20 17.3
9.4 9.3 8.7
5.3 5.4 5.5 5.3 4.9 16.1 15.7
11.9 12.5 13.0 13.1 12.5
11.2 10.6 10.2 10.6 18
16 14 12 10 8 6 SO2 emissions (million tons)
4 2 0
1980 1985
Phase I sources All sources
Allowances allocated for that year Phase II sources
1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Figure 10G.137 Trends in SO2emissions since 1980 for all Title IV affected sources,www.epa.gov/airmarkets.
7 6.7
5.5 5.5
5.3 4.8
4.5
4.1 4.0
3.8
5.4 5.4
6.1 5.9 6.0 6.0
5.5 5.1
4.7 4.5
4.2 6
5 4
NOx emissions (million tons) 3 2 1 0
1990
NOx Program affected sources
Title IV sources not affected by NOx Program
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
5.5 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.3
4.8 4.5
4.1 4.0 3.8
Figure 10G.138 Trends in NOxemissions under the acid rain program,www.epa.gov/airmarkets.
Wet SO (kg/ha)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
>40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
>40 Wet SO (kg/ha)
USEPA/CAMD 07/23/04 USEPA/CAMD 07/28/04
Figure 10G.139 Wet sulfate deposition decreased throughout the early 1990s in much of the Ohio River Valley and Northeastern U.S.
Other less dramatic reductions were observed across much of New England, portions of the Southern Appalachian Mountains and in the Midwest. Average decreases in wet deposition of sulfate range from 39 percent in the Northeast to 17 percent in the Southeast,www.epa.gov/airmarkets.
3.0
A
B
Loss of dryland (sq. mil/thousands)Loss of dryland (sq. mil/thousands)
2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4
Northeast Mid Atlantic
South Atlantic
Louisiana Other Gulf West South
& West Florida
Northeast
Sea level scenario: Baseline 50 cm 100 cm 200 cm
Mid Atlantic
South Atlantic
Louisiana Other Gulf West South
& West Florida 1.2
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
Figure 10G.140 Loss of dry land in the United States by 2100 (A) if no shores are protected and (B) if developed areas are protected for sea level rise. (From U.S.EPA 1988. The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the U.S. Draft report to Congress. Prepared by Titus and Greene, adapted from Park and others.)
2000 2050 2100
2000 2050 2100
Year 0
50 100
Total sea-level rise (cm)
150
The dark shading indicates the most probable response to the climate scenario shown in Figure 10G-142. The broken line depicts the response to a warming trend delayed 100 years by thermal inertia of the ocean. A global warming of 6˚C by 2100, which represents an extreme upper limit, would result in a sea level rise of about 2.3 m, but errors on this estimate are very large.
Figure 10G.141 Total estimated sea-level rise, 1980–2100. (From Thomas, Robert 1986, Future sea-level rise and its early detection by satellite remote sensing, inEffects of Change in Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate, vol. 4.)
Greenhouse gases Global warming
Sea-ice distribution
Increased snowfall on the ice sheets Increased ice
melting particularly in GREENLAND
Increased melting beneath ice shelves Increased ice discharge from ANTARCTICA into the ocean Ocean
Atmosphere
Sea-level rise
Heat trapped by greenhouse gases raises the temperature of the atmosphere and the ocean. The response of sea level to this warming is strongly determined by the partition of available heat between these two processes. If most of the heat remains in the atmosphere, air temperatures rise rapidly and sea level is affected most by increased melting of ice. Alternatively, rapid transfer of heat into the sea would increase ocean temperatures, and sea level would rise because of thermal expansion and by accelerated Antarctic ice discharge associated with increased melting from beneath the floating ice shelves. Moreover, sea-ice distribution both influences, and is affected by, thermal interactions between atmosphere and ocean.
Sea-level rise Sea-level
fall
Thermal expansion
Figure 10G.142 Major processes relating greenhouse warming to average worldwide sea level. (From Thomas Robert 1986, Future sea-level rise and its early detection by satellite remote sensing, inEffects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate, vol. 4.)
