Appendix 6.A2: Rate of heat gain from restaurant/cooking equipment
8.7.2.2 Response of the human body
Vibrating motion of the human body can produce both physical and biological effects. The physical effect is the excitation of parts of the body and under extreme condi- tions physical damage may result. Building vibration, which is at a much lower level, may affect the occupants by reducing both quality of life and working efficiency.
Complaints about vibration in residential situations are
likely to arise from occupants when the vibration levels are only slightly greater than the threshold of perception.
The levels of complaint resulting from vibration, and acceptable limits for building vibration, depend upon the characteristics of the vibration and the building environment, as well as individual response. These factors are incorporated in guidance given in BS 6472(67),which gives magnitudes of vibrations below which the prob- ability of complaints is low
References
1 The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 Statutory Instruments 1992 No. 3004 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office) (1992)
2 The Fuel and Electricity (Heating) (Control) Order 1974 Statutory Instruments 1974 No. 2160 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office) (1974)
3 The Fuel and Electricity (Heating) (Control) (Amendment) Order 1980 Statutory Instruments 1980 No. 1013 (London:
Her Majesty's Stationery Office)
4 Workplace health, safety and welfare — Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 — Approved Code of Practice and Guidance Health and Safety Commission Legislation series L24 (Sudbury: HSE Books) (1994)
5 The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1992 Statutory Instruments 1992 No. 2932 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office) (1992)
6 Safe hot water and surface temperatures NHS Estates Health Guidance Note (London: The Stationery Office) (1998) 7 Legionnaires disease the control of legionella bacteria in water systems
— Approved Code of Practice and Guidance Health and Safety Commission Legislation series L8 (Sudbury: HSE Books) (2001)
8 The Care Homes Regulations 2001 Statutory Instruments 2001 No. 3965 (London: The Stationery Office) (2001)
9 The Children's Homes Regulations 2001 Statutory Instruments 2001 No. 3967 (London: The Stationery Office) (2001)
10 Health and safety in care homes Health and Safety Guidance.
HSG220 (Sudbury: HSE Books) (2001)
11 Health impact of low indoor temperatures (Copenhagen: World Health Organisation) (1987)
12 Raw G J Building regulation health and safety BRE Report BR417 (Garston: BRE) (2001)
13 Seppọnen O, Fisk W J and Faulkner D Cost benefit analysis of the night-time ventilative cooling Proc. Healthy Buildings Conference, Singapore 2003 3 394–399 (2003)
14 McIntyre D A Indoor Climate (London: Applied Science) (1980)
15 Moritz A R and Henriques F C Studies of thermal injury — Part 2: The relative importance of time and surface temperature in the causation of cutaneous burns Am. J.
Pathology 23 695–720 (1947)
16 DIN 1946-2: 1994-2: Ventilation and air conditioning technical health measurements (Berlin: Deutsches Institut fur Normung) (1994)
17 Arlain L G Water balance and humidity requirements of house dust mites Experimental and Applied Acarology 16 15–35 (1992) 18 Fang L, Clausen G, Fanger P O Impact of temperature and
humidity on perception of indoor air quality Indoor Air 8 (2) 80–90 (1998)
19 Nilsson S E G, Andersson L Contact lens wear in dry environments Acta Opthalmol. 65 221–225 (1986)
20 Brundrett G W A review of the factors influencing electrostatic shocks in offices J. Electrostatics 2 295–315 (1977)
21 Ventilation Building Regulations 1991 Approved Document F (London: The Stationery Office) (1994)
22 How to deal with sick building syndrome Guidance for employers, building owners and building managers Health and Safety Guidance HSG132 (Sudbury: HSE Books) (1995)
23 General ventilation in the workplace — Guidance for employers Health and Safety Guidance HSG202 (Sudbury: HSE Books) (2000)
24 Conservation of fuel and power The Building Regulations 2000 Approved Document L1/L2 (London: The Stationery Office) (2002)
25 HVACstrategies for well-insulated airtight buildings CIBSE TM29 (London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) (2002)
26 Guidelines for environmental design in schools Building Bulletin for schools 87 (2nd. edn.) (London: Department for Education and Skills) (2003)
27 Cain W S Perceptual characteristics of nasal irritation (New Haven: John B Pierce Foundation Laboratory) (1989)
28 Cain W S, See L C and Tosun T Irritation and odour from formaldehyde: chamber studies Proc. ASHRAE Conf. IAQ ‘86:
Managing the Indoor Air for Health and Energy Conservation, Atlanta, USA (1986)
29 Gunnarsen L and Fanger P O Adaptation to indoor air pollution Healthy Buildings 88 (ed. Berglund B and Lindvall T) 3157–167 (Stockholm: Swedish Council for Building Research) (1988)
