Table 8F.69 Relative Tolerance of Crop Plants to Salt Field Crops
EC!103Z16 EC!103Z10 EC!103Z4
Barley (grain) Rye (grain) Field beans
Sugar beet Wheat (grain)
Rape Oats (grain)
Cotton Rice
Sorghum (grain) Corn (field) Flax Sunflower Castorbeans
EC!103Z10 EC!103Z6
Vegetable Crops
EC!103Z12 EC!103Z10 EC!103Z4
Garden beets Tomato Radish
Kale Broccoli Celery
Asparagus Cabbage Green beans
Spinach Bell pepper
Cauliflower Lettuce Sweet corn
Potatoes (white rose) Carrot
Onion Peas Squash Cucumber
EC!103Z10 EC!103Z4 EC!103Z3
Fruit and Nut Crops
High Salt Tolerance Medium Salt Tolerance Low Salt Tolerance
Date palm Cantaloupe Almond
Fig Apple
Grape Apricot
Jujube Avocado
Olive Blackberry
Papaya Boysenberry
Pineapple Cherimoya
Pomegranate Cherry, sweet
Cherry, sand Currant Gooseberry Grapefruit Lemon Lime Loquat Mango Orange Passion fruit Peach Pear Persimmon Plum: prune
(Continued)
Table 8F.69 (Continued)
High Salt Tolerance Medium Salt Tolerance Low Salt Tolerance Pummelo
Raspberry Rose, apple Sapote, white Strawberry Tangerine
Forage Crops
EC!103Z18 EC!103Z12 EC!103Z4
Alkali sacaton White sweetclover White Dutch clover
Saltgrass Yellow sweetclover Meadow foxtail
Nuttall alkaligrass Perennial ryegrass Alsike clover
Bermuda grass Mountain brome Red clover
Rhodes grass Strawberry clover Ladino clover
Fescue grass Dallis grass Burnet
Canada wild rye Sudan grass
Western wheat- Hubam clover
grass Alfalfa (California common)
Barley (hay) Tall fescue
Bridsfoot trefoil Rye (hay)
Wheat (hay) Oats (hay) Orchardgrass Blue grama Meadow fescue Reed canary Big trefoil Smooth brome Tall meadow oat-grass Cicer milkvetch Sourclover Sickle milkvetch
EC!103Z12 EC!103Z4 EC!103Z2
Note: The numbers following EC!103are the electrical conductivity values of the saturation extract in millimhos per centimeter at 258C associated with a 50-percent decrease in yields. The saturation extract is the solution extracted from a soil at its saturation percentage.
Source: From U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1954; Kandiah, A., FAO, 1987.
C1-S4
C1-S3
C1-S2
C1-S1
C2-S1
C3-S1 C3-S2
C3-S4
C4-S2 C4-S3
C4-S1 C2-S3
C3-S4
C4-S4 C2-S4
C1-S2
100 250 750 2250
Class 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Sodium Adsorption Ratio (Sar)
Sodium (Alkali) Hazar
d
Medium
HighVery high S4S3S2S1
Low
Medium High Very high
Low
C1 C2 C3 C4
Conductivity
Salinity Hazard
Micromhos/cm (EC X 106) at 250
Figure 8F.20 Quality criteria for irrigation water. Note: Sodium Adsorption Ratio SARZNa/(CaCMg)/2 where concentrations are expressed in millequivalents per liter.
Conductivity
Low-salinity water (C1) can be used for irrigation with most crops on most soils with little likelihood that soil salinity will develop.
Some leaching is required, but this occurs under normal irrigation practices except in soils of extremely low permeability.
Medium-salinity water (C2) can be used if a moderate amount of leaching occurs. Plants with moderate salt tolerance can be grown in most cases without special practices for salinity control.
High-salinity water (C3) cannot be used on soils with restricted drainage. Even with adequate drainage, special management for salinity control may be required and plants with good salt tolerance should be selected.