Normal rainfall (pH about 5.6)
Little or no effect
Industries and automobiles
Acidic deposition
Dry deposition
Roof catchment
Water
Rare effects Distribution system
Deep wells
No effects
No data
Potential for contamination or often contaminated Aluminum
Aluminum Aluminum
Contains lead and copper
Contains lead and aluminum
Contains lead Contains
aluminum
Contains cadmium and lead Acid precipitation
pH 3.0-5.6
Watershed- trees, rocks, soil Sensitive watershed
Large reservoirs
Yes
SOx NOx
Distribution system
Copper pipe Lead pipe Plastic pipe Galvanized pipe Steel pipe Plastic pipe
No
Distribution system Treatment:
Cl2, pH adjustment Surface supplies
Copper pipe Lead pipe
Plastic pipe Copper pipe Lead pipe
Little or no effect
Unpolluted Polluted Atmosphere
Cistern
Sediment
Shallow wells Small headwater streams
Untreated waters Groundwater supplies
Figure 10G.143 Probable effects of acid deposition on water supplies. (From Perry, J.A., 1984, Current research on the effects of acid deposition,J. Am. Water Works Assoc., vol. 76, no. 3 Copyright. With permission.)
EPA Higha
EPA Mid-Higha
EPA Mid-Lowa
EPA Lowa NRC Highd
NRCb
NRC Lowd NRC Lowb WMO Lowc
Past century Estimated 0.12m rise
2000 2050 2100
Year 0.0
1.0 2.0 3.0
Sea level rise relative to 1986 (m)
4.0
WMO Highc
NRC Highb
NRC Midb Estimate of sea level rise
Scenarios used in this study
a Environmental Protection Agency, reported in JS Hoffman, D Keyes and JG Titus, Projection Future Sea Level Rise, US GPO, 1983. b Glacial volume estimate of National Research Council, reported in MF Meier et al, Glaciers, Ice Sheets, and Sea Level, National Academy Press, 1985, augmented with thermal expansion estimates of the NRC, reported in R Revelle, Probable future changes in sea level resulting from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, in Changing Climate, NAP, 1983. c WMO International assessment of the role of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in Climate Variations and Associated Impacts, WMO, 1985. d NRC, Responding to Changes in Sea Level: Engineering Implications, NAP, 1987.
Figure 10G.144 Estimates of future sea level rise. (From yosemite.epa.gov.)
1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 Year
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
−0.2
−0.4
−0.6
−0.8
−1
Δ°F
Figure 10G.146 Global temperature changes (1861–1996). (From IPCC (1995), updated yosemite.epa.gov.) Trends/100 yrs
–20%
+10%
–10%
+5%
–5%
+20%
Figure 10G.145 Precipitation trends from 1900 to present. (From Karl et al. (1996), yosemite.epa.gov.)
Temperature change
CO2 concentrations
Carbon em issions
Years (°C)
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 –0.2 –0.4 –0.6
©2004, ACIA
Fossil fuels (Gt C) per year 8
This 1000-year record tracks the rise in carbon emissions due to human activities (fossil fuel burning and land clearing) and the subsequent increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and air temperatures. The earlier parts of this Northern Hemisphere temperature
reconstruction are derived from historical data, tree rings, and corals, while the later parts were directly measured. Measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) in air bubbles trapped in ice cores form the earlier part of the CO2 record; direct atmospheric measurements of CO2 concentration began in 1957.
360 (ppm)
340
320 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Land-use change 1000
1100 1200
1300 1400
1500 1600
1700 1800
1900 2000
Figure 10G.147 1000 years of changes in carbon emissions, CO2concentrations and temperature,www.amap.no/acia.
(ppm) 800
700 Projected
future range
600
500
400
350
300 6 (˚C)
Projected range year 2100
Current level
This record illustrates the relationship between temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 160,000 yrs and the next 100 yrs. Historical data are derived from ice cores, recent data were directly measured, and model projections are used for the next 100 yrs.
©2004, ACIA
Current level
1800 AD CO2 Concentration
(Antarctic ice core)
Temperature change
Years ago 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 1,00,000 1,20,000 1,40,000 1,60,000
4 2 0 –2 –4 –6 250
Figure 10G.148 Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and temperature change,www.amap.no/acia.
(˚C) 2
1
0
–1
–2
1900 1920
Annual average change in near surface air temperature from stations on land relative to the average for 1961–1990, for the region from 60 to 90˚N.
1940 1960 1980 2000
©2004, ACIA
Figure 10G.149 Observed arctic temperature, 1900 to present,www.amap.no/acia.