30 Clausen G H, Nielsen K S, Sahin F and Fanger P O Sensory irritation from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Indoor Air 87 2 52–56 (1987)
31 Berglund B The role of sensory reactions as guides for non- industrial indoor air quality (preprint) Proc. Conf. American Industrial Hygiene, St Louis, USA (May 1989)
32 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62-2001: Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) (2001) 33 Air Quality Guidelines for Europe European Series No. 91
(Copenhagen: World Health Organization) (2000)
34 Occupational exposure limits EH40 (London: The Stationery Office) (published annually)
35 Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act 1974 Elizabeth II. Chapter 37 London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office) (1974)
36 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 Statutory Instruments 2002 No. 2677 (London: The Stationery Office) (2002)
37 The Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 Statutory Instruments 2000 No. 928
38 Environment Act 1995 Elizabeth II. Chapter 25 (London: The Stationery Office) (1995)
39 Annual digest of environmental statistics (London: The Stationery Office) (published annually)
40 Minimising pollution at air intakes CIBSE TM21 (London:
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) (1999) 41 The national air quality strategy for England, Scotland and Northern
Ireland working together for clean air Cm. 4548 Northern Ireland Assembly papers Session 1 (1999–2000) NIA 7 Scottish Executive papers Session 2 (2000) SE 2000/3 (London: The Stationery Office) (2000)
42 Heating, ventilating, air conditioning and refrigeration CIBSE Guide B (London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) (2001–2)
43 BS EN 779: 2002: Particulate air filters for general ventilation.
Determination of the filtration performance (London: British Standards Institution) (2002)
44 Quantification of the effects of air pollution on health in the United Kingdom Department of Health Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants Great Britain (London: The Stationery Office) (1998)
45 Harrison P T C Health effects of indoor air pollutants in Hester R E and Harrison R M (eds.) Air Pollution and Health 101–125(Letchworth: The Royal Society of Chemistry) (1998) 46 Kukadia V, Hall D J, Walker S, Sharples H, Doocey D, Gadian
A and Griffiths R F The effect of external pollution in the context of low energy architecture BRE Report 81460 for the DETR (Garston: BRE) (April 2000)
47 Berry R W, Brown V M, Coward S K D, Crump D R, Gavin M, Grimes C P, Higham D F, Hull A V, Hunter C A, Jeffrey I G, Lea R G, Llewellyn J W and Raw G J Indoor Air Quality in Homes: Part 1: BRE Indoor Environment Study BRE Report BR 299 (London: Construction Research Communications) (1996) 48 Sieber W K, Petersen M R, Staynor L T, Malkin R, Mendell M J,
Wallingford K M, Wilcox T G, Crandall M S, and Reed L Associations Between Environmental Factors and Health Conditions Proc. Indoor Air 2 901–906 (1996)
49 Minimising the risk of Legionnaires’ disease CIBSE TM13 (London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) (2002)
50 Wargocki P, Sundell J, Bischof W, Brundrett G, Fanger P O, Gyntelberg F, Hanssen S O, Harrison P, Pickering A, Seppọnen O and Wouters P Ventilation and health in nonindustrial indoor environments Indoor Air 12 113–128 (2002)
51 Code for lighting (London: Society of Light and Lighting) (2004)
52 Lighting at work Health and Safety Guidance HSG38 (Sudbury:
HSE Books) (1998)
53 The Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) Regulations 1995 Statutory Instruments 1995 No. 1763 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office) (1995)
54 Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 Statutory Instruments 1992 No. 2792 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office) (1992)
55 The law on VDUs — an easy guide Health and Safety Guidance HSG90 (Sudbury: HSE Books) (2003)
56 Office lighting SLL Lighting Guide LG7 (London: Society of Light and Lighting) (2005)
57 Lecture, teaching and conference spaces CIBSE Lighting Guide LG5 (London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) (1991)
58 Industrial lighting SLL Lighting Guide LG1 (London: Society of Light and Lighting) (2002)
59 BS 5266-4: 1999: Emergency lighting. Code of practice for design, installation, maintenance and use of optical fibre systems (London:
British Standards Institution) (1999)
60 Boyce P R Human factors in lighting (2nd edn.) (London: Taylor and Francis) (2003)
61 Recommended practice for photobiological safety for lamps and lamp systems ANSI/IESNA RP-27-96 (New York NY: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America) (1996)
62 Kohmoto K Evaluation of actual light sources with proposed photobiological lamp safety standard and its applicability to guide on lighted environment Proc. CIE 24th Session, Warsaw, 1999 (Vienna: Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage) (1999) 63 Bullock J and Rea M S Lighting for neonatal intensive care
units: some critical information for design Lighting Res. Technol.