Very high-salinity water (C4) is not suitable for irrigation under ordinary conditions, but may be used occasionally under very special
circumstances. The soils must be permeable, drainage must be adequate, irrigation water must be applied in excess to provide considerable leaching, and very salt-tolerant crops should be selected.
Sodium
Low-sodium water (S1) can be used for irrigation on almost all soils with little danger of the development of harmful levels of exchangeable sodium. However, sodium-sensitive crops such as stone-fruit trees and avocados may accumulate injurious concentrations of sodium.
Medium-sodium water (S2) will present an appreciable sodium hazard in fine-textured soils having high cation-exchange-capacity, especially under low-leaching conditions, unless gypsum is present in the soil. This water may be used on coarse-textured or organic soils with good permeability.
High-sodium water (S3) may produce harmful levels of exchangeable sodium in most soils and will require special soil management-good drainage, high leaching, and organic matter additions. Gypsiferous soils may not develop harmful levels of exchangeable sodium from such waters. Chemical amendments may be required for replacement of exchangeable sodium, except that amendments may not be feasible with waters of very high salinity.
Very high sodium water (S4) is generally unsatisfactory for irrigation purposes except at low and perhaps medium salinity, where the solution of calcium from the soil or use of gypsum or other amendments may make the use of these waters feasible.
Another criterion for the evaluation of irrigation water is:
Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC)Z(CO3CHCO3) K(Ca CMg) where concentrations are expressed in meq/liter.
When RSCO2.5 Probably not suitable for irrigation 1.25-2.5 Marginal
!1.25 Probably safe for irrigation. (From U.S. Department of Agriculture.)
Table 8F.70 Guides for Evaluating the Quality of Water Used for Irrigation
Quality Factor Threshold Concentrationa Limiting Concentrationb
Coliform organisms, MPN per 100 mL 1000c —d
Total dissolved solids (TDS), mg/L 500c 1500c
Electrical conductivity,mmhos/cm 750c 2250c
Range of pH 7.0–8.5 6.0–9.0
Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 6.0c 15
Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), meq 1.25c 2.5
Arsenic, mg/L 1.0 5.0
Boron, mg/L 0.5c 2.0
Chloride, mg/L 100c 350
Sulfate, mg/L 200c 1000
Copper, mg/L 0.1c 1.0
Note: MPN is most probable number. Sodium absorption ratio is defined by the formula SARZNa/ (CaCMg)/2 where the concentrations are expressed in milliequivalents per liter. Residual sodium carbonate is the sum of the equivalents of normal carbonate and bicarbonate minus the sum of the equivalents of calcium and magnesium.
a Threshold values at which irrigator might become concerned about water quality and might consider using additional water for leaching. Below these values, water should be satisfactory for almost all crops and almost any arable soil.
b Limiting values at which the yield of high-value crops might be reduced drastically, or at which an irrigator might be forced to less valuable crops.
c Values not to be exceeded more than 20 percent of any 20 consecutive samples, nor in any 3 consecutive samples. The frequency of sampling should be specified.
d Aside from fruits and vegetables which are likely to be eaten raw, no limits can be specified. For such crops, the threshold concentration would be limiting.
Source: From Calif. State Water Quality Control Board, 1963.