Temperature change (°C)
6
AIB AIT AIFI A2 B1 B2 IS92a 5
4
3
2
1
0
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
©2004, ACIA
Projections of global temperature change (shown as departures from the 1990 temperature) from 1990 to 2100 for seven illustrative emissions scenarios. The brown line shows the projection of the B2 emissions scenario, the primary scenario used in this assessment and this scenario on which the maps in this report showing projected climate changes are based. The pink line shows the A2 emissions scenario, used to a lesser degree in this assessment. The dark gray band shows the range of results for all the SRES emissions scenarios with one everage model while the light gray band shows the full range of scenarios using climate models.
Figure 10G.150 Projected global temperature rise,www.amap.no/acia.
CGCM2 ECHAM4/OPYC3 GFDL-R30_C HadCM3 CSM_1.4
A2 B2
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
(°C)
2000
©2004, ACIA
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
The ten lines show air temperatures for the region from 60˚N to the pole as projected by each of the five ACIA global climate models using two different emissions scenarios. The projections remain similar through about 2040, showing about a 2˚C temperature rise, but then diverge, showing increases from around 4˚ to over 7˚C by 2100. The full range of models and scenarios reviewed by the IPCC cover a wider range of possible futures. Those used in this assessment fall roughly in the middle of this range, and thus represent neither best- nor worst-case scenarios.
Figure 10G.151 Projected arctic surface air temperatures 2000–2100 608N—Pole: change from 1981–2000 average, www.amap.no/acia.
1990 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
(million km2)
1910
Annual Winter (Jan−Mar) Summer (Jul−Sep)
Spring (Apr−Jun) Autumn (Oct−Dec) 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
©2004, ACIA
Annual average extent of arctic sea ice from 1900 to 2003. A decline in sea-ice extent began about 50 years ago and this decline sharpened in recent decades, corresponding with the arctic warming trend. The decrease in sea-ice extent during summer is the most dramatic of the trends.
Figure 10G.152 Observed seasonal Arctic sea-ice extent (1900–2003),www.amap.no/acia.
(°C) 7
6 A2
B2 5
4 3 2 1 0
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
©2004, ACIA
Increases in arctic temperature (for 60°–90°N) projected by an average of ACIA models for the A2 and B2 emissions scenarios, relative to 1981–2000.
Figure 10G.153 Projected arctic temperature rise,www.amap.no/acia.
–
– –
Figure 10G.154 Reduced salinity of North Atlantic waters,www.amap.no/acia.
Figure 10G.155 Global ocean circulation,www.amap.no/acia.
THEWATERENCYCLOPEDIA:HYDROLOGICDATAANDINTERNETRESOURCES
0 (˚C)
–20
100 80 60 40 20
Thousands of Years Before Present
This record of temperature change (departures from present conditions) has been reconstructed from a Greenland ice core. The record demonstrates the high variability of the climate over the past 100,000 yrs. It also suggests that the climate of the past 10000 years or so, which was the time during which human civilization developed, has been unusually stable. There is concern that the rapid warming caused by the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases due to human activities could destabilize this state.
0
©2004, ACIA
Figure 10G.156 1000,000 yrs of temperature variation in Greenland,www.amap.no/acia.
Greenland ice sheet melt extent (Maximum melt extent 1979 − 2002) (105 km2)
7 6 5 4 3 2
Seasonal surface melt extent on the Greenland Ice Sheet has been observed by satellite since 1979 and shows an increasing trend. The melt zone, where summer warmth turns snow and ice around the edges of the ice sheet into slush and ponds of meltwater, has been expanding inland and to record high elevations in recent years. When the meltwater seeps down through cracks in the ice sheet, it may accelerate melting and, in some areas, allow the ice to slide more easily over the bedrock below, speeding its movement to the sea. In addition to contributing to global sea-level rise, this process adds fresh water to the ocean, with potential impacts on ocean circulation and thus regional climate.
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
©2004, ACIA
©2004, ACIA / Map ©Clifford Grabhorn
Figure 10G.157 Greenland ice sheet melt extent,www.amap.no/acia.
(mm)
10-days averages 25
20 15 10 5 0 –5 –10 –15 –20
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
60-days smoothed
©2004, ACIA
These data, from a satellite launched in 1992, show the rise in global average sea level over the past decade.