28189–198 (1996)
64 Restrictions on exposure to static and time varying electromagnetic fields 0–300 GHz (Didcot: National Radiological Protection Board) (1999)
65 Advice on the limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields from 0–300 GHz NRPB 15 (2) 5–35 (2004)
66 Noise at Work Regulations 2005 Statutory Instruments 2005 No. 1643 (London: The Stationery Office) (1989)
67 BS 6472: 1992: Guide to evaluation of human exposure to vibration in buildings (1 Hz to 80 Hz) (London: British Standards Institution) (1999)
Index
A-weighting network 1-26, 1-27 absorptance see longwave radiation;
shortwave radiation; solar absorptance; TAR(transmission, absorption and reflection) values absorption see moisture absorption absorption coefficient see transmission,
absorption and reflection (TAR) values absorptivity 3-42 to 3-43; 5-9
accreditation process, thermal models 5-1 accumulated temperature differences 2-12 to
2-15
ACoPL24 8-1
acoustic environment see noise action levels, noise 1-29; 8-14 activity
condensation and mould control design 7-14 to 7-15
heat production 1-5 to 1-6 illuminance 1-21 to 1-22; 8-11 operative temperatures and 1-5 relative air speed and 1-3
see also human bodies; metabolic rate activity measurement 1-2
adaptation to temperatures 1-11
adaptive approach, thermal comfort 1-16 to 1-18
adaptive opportunity 1-16 adaptive optimum start 5-30 admittance method (Simple (cyclic, or
dynamic) Model) 5-9 to 5-10, 5-12 to 5-27, 5-55
calculation 3-31 to 3-32 chilled surfaces 5-13, 5-36
cooling loads 5-9 to 5-10, 5-12 to 5-13, 5-34, 5-77 to 5-84
heat gains 5-13, 5-73
intermittent heating calculations 5-32 overheating risk assessment 5-12, 5-19 to
5-21
parameters 3-24 to 3-25
peak temperature assessment 5-76 solar gain factors 5-13, 5-14 to 5-15, 5-16,
5-80, 5-85 to 5-95 thermal bridges 3-25 see also Simple Model adsorption filters 8-7
age, thermal comfort and 1-13; 8-2 air change rates 4-11 to 4-12, 4-21; 5-34
see also air infiltration; air movement;
ventilation rates air conditioning
cooling load calculation 5-24 to 5-27 energy efficiency standards 8-5 germicidal lamps 8-13 health issues 8-10
mould growth avoidance 7-7 relative humidity and 1-4; 8-3 see also intermittent air conditioning air contamination see air quality air filtration 8-7, 8-10
see also filtration grades air gaps 3-12
air handling luminaires 6-5
air handling unit condensate pans 8-10 air infiltration 4-1 to 4-22
Building Regulations 2000: Part L 4-12;
8-5
central plant diversity 5-32
cooling load calculation 5-22, 5-23 to 5-24, 5-77
design parameter selection 5-8 heat gains 5-73
air infiltration (continued) heat losses 5-64
Reference (dynamic) Model 5-97 Simple Model 5-64, 5-73 Air infiltration calculation techniques — an
application guide 4-18
air infiltration development algorithm (AIDA) 4.21 to 4.22
air infiltration rates 4-6 to 4-16; 5-34, 5-77 air inlets/intakes 4-3; 5-29; 8-10
air ionisation 1-31; 8-14 air leakage 4-12
see also airtightness testing air leakage coefficient 4-20 air leakage index 4-19 air movement
air purification by ultraviolet radiation 8-13
comfort 1-3 to 1-4, 1-12, 1-13 convective heat transfer 3-7 heat emitter performance 5-28 interstitial condensation and moisture
transfer 7-4