Table 8F.71 FAO Guidelines for Evaluating the Quality of Water for Irrigation
Potential Irrigation Problem Units
Degree of Restriction on Use
None Slight to Moderate Severe Salinity (affects crop water availability)a
ECW dS/m !0.7 0.7–3.0 O3.0
or TDS mg/L !450 450–2000 O2000
Infiltration (affects infiltration rate of water into the soil. Evaluate using ECWand SAR together)b
SARZ0–3 and ECWZ O0.7 0.7–0.2 !0.2
Z3–6Z O1.2 1.2–0.3 !0.3
Z6–12Z O1.9 1.9–0.5 !0.5
Z12–20Z O2.9 2.9–1.3 !1.3
Z20–40Z O5.0 5.0–2.9 !2.9
Specific Ion Toxicity (affects sensitive crops) Sodium (Na)
Surface irrigation SAR !3 3–9 O9
Sprinkler irrigation me/L !3 O3
Chloride (CI)
Surface irrigation me/L !4 4–10 O10
Sprinkler irrigation me/L !3 !3
Boron (B) mg/L !0.7 0.7–3.0 O3.0
Trace elements (see Table 8F–77)
Miscellaneous Effects (affects susceptible crops)
Nitrogen (NO3-N) mg/L !5 5–30 O30
Bicarbonate (HCO3)(overhead sprinkling only) me/L !1.5 1.5–8.5 O8.5
pH Normal range 6.5–
8.4
a ECWmeans electrical conductivity, a measure of the water salinity, reported in deciSiemens per meter at 258C (dS/m) or in units millimhos per centimeter (mmho/cm). Both are equivalent. TDS means total dissolved solids, reported in milligrams per liter (mg/L).
b SAR means sodium absorption ratio.
Source: From Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1985, Water quality for agriculture, irrigation, and drainage paper no. 29. Kandiah, A.,Water Quality in Food Production, Water Quality Bulletin, vol. 12, no. 1, Jan. 1987.
Table 8F.72 Chloride Concentrations (mg/L) Causing Foliar Injury in Crops of Varying Sensitivity
Sensitivity!175
Moderately Sensitive 175–350
Moderately Tolerant
350–700 TolerantO700
Almond Pepper Barley Cauliflower
Apricot Potato Maize Cotton
Citrus Tomato Cucumber Sugar beet
Plum Luceme Sunflower
Grape Safflower
Sorghum
Source: From Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, 2000, National Water Quality Management Strategy, Paper No. 4,Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality, vol. I, The Guidelines, October 2000,www.deh.gov.au.
Original Source: From Mass (1990).
Table 8F.73 Risks of Increasing Cadmium Concentrations in Crops Due to Chloride in Irrigation Waters Irrigation Water Chloride Concentration (mg/L) Risk of Increasing Crop Cadmium Concentrations
0–350 Low
350–750 Medium
O750 High
Note: If high chloride concentrations are present in irrigation water, it is recommended that produce is tested for cadmium concentration in the edible portions (e.g., tubers for potatoes, leaves for leafy vegeatables, grain for cereals, etc).
Source: From Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, 2000, National Water Quality Management Strategy, Paper No. 4,Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality, vol. I, The Guidelines, October 2000,www.deh.gov.au.
Orginal Source: From McLaughlin et al. (1999).
Table 8F.75 Effect of Sodium Expressed as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) on Crop Yield and Quality under Nonsaline Conditions
Tolerance to SAR and
Range at Which Affected Crop
Growth Response under Field Conditions Extremely sensitive SARZ2–8 Avocado Leaf tip burn, leaf scorch
Deciduous fruits Nuts
Citrus
Sensitive SARZ8–18 Beans Stunted growth
Medium SARZ18–46 Clover Stunted growth, possible
Oats sodium toxicity, possible
Tall fescue calcium or magnesium
Rice deficiency
Dallis grass
High SARZ46–102 Wheat Stunted growth
Cotton Lucerne Barley Beets Rhodes grass Note: SARZSodium Adsorption Ratio.
Source: From Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, 2000, National Water Quality Management Strategy, Paper No. 4,Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality, vol. I, The Guidelines, October 2000,www.deh.gov.au.
Original Source: From Pearson (1960).
Table 8F.74 Sodium Concentration (mg/L) Causing Foliar Injury in Crops of Varying Sensitivity Sensitivity!115
Moderately Sensitive 115–230
Moderately Tolerant
230–460 TolerantO460
Almond Pepper Barley Cauliflower
Apricot Potato Maize Cotton
Citrus Tomato Cucumber Sugar beet
Plum Lucerne Sunflower
Grape Safflower
Sesame Sorghum
Source: From Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, 2000,National Water Quality Management Strategy, Paper No. 4,Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality, vol. I, The Guidelines, October 2000,www.deh.gov.au.
