the most common.
challenge: I dare you to jump off that wall. (Not *I dare you jump')
We use dare only as a full verb with to for challenging. We use it in the affirmative and negative like any other verb. 'Challenging' is common in the language of children.
outrage: How dare you read my private diary! (Not *How dare you to read') We use dare only as a modal without to when expressing outrage.
What do the sentences below express? Choose a, b, c, or d:
a courage b lack of courage c challenge d outrage You dare raise your voice! &
I dare you to put a spider in her desk. - How dare you speak to me like that? -
He's the only person who'll dare (to) stand up to her! -
I wanted to ask for some time off, but I didn't dare. - Jill's friends dared her to bring her pet snake to class. -
I daren't ask for any more money. -
He lost his job because he dared (to) speak out. - Don't you dare do anything like that in public again! - I daren't have said so at the time, but I was very bored. .-
John never dares to stand up in public and cay what he thinks. -
I'm going to break the door down! -Just you dare! -
Context
Combine the correct forms of dare and needwith the verbs in brackets.
UNWELCOME FRESH AIR!
It was a routine flight from Hilo on Hawaii to Kahului 110 miles away. Suddenly, there was a tremendous noise and the top of the plane was torn away! Ninety-four passengers (not move)
...
l . W . . @ . . ? 4 W , wondering what would happen next. They (not wcrty) because Robert Schornsteimer, the pilot, was firmly in control. For 25 minutes they hardly (breathe)
... though there was plenty of unwelcome fresh air! 'I (not open) ...
my mouth,' one of the passengers said later. 'I hardly (tell) ... you how terrified I was.' The passengers embraced the pilot who had brought the plane down safely. 'I've heard of a plane flying off a roof,' joked one of them later, 'but never of a roof flying off a plane!'
Plenty of unwelcome fresh air!
For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 179
11 .I 3 'Would/wouldn't' ; 'that ... shouldY; 'there' + modal
1 l.13A 'Would' and 'wouldn't' in place of the simple present tense or 'will' future [> LEG 11.74.21
Study:
I**I
We often use wouldand wouldn't in place of the simple present (and sometimes in place of will/won't) when we want to sound less definite, or when we want to be very polite:
That seems to be a good idea. + That would seem to be a good idea.
I think Friday will be OK. + 1 would think that Friday will be OK.
1 f 100 is rather expensive for a pair of gloves. .... -.& ...
2 I'm sure your proposal isn't acceptable to the committee. ...
3 Does my idea seem reasonable to you? - I think so. ...
4 This new law doesn't seem to be fair to pensioners. ...
5 I'm not free on Thursday, but I'm free on Friday. ...
6 She's offered to help, but I don't imagine she's serious. ...
7 Does that seem a reasonable price to offer for a used car? ...
11.1 3 8 'That ... should' after verbs like 'suggest' [> LEG 11.75, ~ p p 45.31 Study:
I***I
Write:
If we put that after verbs like ask, propose, recommend, suggest, we continue like this:
- with should I suggest that he should apply/shouldn't apply: for the job.
- with the simple present: I suggest that he applies/he doesn't apply for the job.
- with the 'subjunctive': I suggest that he apply/not apply for the job.
Note on the 'subjunctive': In the 'subjunctive', the base form of the verb (be, go, run, etc.) remains the same in all persons. The present form is rare in British English:
I suggest you go/he go/they (etc.) go to the meeting tomorrow.
The subjunctive form were is used in all persons in the past [> 11.7B, 14.2Bl.
a Supply suitable verb forms in these sentences.
b Then mark your answers a (= should), b (= simple present) or c (= 'subjunctive').
1 Marion proposed that ... W . M . 4 ... a gift for Jim who would soon be leaving the firm.
(welbuy) a
2 The travel agent recommended that ... driving abroad during the holidays.
(welavoid) -
3 1 suggest that ... this matter during the meeting. (helnot raise) 4 All I ask is that ... the rules. (theylnot break) -
5 What does he advise ... ? (sheldo) -
6 It's no good demanding that ... our performance. We're doing our best.
(welimprove) -
7 1 would only request that ... good care of this flat while you're living in it.
(youltake) -
8 Her solicitor insisted that she ... in signing the contract. (not/delay) - 9 1 suggest ... a taxi if we want to get to the meeting on time. (weltake) -
10 He asks that ... to visit his children once a week. (helbe allowed) -
11.13 'Would/wouldn't'; 'that ... should'; 'there' + modal
...
11.1 3C 'That should' after adjectives like 'essential' [> LEG 11.753, ~ p p 441 Study:
L***l If we put that after adjectives like essential, urgent, vital, we continue like this:
- with should: It's urgent that he should send the information at once.
- with the simple present: It's urgent that he sends the information at once.
- with the 'subjunctive': It's urgent that he send the information at once.
Write: a Supply suitable verb forms in these sentences.
b Then mark your answers a (= should), b (= simple present) or c (= 'subjunctive')
1 It's urgent that ... W C . ~ . .... w the information now. (weisend) 2 It's essential that ... home now. (sheireturn) -
3 It's vital that ... (heibe inform) -
4 I'm eager that ... present at the meeting. (sheibe) -
11.1 3D 'There' + modal auxiliaries [> LEG 11.761 Study:
L***l
Just as there will combine with be (there is, there was, there has been, etc. [> 10.3]), it will combine with modals:
There could be no doubt about it. There must be a mistake.
Write: Supply appropriate modal combinations. More than one answer is possible in each case.
1 There (be) a problem about this. ... & ! W % . ~ . . & . & . ~ . ~ . . % f . ...
2 There (be) a witness present. ...
3 There (never be) a better opportunity. ...
4 (there be) a reason for this delay? ...
5 (there be) another election soon? ...
6 Why (there be) so much red tape? ...
7 Why (not there be) more university places? ...
11 .I 3E Context
Write: Supply suitable forms of the verbs and insert could be, may be, will be, would seem.
MEDICAL DETECTIVE?
'For the time being,' Dr Grey said, 'it's important that (you take) '.~.kk%?.%. it easy. Immediately after a heart attack, I suggest (you get) ... plenty of rest. After a month, I recommend (you begin) ... taking a little exercise.' Mr Fry blinked through his glasses. 'I ... dead!' he protested. 'If you don't do as I tell you, you will be,' Dr Grey said. 'It's vital that (you
follow) ... my advice.' 'But I've always been so active, Doctor.' 'And ...
you active again, but not yet. Come and see me in a fortnight.' Of course, Mr Fry didn't follow his doctor's advice. 'There ... people
. who can sit around,' he said to his wife, 'but I can't!' He spent the morning before his next appointment painting the kitchen ceiling. In the afternoon, he visited Dr Grey. 'It
...
: you have been painting the ceiling!' Dr Grey said sternly. 'How
You've been painting the ce~ling! can you possibly know, Doctor?' 'You've got paint on your glasses!' the doctor said.
For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org