operative temperature and 1-3 thermal insulation effectiveness 3-46 workplaces 8-5
see also air speed; airflow air node
cooling load calculation 5-22, 5-23, 5-77 definition 5-4
heat gains 5-17, 5-19, 5-23, 5-73 Simple Model 5-73, 5-74 to 5-75 solar gain 5-15, 5-16, 5-17, 5-18, 5-80,
5-81, 5-82, 5-83, 5-85, 5-86, 5-88, 5-92 see also alternating air node factor air node correction factor 5-36, 5-38, 5-40,
5-42, 5-44, 5-46, 5-48 air permeability 4-19 air pollution see pollution air purification 8-13
air quality 1-19; 4-2 to 4-3; 8-5 to 8-11 see also air ionisation; exposure limits;
odours; pollution; ventilation Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 8-7 Air Quality Guidelines for Europe 1-19 Air Quality Management Areas 4-3; 8-7 air quality objective levels 8-7 air quality standards 8-7, 8-9 air quality strategy 8-7 air spaces 3-5 to 3-6, 3-47
see also cavities; voids air speed 1-2, 1-3; 5-7
see also air movement; draughts; wind speeds
air supply see air change rates; ventilation air temperature
ceiling and floor voids 5-28 comfort 1-3
control temperatures and 5-1
cooling load calculation 5-22, 5-23, 5-24, 5-83
data 2-29 to 2-35 definition 5-4
design parameter selection 5-7 heat islands 2-48
operative temperature and 1-2, 1-3 Simple Model 5-11, 5-64, 5-73, 5-74, 5-75
to 5-76
urban areas 2-47, 2-48 see also running mean outdoor
temperatures; sol-air temperatures;
temperature differences air temperature method 5-54 air temperature node 5-61
airflow 4-6 to 4-7, 4-16 to 4-17, 4-18 to 4-19;
5-27 to 5-28, 5-29
airflow (continued)
see also air movement; ventilation rates airtightness testing 4-19 to 4-20
see also air leakage
AIVC Technical Note 44 4-6, 4-18 allergies 8-3, 8-5
alternate mixed mode ventilation 4-4 alternating air node factor, definition 5-86 alternating component, cooling load 5-75 to
5-76
alternating solar gain factor 5-15, 5-85 to 5-95 altitude
design temperatures and 2-3, 2-5 see also solar altitude
aluminium foil insulation 3-6
Alzheimer’s disease sufferers, lighting and 8-13
American modelling techniques 5-55, 5-56 analogue airflow models 5-28
angle of incidence 5-79, 5-85 angle of refraction 5-88 animal bodies, heat emission 6-9 animal houses, moisture production 7-2 animals, pollutant source 8-9
anthropogenic heat flux 2-47, 2-48 Approved Code of Practice L24 8-1 approximate method, design temperatures
2-11
approximate model 5-10 asbestos 8-9
ASHRAE Handbook: Applications 1-28 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals 2-1, 2-15;
5-55
ASHRAE models 5-55 asthma 8-3
asymmetric thermal radiation 1-3, 1-14 to 1-15
atria 5-36
autistic people, light sensitivity 8-13 B-weighting network 1-26 babies, light sensitivity 8-12 back losses 5-29
background noise levels 1-28 bacteria
air pollution 8-9, 8-10 see also Legionella bacteria; micro-
organisms
balanced mechanical ventilation 4-4 basal metabolic rate (BMR) 6-9
basements, thermal transmittance 3-19 to 3-20
Basic Model 5-31, 5-36, 5-61 to 5-62, 5-65 bedrooms 1-18, 1-24
benchmark temperatures 1-11 to 1-12 benchmark values, internal heat gains 6-1 to
6-2 benzene 8-5
bidets, hot water temperatures 8-1 black body, definition 5-4
blind and glass combinations, TARvalues 5-91 to 5-95
blinds
profile angle 5-90
solar cooling loads 5-36, 5-85 solar gain 5-85, 5-88