Original Source: From Mass (1990).
Table 8F.76 Limits of Boron in Irrigation Water A. Permissible Limits (Boron in parts per million)
Crop Group
Class of Water Sensitive Semitolerant Tolerant
Excellent
!0.33 !0.67 !1.00 Good
0.33–0.67 0.67–1.33 1.00–2.00 Permissible
0.67–1.00 1.33–2.00 2.00–3.00 Doubtful
1.00–1.25 2.00–2.50 3.00–3.75 Unsuitable
O1.25 O2.50 O3.75
B. Crop Groups of Boron Tolerance (In each group, the plants first named are considered as being more tolerant; the last named, more sensitive.)
Sensitive Semitolerant Tolerant
Pecan Sunflower (native) Athel (Tamarix aphylla)
Walnut (Black; and Persian, or English) Potato Asparagus
Cotton (Acala and Pima) Palm (Phoenix canariensis)
Jerusalem-artichoke Tomato Date palm (P. dactylifera)
Navy bean Sweetpea Sugar beet
American elm Radish Mangel
Plum Field pea Garden beet
Pear Ragged robin rose Alfalfa
Apple Olive Gladiolus
Grape (Sultanina and Malaga) Barley Broadbean
Kadota fig Wheat Onion
Persimmon Corn Turnip
Cherry Milo Cabbage
Peach Oat Lettuce
Apricot Zinnia Carrot
Thornless blackberry Pumpkin
Orange Bell pepper
Avocado Sweet potato
Grapefruit Lima bean
Lemon
Source: From U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Table 8F.77 FAO Recommended Maximum Concentrations of Trace Elements in Irrigation Water Element
Recommended Maximum
Concentrationa(mg/L) Remarks
Al 5.0 Can cause nonproductivity in acid soils (pH!5.5), but more alkaline soils atOpH 7.0 will precipitate the lon and eliminate any toxicity
As 0.10 Toxicity to plants varies widely, ranging from 12 mg/L for Sudan grass to less than 0.05 mg/L for rice
Be 0.10 Toxicity to plants varies widely, ranging from 5 mg/L for kale to 0.5 mg/L for bush beans Cd 0.01 Toxic to beans, beets and turnips at concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/L in nutrient
solutions. Conservative limits recommended due to its potential for accumulation in plants and soils to concentrations that may be harmful to humans
Co 0.05 Toxic to tomato plants at 0.1 mg/L in nutrient solution. Tends to be inactivated by neutral and alkaline soils
Cr 0.10 Not generally recognized as an essential growth element. Conservative limits recommended due to lack of knowledge on its toxicity to plants
Cu 0.20 Toxic to a number of plants at 0.1 to 1.0 mg/L in nutrient solutions
F 1.0 Inactivated by neutral and alkaline soils
(Continued)
Table 8F.78 Australian Agricultural Irrigation Water Long-Term Trigger Value (LTV), Short-Term Trigger Value (STV), and Soil Cumulative Contaminant Loading Limit (CCL) Triggers for Heavy Metals and Metalloids
Element
Suggested Soil CCLa (kg/ha)
LTV in Irrigation Water (Long-Term Use—Up to 100 yrs)
(mg/L)
STV in Irrigation Water (Short-Term Use—Up to 20 yrs)
(mg/L)
Aluminum ND 5 20
Arsenic 20 0.1 2.0
Beryllium ND 0.1 0.5
Boron ND 0.5 Refer to table 9.2.18 (Volume 3)
Cadmium 2 0.01 0.05
Chromium ND 0.1 1
Cobalt ND 0.05 0.1
Copper 140 0.2 5
Fluoride ND 1 2
Iron ND 0.2 10
Lead 260 2 5
Lithium ND 2.5 2.5
(0.075 Citrus crops) (0.075 Citrus crops)
Manganese ND 0.2 10
Mercury 2 0.002 0.002
Molybdenum ND 0.01 0.05
Nickel 85 0.2 2
(Continued) Table 8F.77 (Continued)
Element
Recommended Maximum
Concentrationa(mg/L) Remarks
Fe 5.0 Not toxic to plants in aerated soils, but can contribute to soil acidification and loss of availability of essential phosphorus and molybdenum. Overhead sprinkling may result in unsightly deposits on plants, equipment and buildings
Li 2.5 Tolerated by most crops up to mg/L; mobile in soil. Toxic to citrus at low concentrations (0.075 mg/L). Acts similarly to boron