Figure 10G.158 Observed global sea level rise,www.amap.no/acia.
(cm) 100 Emission
Scenario AIB AIFI AIT A2 B1 B2 80
60
40
20
0
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
©2004, ACIA
The graph shows future increases in global average sea level in centimeters as projected by a suite of climate models using six IPCC emissions scenarios. The bars at right show the range projected by a group of models for the designated emissions scenarios.
Figure 10G.159 Projected global sea level rise,www.amap.no/acia.
10
.061 .063
22%
.126
.060 37%
.090 .079
12% .096
11%
.085 .104
11%
.093
.122 .097
20%
3 .106
14%
.091
.090 .078
13%
.086 17%
.104
.105 21% .083 The National Trend
.095 .079
17%
8
9
6
7
5
4
3 2
1
Figure 10G.160 Trend in fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour ozone concentration (ppm) by EPA region, 1980–2003, www.epa.gov/airtrends.
.104 .104
11%
.091 .093
.090 .085 .075 .072
.062
.081 .076 .076
no change .069
.097
6%
.090
.081
.097
.085 .080 6%
.085 .087
7%
7%
.083 .091
The National Trend
9%
10% 4%
16%
13%
1
2 3
4 5
6
7 8
9 10
Figure 10G.161 Trend in fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour ozone concentration (ppm) by EPA region 1990–2003, www.epa.gov/airtrends.
Bridgeport, CT
Atlanta, GA 90
50 40 30 20 10 0
80 70 60 50 40 30
100 80 60 40 20 0
80 70 60 50 40 30 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03
Number of days >90˚Number of days >90˚ Ozone (ppm)Ozone (ppm)
Unadjusted ozone
Meteorologically adjusted ozone
Ozone concentrations are Annual Average Daily Maximum 8-hr values between June and August.
Figure 10G.162 Number of days daily maximum temperatures exceed 908 (bar) compared to unadjusted ozone (red line) and meteorologically adjusted ozone (blue line) for Bridgeport and Atlanta, 1990–2003. Ozone concentrations are annual average daily maximum 8-hr values between June and August,www.epa.gov/airtrends.
7% 1%
2%
9%
9%
9%
Trend in average daily maximum 8-hour concentrations (ppm) Meteorological-adjusted trend in average daily maximum 8-hr concentrations (ppm)
4%
2%
9%
3% 2%
2%
15%
21%
4
1
2 3 5
6
7 9
10
8
Figure 10G.163 Trends in unadjusted and meteorologically adjusted ozone levels by EPA region, 1990–2003,www.epa.gov/airtrends.
6
NOx
5 4 3 2 1 0
1996 1997 1998 1999 VOC
2000 2001 2002 2003
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 6
5 4 3 2 1 0
Tons (millions)Tons (millions)
Region 1 Region 2
Region 3 Region 4
Region 5 Region 6
Region 7 Region 8
Region 9 Region 10
Figure 10G.164 NOxand VOC emissions in Region 10 from 1998 to 1999 is due to a change in methodology rather than a true emission increase,www.epa.gov/airtrends.
Ozone levels since 1990
Hartford, CT Pittsburgh, PA Columbia, SC
1990 1998 2003 1990 1998 2003 1990 1998 2003
9
Trends in NOx Emissions for Eastern States with Largest Reductions in NOx from Electric Utilities
8 7 6 5
Millions of tons NOx 4 3 2 1 0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Figure 10G.165 Ozone trends for selected urban areas and corresponding regional emission trends,www.epa.gov/airtrends.
United States
Reduction from projection
required to meet commitment: –24.3%
8000
Total greenhouse gas emissions million tons CO2 equivalent
7500 7000 6500 6000 5500 5000 4500 4000
1990
Actual and projected emissions of six greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6)
1995 2000 2005 2010
Actual emissions Projection
Target Projected emissions Historical emissions Kyoto target
Figure 10G.166 Actual and projected emission of six greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6). (From Actual emissions UNFCCC/SB12000/11 Table B.1 Projected emissions UNFCCCM998/Add 2 Table C.6,www.epa.gov.)
Alaska, Yukon, and Coastal British Columbia
Pacific Coast States (U.S.A.)