TARvalues 5-89 to 5-90
thermal resistance 3-22; 5-93 to 5-94 thermal transmittance 3-22 see also mid-pane blinds; roller blinds;
shading; slatted blinds; windows bodies see animal bodies; human bodies body temperature 1-6 to 1-7
BRE Digest 465: U-values for light steel-frame construction 3-8
BRE IP17/01: Assess the effect of thermal bridging at junctions and around openings 3-24 BRE Report BR 443: Conventions for U-value
calculations 3-9 bridged layers 3-9 to 3-12, 3-30
see also thermal bridges BS 4142 1-27
BS 5250 7-2, 7-3, 7-4, 7-14 BS 5266 1-21; 8-11 BS 5925 4-7, 4-8 BS 6472 1-29; 8-15 BS 8206 1-24 BS 8207 3-1 BS 8211 3-1 BS 8233 1-27 BS EN 673 3-20 BS EN 1264 1-14 BS EN 1745 3-27 BS EN 12464-1 1-24 BS EN 12524 3-4; 7-3 BS EN 12664 3-1 BS EN 12667 3-1 BS EN 12939 3-1
BS EN 13162 to BS EN 13171 3-27 BS EN 13779 4-2
BS EN ISO 6946 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-12, 3-13, 3-20 BS EN ISO 7345 7-1
BS EN ISO 7726 1-2, 1-14 BS EN ISO 7730 1-7 BS EN ISO 8990 3-1, 3-27 BS EN ISO 9346 7-1 BS EN ISO 10077-1 3-21 BS EN ISO 10077-2 3-21 BS EN ISO 10211 3-13, 3-24 BS EN ISO 10211-1 7-6 BS EN ISO 10456 3-5 BS EN ISO 12567-1 3-1, 3-23 BS EN ISO 12664 3-27 BS EN ISO 12667 3-27
BS EN ISO 13370 3-13, 3-19, 3-29 BS EN ISO 13786 3-24
BS EN ISO 13788 climate classes 7-7
condensation 7-4, 7-6, 7-8, 7-9, 7-10, 7-11 surface heat transfer coefficient 7-6 vapour resistance 7-3
BS EN ISO 13789 3-3 BS EN ISO 13790 3-25 BS PD CR 1752 1-18
BSRIA Applications Guide AG1/74: Designing variable volume systems for room air movement 5-27
Building Bulletin BB87 1-12 building energy models 5-56
Building Environmental Performance Analysis Club (BEPAC) 3-33
building fabric
cooling load calculation 5-22, 5-23 design parameter selection 5-9 heat gain swing calculation 5-18 heat loss 5-29, 5-57 to 5-58, 5-62, 5-63 to
5-64 heat storage 5-9
Reference (dynamic) Model 5-96 building materials
cooling load calculation 5-77 design parameter selection 5-9 emissivities 3-6, 3-42 to 3-43; 5-9 moisture content 3-5, 3-27; 7-2 pollutant source 8-9
thermal conductivity 3-4 to 3-5, 3-8, 3-46; 5-9; 7-2
thermal properties 3-39 to 3-43, 3-47 thermal resistance 3-4, 3-8; 5-9 vapour resistivity 3-44 to 3-45
building materials (continued) see also hygroscopic materials;
impermeable materials; inorganic porous materials; non-hygroscopic materials; organic hygroscopic materials; porous materials Building Regulations 2000
carbon dioxide emissions 3-1 glazing 3-20
heat loss calculations 3-4
National Calculation Methodology 5-1 roof void ventilation 3-13
U-values of building materials 5-9 Building Regulations 2000: Approved
Document L1 3-1, 3-23 Building Regulations 2000: Approved
Document L2 1-12; 3-1, 3-23 Building Regulations 2000: Part F 4-1, 4-2 Building Regulations 2000: Part J 4-1 Building Regulations 2000: Part L 3-1; 4-1,
4-12; 8-5
Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1994 3-1
building/room dimensions 5-28, 5-77 see also height
Building Standards (Scotland) Regulations 2004 3-1
buildings
thermal properties 3-1 to 3-55
see also health care buildings; heavyweight structures; industrial buildings;
lightweight structures; multi-layered structures; naturally ventilated buildings; noise; office buildings;