Mn 0.20 Toxic to a number of crops at a few-tenths to a few mg/L, but usually only in acid soils Mo 0.01 Not toxic to plants at normal concentrations in soil and water. Can be toxic to livestock if
forage is grown in soils with high concentrations of available molybdenum Ni 0.20 Toxic to a number of plants at 0.5 mg/L to 1.0 mg/L; reduced toxicity at neutral or
alkaline pH
Pd 5.0 Can inhibit plant cell growth at very high concentrations
Se 0.02 Toxic to plants at concentrations as low as 0.025 mg/L and toxic to livestock if forage is grown in soils with relatively high levels of added selenium. An essential element to animals but in very low concentrations
Sn
Ti Effectively excluded by plants; specific tolerance unknown
W
V 0.10 Toxic to many plants at relatively low concentrations
Zn 2.0 Toxic to many plants at widely varying concentrations; reduced toxicity at pHO6.0 and in fine textured or organic soils
a The maximum concentration is based on a water application rate which is consistent with good irrigation practices (10000 m3/ha/yr). If the water application rate greatly exceeds this, the maximum concentrations should be adjusted downward accordingly. No adjustment should be made for application rates less than 10000 m3/ha/yr. The values given are for water used on a continuous basis at one site.
Source: From Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1985, Water quality for agriculture, irrigation, and drainage paper no. 29. Kandiah, A.,Water Quality in Food Production, Water Quality Bulletin, vol. 12, no. 1, Jan. 1987.
Table 8F.78 (Continued)
Element
Suggested Soil CCLa (kg/ha)
LTV in Irrigation Water (Long-Term Use—Up to 100 yrs)
(mg/L)
STV in Irrigation Water (Short-Term Use—Up to 20 yrs)
(mg/L)
Selenium 10 0.02 0.05
Uranium ND 0.01 0.1
Vanadium ND 0.1 0.5
Zinc 300 2 5
Note: Trigger values should only be used in conjunction with information on each individual element and the potential for off-site transport of contaminants.
a NDZNot determined; in sufficient background data to calculate CCL.
Source: From Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, 2000,National Water Quality Management Strategy, Paper No. 4,Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality, vol. I, The Guidelines, October 2000,www.deh.gov.au.
Table 8F.79 Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Agricultural Uses—Irrigation
Parametera Irrigation Water Quality Guideline (mg/L) Dateb
Aldicarb 54.9c 1993
Aluminumd 5000 1987
Arsenice 100f 1997
Atrazine 10f 1989
Berylliumd 100 1987
Borond 500–6000h 1987
Bromacil 0.2f 1997
Bromoxynil 0.33i 1993
Cadmium 5.1i,f 1996
Chlorided 100,000–700,000k 1987
Chlorothalonil 5.8f(other crops) 1984
Chromium 1997
Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) 4.9f,n 1997
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) 8n 1987
Cobaltd 50 1987
Coliforms, fecald 100 per 100 mL 1987
Coliforms, totald 1000 per 100 mL 1987
Copperd 200–1000o 1987
Cyanazine 0.5f 1990
Dicamba 0.006 1993
Diclofop-methyl 0.18 1993
Diisopropanolinine 2000f 2005
Dinoseb 16j 1982
Fluorided 1000 1987
Irond 5000 1987
Leadd 200 1987
Linuron 0.071f 1995
Lithiumd 2500 1987
Manganesed 200 1987
MCPA (4-chloro-2-methyI phenoxy acetic acid; 2-MethyI-4-chloro phenoxy acetic acid)
0.0025 1995
Metolachlor 28f 1991
Metribuzin 0.5f 1990
Molybdenumd 10–50r 1987
Seleniumd 20–50s 1987
Simazine 0.5f 1891
Nickeld 200 1987
(Continued)
Table 8F.79 (Continued)
Parametera Irrigation Water Quality Guideline (mg/L) Dateb
Sulfolane 500f 2005
Tebuthiuron 0.27f(cereals) 1995
Total dissolved solids (salinity)d 500,000– 3,500,000t 1887
Uraniumd 10f 1987
Vanadiumd 100 1987
Zincd 1,000–5,000u 1987
Note: ug/L—Micrograms per liter.