Rocky Mountains (U.S.A. and Canada)
Southwest
Lightly settled/water-abundant region;
potential ecological, hydropower, and flood impacts:
Sparse population (many dependent on natural systems); winter ice cover important feature of hydrologic cycle:
Agricultural heartland–mostly rainfed, with some areas relying heavily on irrigation:
Heavily populated and industrialized region; variations in lake levels/flows now affect hydropower, shipping, shoreline structures:
Increasing population–especially in coastal areas, water quality/non -point source pollution problems, stress on aquatic ecosystems:
Large, mostly urban population–generally adequate water supplies, large number of small dams, but limited total reservoir capacity; heavily populated floodplains:
Large and rapidly growing population; water abundance decreases north to south; intensive irrigated agriculture; massive water-control infrastructure; heavy reliance on hydropower.
endangered species issues; increasing competition for water :
Lightly populated in north, rapid population growth in south;
irrigated agriculture, recreation, urban expansion increasingly competing for water; headwaters area for other regions:
Rapid population growth, dependence on limited groundwater and surface water supplies, water quality concerns in border region, endangered species concerns, vulnerability to flash flooding:
Increased spring flood risks
Glacial retreat/disappearance in south, advance in north; impacts on flows, stream ecology Increased stress on salmon, other fish species Flooding of coastal wetlands
Changes in estuary salinity/ecology
Thinner ice cover, 1- to 3-month increase in ice-free season, increased extent of open water Increased lake-level variability, possible complete drying of some delta lakes
Changes in aquatic ecology and species distribution as a result of warmer temperatures and longer growing season
Annual streamflow decreasing/increasing; possible large declines in summer streamflow
Increasing likelihood of severe droughts Possible increasing aridity in semi-arid zones Increases or decreases in irrigation demand and water availability–uncertain impacts on farm- sector income, groundwater levels, streamflows, and water quality
Possible precipitation increases coupled with reduced runoff and lake-level declines
Reduced hydropower production; reduced channel depths for shipping
Decreases in lake ice extent–some years w/out ice cover Changes in phytoplankton/zooplankton biomass, northward migration of fish species, possible extirpations of coldwater species
Decreased snow cover amount and duration Possible large reductions in streamflow
Accelerated coastal erosion, saline intrusion into coastal aquifers Changes in magnitude, timing of ice freeze-up/break-up, with impacts on spring flooding
Possible elimination of bog ecosystems
Shifts in fish species distributions, migration patterns
Heavily populated coastal floodplains at risk to flooding from extreme precipitation events, hurricanes
Possible lower base flows, larger peak flows, longer droughts
Possible precipitation increase–possible increases or decreases in runoff/river discharge, increased flow variability
Major expansion of northern Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone possible–other impacts on coastal systems related to changes in precipitation/non-point source pollutant loading
Changes in estuary systems and wetland extent, biotic processes, species distribution
More winter rainfall/less snowfall-earlier seasonal peak in runoff, increased fall/winter flooding, decreased summer water supply
Possible increases in annual runoff in Sierra Nevada and Cascades Possible summer salinity increase in San Francisco Bay and Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta
Changes in lake and stream ecology–
warmwater species benefiting; damage to coldwater species (e.g., trout and salmon)
Rise in snow line in winter-spring, possible increases in snowfall, earlier snowmelt, more frequent rain on snow–changes in seasonal streamflow, possible reductions in summer streamflow, reduced summer soil moisture
Stream temperature changes affecting species composition;
increased isolation of coldwater stream fish
Possible changes in snowpacks and runoff Possible declines in groundwater recharge–
reduced water supplies
Increased water temperatures–further stress on aquatic species
Increased frequency of intense precipitation events–increased risk of flash floods
I. Sub-Arctic and Arctic
Midwest U.S.A. and Canadian Prairies
Northeast U.S.A. and Eastern Canada Great Lakes
Southeast, Gulf, and Mid-Atlantic U.S.A.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
II.
III.
IV.
Figure 10G.167 Possible water resources impacts in North America,www.epa.gov/oar.
