IX. FEASIBILITY STUDY OF FIELD APPLICATION OF ELECTRO-OSMOTIC GROUTING – AN EXAMPLE 164
9.7 Quality Control Of Electro-Osmotic Grouting 187
The estimation of minimum duration of each grouting stage was provided in Section 9.6.2. Also, the minimum volume of grout need to be injected, Vgrout, can be estimated from volume of soil requiring treatment (including volume of over treatment), Vsoil, and soil porosity, n, by using the following equation,
n V
Vgrout = Soil ⋅ (7-34)
To make sure that the required minimum treatment zone has been achieved, it requires that in each stage of grouting, both minimum anticipated duration and anticipated grout volume must be reached.
The design always use the lower limit of the cyclic strength predicted by the laboratory tests, so once the anticipated duration and volume of grout injection has both been reached, conclusion can be drawn with confidence that the treated soil has achieved the design liquefaction resistance.
The liquefaction resistance of the post treatment soil can be tested in the field by measuring shear wave velocity or other no-destructive field test methods.
9.6 CONCLUSION
The electro-osmotic grouting technique is a new soil improvement technique for liquefaction-mitigation of silty soils. It has its advantages over traditional foundation improvement techniques, but it also has its limitations. In theory, it is feasible for practical application, while in reality it is still not a fully developed technique at this moment. The discussions in earlier sections addressed some of the issues that may be
encountered into in the field. Further efforts are anticipated to solve unexpected problems that may arise during practical application of the technique.
Chapter 10
CONCLUSIONS OF STUDY
Traditional foundation improvement techniques for liquefaction-mitigation are usually not feasible to treat silty soils underneath existing buildings due to one or more of the followings disadvantages: Undesirable level of noise and vibration caused by the working machines, poor site accessibility, and low permeability of the silty soils. The demand for innovative technique to improve such soils for liquefaction-mitigation stimulated the effort to study the conduction of species and particles under an electric field to introduce grout components into silty soils.
The object of this study is to develop a new grouting technique, electro-osmotic grouting, to treat low permeability silty soils underneath existing buildings. This technique is aimed to inject water soluble grouts and reactants into silty soils by electro- osmosis.
Results from a theoretical model of the transport of silicate species in saturated silty soil specimen under an 1-D steady state uniform electric gradient indicate that electro-osmosis is the primary mechanism affecting the transport of silicate. Under an electric gradient, silicate species will move from anode toward cathode by osmosis.
Electro-migration tends to slow down the transport of silicate species, and diffusion will also affect this transport. But the influence by electro-migration and diffusion are relatively insignificant and can be ignored in the study of electro-osmotic grouting.
Result from 1-D feasibility injection tests indicates that it is feasible to use electro-osmotic grouting technique to inject water soluble grout materials and reactants
into silty soils. Grout material can be injected at a rate in the order of 10-5 cm/s per v/cm.
Results from 3-D bench scale tests indicate that this new technique can be implemented in a field condition successfully.
Electro-osmotic grouting is a slow process and it takes several days or even longer for the grout to penetrate into the soil. It also requires that the grouts are water- soluble. Results from setting time tests conducted on LUDOX SM-30 grout mix (CaCl2
as reactant) indicate that a long controllable setting time up to 150 days can be achieved by varying the concentration of reactant in the grout solution. Which indicate that LUDOX SM-30 grout mix is a perfect choice when 1-shot injection method is used in the grouting. When 2-shot injection is used in the grouting, N® Sodium Silicate was recommended as the grout material, and CaCl2 was recommended as the reactant.
Results from undrained compression triaxial test and cyclic triaxial tests on specimens treated by electro-osmotic grouting indicate that electro-osmotic injection of sodium silicate grout or LUDOX SM-30 colloidal silica can increase soil resistance to liquefaction. Based on the test results, a preliminary chart was developed to predict the cyclic resistance of post-treatment soil from pre-treatment soil parameters.
A numerical method was proposed to predict the penetration of grout and required duration of injection for the design of electro-osmotic grouting. Results from application of the numerical method on the 3-D bench scale test indicated that the result from numerical study was reasonably close to the results from experiment study. The proposed method can be used in practical design.
All the results from the study indicate that electro-osmotic grouting is a promising technique that can be used to treat low permeability silty soils underneath existing building for liquefaction-mitigation purpose.
Chapter 11
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
Based on the experimental results, analyses, discussions, and conclusions presented in the preceding sections, a set of recommendations for future research and development were presented. These recommendations are summarized as follows:
(1) Evaluate the possibility of 1-shot electro-osmotic injection of sodium silicate grout mix. 1-shot injection has many advantages over 2-shot injection (Refer Section 2.3.3). Sodium bicarbonate and formamide are commonly used reactants in traditional 1-shot sodium silicate grouting (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1997). A sodium silicate grout mix applicable for 1-shot electro- osmotic injection may be developed by using these two reactants or other available ones. Setting time tests need to be conducted to design the sodium silicate grout mix feasible for 1-shot electro-osmotic injection. Conduct triaxial test to quantify the effect of 1-shot electro-osmotic injection of sodium silicate grout mix on soil strength improvement.
(2) Study the influence of pH value on the grout mix setting time. Conduct tests to determine the relation between the setting time and pH value of the grout mix.
(3) Conduct shear wave velocity measurement on grout specimens to further evaluate the effect of electro-osmotic injection of grout materials and reactant on the response of silty soils to cyclic and monotonic load. The shear wave velocity of specimens can be measured with time. Therefore, the relation between grouted soil strength and curing time can be determined.
(4) Conduct field electro-osmotic injection tests to evaluate the feasibility of electro-osmotic injection in field conditions.
(5) Based on the theory and experimental results of this study, develop the necessary guidelines, charts, equipment, and standard procedure for design and implementation of electro-osmotic injection.
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