a Unless otherwise indicated, supporting documents are available from the guidelines and Standards Division, Environment Canada.
b The guidelines dated 1987 have been carried over fromCanadian Water Quality Guidelines(CCREM 1987) and no fact sheet was prepared. The guidelines dated 1989 to 1997 were developed and initially published in CCREM 1987 as appendixes on the date indicated. They are published as fact sheets in this document. Other guidelines dated 1997 and those dated 1999 are published for the first time in this document.
c Concentration of total aldicarb residues.
d No fact sheet created.
e The technical document for the guideline is available from the Ontario Ministry of the Environment.
f Interim guideline.
h Boron guideline
=500mg LK1for blackberries
=500–1000mg LK1for peaches, cherries, plums, grapes, cowpeas, onions, garlic, sweet potatoes, wheat, barley, sunflowers, mungbeans, sesame, lupins, strawberries, Jerusalem artichokes, kidney beans, and lima beans
=1000–2000mg LK1for red peppers, peas, carrots, radishes, potatoes, and cucumbers
=2000–4000mg LK1for lettuce, cabbage, celery, turnips, Kentucky bluegrass, oats, corn, artichokes, tobacco, mustard, clover, squash, and muskmelons
=4000–6000mg LK1for sorghum, tomatoes, alfalfa, purple vetch, parsley, red beets, and sugar beets
=6000mg LK1for asparagus.
i Guideline value slightly modified from CCREM 1987 + Appendixes due to re-evaluation of the significant figures.
j Guideline is crop-specific (see fact sheet).
k Chloride guideline Foliar damage
=100–178 mg LK1for almond, apricots, and plums
=178–355 mg LK1for grapes, peppers, potatoes, and tomatoes
=355–710 mg LK1for alfalfa, barley, corn, and cucumbers
O710 mg LK1for cauliflower, cotton, safflower, sesame, sorghum, sugar beets, and sunflowers Rootstocks
=180–600 mg LK1for stone fruit (peaches, plums, etc)
=710–900 mg LK1for grapes Cultivars
=110–180 mg LK1for strawberries
=230–460 mg LK1for grapes
=250 mg LK1for boysenberries, blackberries, and raspberries.
n Substance has been re-evaluated since CCREM 1987 + Appendixes. Either a new guideline has been derived or insufficient data existed to derive a new guideline.