Table 10G.197 Percent Change in Air Quality and Emissions
Percent Change in Air Quality
1983–2002 1993–2002
NO2 K21 K11
O3
1-h K22 K2a
8-h K14 C4a
SO2 K54 K39
PM10 — K13
PM2.5 — K8b
CO K65 K42
Pb K94 K57
Percent Change in Emissions
NO2 K15 K12
VOC K40 K25
SO2 K33 K31
PM10
c K34d K22
PM2.5
c — K17
CO K41 K21
Pbe K93 K5
Note: Trend data not available. Negative numbers indicate improvements in air quality or reductions in emission. Positive numbers show where emissions have increased or air quality has gotten worse.
a Not statistically significant.
b Based on percentage change from 1999.
c Includes only directly emitted particles.
d Based on percentage change from 1985. Emission estimates prior to 1985 are uncertain.
e Lead emissions are included in the toxic air pollutant emissions inventory and are presented for 1982–2001.
Source: Fromwww.epa.gov/airtrends/images/enlarge/sixpoll-1lg.gif.
Table 10G.198 Lead (Pb) National Totals (Thousands of Tons)
Lead (Pb) National Totals (Thousands of Tons) Source
Category 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Fuel Comb.
Elec. Util.
0.327293 0.229773 0.128825 0.063955 0.064244 0.061487 0.058603 0.061661 0.062 0.057 0.061 0.063925 0.068881 0.532 Fuel Comb.
Industrial
0.236916 0.075254 0.059612 0.03017 0.017612 0.017531 0.017872 0.018884 0.019 0.018 0.016 0.01581 0.014985 0.414 Fuel Comb.
Other
10.05174 10.0423 4.110847 0.421131 0.417995 0.416037 0.414095 0.415973 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.413444 0.410383 0.014 Chemical &
Allied Product Mfg
0.102811 0.120227 0.104387 0.118276 0.135801 0.132297 0.093402 0.092 0.096 0.163 0.167 0.187825 0.194212 0.027
Metals Processing
24.22351 9.923236 3.025672 2.096969 2.169625 1.974318 1.77442 1.899989 2.027 2.049 2.055 2.080743 1.991153 1.002 Petroleum &
Related Industries
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.013
Other Industrial Processes
2.028097 1.337357 0.807826 0.315972 0.168558 0.166802 0.056379 0.055 0.054 0.059 0.051 0.054315 0.053518 0.321 Solvent
Utilization
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.273
Storage &
Transport
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0007
Waste Disposal
& Recycling
2.2 1.59515 1.21002 0.870866 0.804311 0.808 0.812 0.825 0.83 0.604 0.787782 0.798363 0.805779 0.178 Highway
Vehicles
171.9611 130.2061 60.50133 18.05194 0.420736 0.017849 0.018332 0.018796 0.01903 0.019355 0.01919 0.019996 0.02116 0 Off-highway 9.737102 6.129554 4.204813 0.921121 0.776437 0.574333 0.565182 0.528556 0.525034 0.544384 0.505382 0.502712 0.497295 0.552
Miscellaneous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.029
Total 220.869 159.659 74.153 22.890 4.975 4.169 3.810 3.916 4.047 3.929 4.077 4.137 4.057 3.356
Fires 0 0 0 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Total without Fires
220.869 159.659 74.153 22.890 4.975 4.169 3.810 3.916 4.047 3.929 4.077 4.137 4.057 3.356
Source: Fromwww.epa.gov/airtrends/pdfs/leadnational.pdf.
THEWATERENCYCLOPEDIA:HYDROLOGICDATAANDINTERNETRESOURCES
Table 10G.199 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) National Totals (Thousands of Tons)
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) National Totals (Thousands of Tons) Source
Category 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Fuel Comb.
Elec. Util.
30 40 45 32 47 44 44 45 45 44 50 52 56 54 62 61 52 56
Fuel Comb.
Industrial
150 150 157 134 182 196 187 186 196 206 179 175 174 172 173 176 170 170
Fuel Comb.