o Copper guideline
= 200mg LK1for cereals
= 1000mg LK1for tolerant crops
r Molybdenum guideline = 50mg LK1for short-terms use on acidic soils
s Selenium guideline = 20mg LK1for continuous use
=50mg LK1for intermittent use
t Total dissolved solids guideline =500 mg LK1for strawberries, raspberries, beans, and carrots
=500–800 mg LK1for boysenberries, currants, blackberries, gooseberries, plums, grapes, apricots, peaches, pears, cherries, apples, onions, parsnips, radishes, peas, pumpkins, lettuce, peppers, muskmelons, sweet potatoes, sweet corn, potatoes, celery, cabbage, kohlrabi, cauliflower, cowpeas, broadbeans, flax, sunflowers, and corn
=800–1500 mg LK1 for spinach, cantaloupe, cucumbers, tomatoes, squash, brussels sprouts, broccoli, turnips, smooth brome, alfalfa, big trefoil, beardless wild rye, vetch, timothy, and crested wheat grass
=1500–2500 mg LK1for beets, zucchini, rape, sorghum, oat hay, wheat hay, mountain brome, tall fescue, sweet clover, reed canary grass, birdsfoot trefoil, perennial ryegrass
=3500 mg LK1for asparagus, soybeans, safflower, oats, rye, wheat, sugar beets, barley, barley hay, and tall wheat grass
u Zinc guideline =1000 mg LK1when soil pH!6.5
=5000 mg LK1when soil pHO6.5
Source: From Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 2005, Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of agricultural water uses: summary table, Updated October 2005. In:Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines, 1999, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg.
Table 8F.80 Australian Trigger Values for Thermotolerant Coliforms in Irrigation Water Used for Food and Nonfood Crops Intended use
Level of thermotolerant coliformsa (mL)
Raw human food crops in direct contact with irrigation water (e.g. via sprays, irrigation of salad vegetables)
!10 cfub/ 100 Raw human food crops not in direct contact with irrigation water (edible product separated
from contact with water, e.g. by peel, use of trickle irrigation); or crops sold to consumer cooked or processed
!1000 cfu / 100
Pasture and fodder for dairy animals (without withholding period) !100 cfu / 100 Pasture and fodder for dairy animals (with withholding period of 5 days) !1000 cfu / 100 Pasture and fodder (for grazing animals except pigs and dairy animals, i.e. cattle, sheep, and
goats)
!1000 cfu / 100
Silviculture, turf, cotton, etc (restricted public access) !10 000 cfu / 100
a Median values.
b cfuZcolony forming units.
Source: From Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, 2000,National Water Quality Management Strategy, Paper No. 4,Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality, vol. I, The Guidelines, October 2000,www.deh.gov.au.
Original Source: Adapted from ARMCANZ, ANZECC & NHMRC (1999).
Table 8F.81 Australian Agricultural Irrigation Water Long-Term Trigger Value (LTV) and Short- Term Trigger Value (STV) Guidelines for Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Element
LTV in Irrigation Water (Long- Term—up to 100 yrs) (mg/L)
STV in Irrigation Water (Short- Term—up to 20 yrs) (mg/L)
Nitrogen 5 25–125a
Phosphorus 0.05 (To minimise bioclogging of irrigation equipment only)
0.8–12a
a Requires site-specific assessment.
Source: From Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, 2000,National Water Quality Management Strategy, Paper No. 4, Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality, vol. I, The Guidelines, October 2000,www.deh.gov.au.
Table 8F.82 Interim Trigger Value Concentrations for a Range of Herbicides Registered in Australia for Use in or Near Waters Herbicide
Residue Limits in Irrigation Water (mg/L)a
Hazard to Crops from Residue in Waterb
Crop Injury Threshold in Irrigation Water (mg/L)
Acrolein 0.1 C Flood or furrow: beans 60, corn 60,
cotton 80, soybeans 20, sugar- beets 60
Sprinkler: corn 60, soybeans 15, sugar-beets 15, beets
AF 100 C (rutabaga) 3.5, corn 3.5,
Amitrol 0.002 CC lucerne 1600, beans 1200,
carrots 1600, corn 3000, cotton 1600, grains sorghum 800,
Aromatic solvents (Xylene) C oats 2400, potatoes 1300, wheat
1200
Asulam CC
Atrazine CC
Bromazil CCC
Chlorthiamid CC
Copper sulfate C Apparently above concentrations
used for weed control
2,4-D CC Field beans 3.5–10, grapes 0.7–
1.5, sugar-beets 1.0–10
Dicamba CC Cotton 0.18
(Continued)