Other
541 470 848 1,403 776 835 884 762 748 823 893 893 889 919 949 950 790 878
Chemical &
Allied Product Mfg
1,341 1,351 1,595 881 634 710 715 701 691 660 388 388 394 251 254 262 214 218
Metals Processing
394 336 273 76 122 123 124 124 126 125 73 78 78 66 67 71 69 72
Petroleum &
Related Industries
1,194 1,342 1,440 703 611 640 632 649 647 642 477 487 485 457 428 441 375 380
Other Industrial Processes
270 235 237 390 401 391 414 442 438 450 435 438 443 438 454 420 406 412
Solvent Utilization
7,174 5,651 6,584 5,699 5,750 5,782 5,901 6,016 6,162 6,183 5,477 5,621 5,149 5,036 4,831 5,012 4,692 4,562
Storage &
Transport
1,954 2,181 1,975 1,747 1,490 1,532 1,583 1,600 1,629 1,652 1,294 1,328 1,327 1,237 1,176 1,192 1,205 1,178
Waste Disposal
& Recycling
1,984 984 758 979 986 999 1,010 1,046 1,046 1,067 509 518 535 487 415 420 457 427
Highway Vehicles
16,910 15,392 13,869 12,354 9,388 8,860 8,332 7,804 7,277 6,749 6,221 5,985 5,859 5,681 5,325 4,952 4,543 4,428
Off-highway 1,616 1,917 2,192 2,439 2,662 2,709 2,754 2,799 2,845 2,890 2,935 2,752 2,673 2,682 2,644 2,622 2,688 2,572
Miscellaneous 1,101 716 1,134 566 1,059 756 486 556 720 551 1,940 816 718 791 733 532 883 704
Miscellaneous NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 34,659 30,765 31,106 27,404 24,108 23,577 23,066 22,730 22,569 22,041 20,871 19,530 18,782 18,270 17,512 17,111 16,544 16,056
Fires 917 587 1,024 465 983 678 407 478 638 464 1,870 744 645 667 615 412 785 627
Total without Fires
33,742 30,178 30,082 26,939 23,125 22,899 22,659 22,252 21,931 21,577 19,001 18,786 18,136 17,603 16,898 16,699 15,759 15,429
Source: Fromwww.epa.gov/airtrends/pdfs/vocnational.
ENTALPROBLEMS10-303
Table 10G.200 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) National Totals (Thousands of Tons)
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) National Totals (Thousands of Tons)
Source Category 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Fuel Comb. Elec.
Util.
17,398 18,268 17,469 16,272 15,909 15,784 15,416 15,189 14,889 12,080 12,767 13,195 13,416 12,583 11,396 10,850 10,293 10,929 Fuel Comb.
Industrial
4,568 3,310 2,951 3,169 3,550 3,256 3,292 3,284 3,218 3,357 2,849 2,805 2,740 2,135 2,139 2,243 2,299 2,227
Fuel Comb. Other 1,490 1,082 971 579 831 755 784 772 780 793 636 648 586 620 628 642 575 596
Chemical & Allied Product Mfg
591 367 280 456 297 280 279 269 275 286 255 259 261 325 338 342 328 329
Metals Processing 4,775 2,849 1,842 1,042 726 612 615 603 562 530 389 407 405 304 313 332 271 285
Petroleum & Related Industries
881 727 734 505 430 378 416 383 379 369 335 344 342 312 316 319 348 323
Other Industrial Processes
846 740 918 425 399 396 396 392 398 403 386 409 415 382 410 429 416 426
Solvent Utilization NA NA NA 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Storage & Transport NA NA NA 4 7 10 9 5 2 2 5 5 5 6 6 7 5 6
Waste Disposal &
Recycling
8 46 33 34 42 44 44 71 59 47 32 33 34 34 34 35 28 32
Highway Vehicles 273 334 394 455 503 469 436 402 369 335 302 304 300 300 260 248 275 256
Off-highway 278 301 323 354 371 379 385 392 399 406 413 422 432 475 437 440 420 443
Miscellaneous 110 20 11 11 12 11 10 10 15 10 15 7 6 67 70 44 91 88
Miscellaneous NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 31,218 28,043 25,925 23,307 23,076 22,375 22,082 21,772 21,346 18,619 18,385 18,840 18,944 17,545 16,347 15,932 15,353 15,943
Fires NA NA NA NA 12 12 9 9 14 10 15 6 6 67 69 44 91 95
Total without Fires 31,218 28,043 25,925 23,307 23,064 22,363 22,073 21,763 21,332 18,609 18,370 18,834 18,939 17,478 16,278 15,888 15,263 15,848
Source: Fromwww.epa.gov/airtrends/2005.
THEWATERENCYCLOPEDIA:HYDROLOGICDATAANDINTERNETRESOURCES