overpressured buildings; residential buildings; schools; tall buildings;
typical constructions; vibration built-in water 7-15
burns 8-3
C-weighting network 1-26 calculation method, definition 5-5 calculation methods 5-9 to 5-36, 5-54 to 5-57 cancer, electromagnetic fields and 8-13 to
8-14
carbon adsorption filters 8-7
carbon dioxide concentration 4-2 to 4-3; 8-5, 8-9, 8-10
carbon dioxide emissions 2-44; 3-1; 8-10 carbon monoxide 8-7, 8-9, 8-10
cardiac pacemakers, electromagnetic fields and 8-14
care homes 8-1, 8-3
cataract patients, light sensitivity 8-12 cavities
vapour resistivity 7-3 see also air spaces; voids
CD-ROMcontent 2-1 climate change data 2-45 cooling load calculation 5-23 sol-air temperatures 2-29 solar cooling load tables 5-36 solar irradiation 2-23, 2-29; 5-8 wind data 2-38
worldwide data 2-15, 2-18 to 2-21; 5-23 ceiling fans see fans
ceiling voids 5-28; 6-5 ceilings 3-53
see also chilled surfaces CEN prEN 15255 5-19 central plant see plant
characteristic dimension, solid ground floors 3-13
chilled surfaces 5-13, 5-36 chlorinated organic compounds 8-9
CIBSE AM10: Natural ventilation in non-domestic buildings
airflow calculations 4-6; 5-28 single-zone model 4-19
ventilation design 4-1, 4-3, 4-4; 5-8 ventilation rates 5-18
ventilation strategies 1-13 wind and stack effects 4-11
CIBSE AM11: Building energy and environmental modelling 5-7, 5-12, 5-28, 5-51, 5-52 CIBSE AM13: Mixed mode ventilation 4-1, 4-4 CIBSE Guide B: Heating, ventilation, air
conditioning and refrigeration air filtration 8-7
cooling load calculation 5-22, 5-35 heating plant selection 5-28 noise level calculation 1-25 ventilation 1-18; 4-1, 4-2, 4-3; 8-11 CIBSE Guide C: Reference data
condensation psychrometry 7-4 convective heat transfer coefficient 7-3 distribution system gains/losses 5-35 heat transfer 3-6, 3-7
Reference (dynamic) Model 5-96 view factors 5-60
CIBSE Guide J: Weather, solar and illuminance data
clear day design values 2-24 clear sky model 2-23
clear sky short wave irradiance 2-29 climate change 5-8
climatic data 2-45; 5-12, 5-15, 5-34 cooling load calculation 5-77, 5-80 design parameter selection 5-7, 5-8 external design data 2-1; 5-7, 5-8 illuminance 2-35
LATcorrection 5-77
Reference (dynamic) Model 5-96 sol-air temperatures 2-29 solar geometry 2-22
ventilation and air infiltration 4-1 wind 4-7
CIBSE RR6: Environmental benefits of thermal storage 5-33, 5-35
CIBSE TM18: Ice storage 5-34, 5-35
CIBSE TM21: Minimising pollution at air intakes 4-1, 4-3; 8-6
CIBSE TM23: Testing buildings for air leakage 4-1, 4-19
CIBSE TM30: Improved life cycle performance of mechanical ventilation systems 4-1 CIBSE TM33: CIBSE standard tests for the
assessment of building services design software
airflow model verification 5-27 central plant capacity 5-32 dynamic model checking 5-55 peak cooling loads 5-12
thermal response and plant sizing 5-1 ventilation and air infiltration 4-1 CIBSE TM34: Weather data with climate change
scenarios 2-45; 5-8
CIBSE TM36: Climate change and the internal environment 1-12, 1-13; 5-8, 5-27 CIBSE/SLL LG5: Lecture, teaching and
conference spaces 8-11
CIBSE/SLL LG10: Daylighting and window design 1-22; 2-35
cigarette smoke see tobacco smoke circadian system, lighting and 8-13 clean rooms 7-4
cleaning materials, pollutant source 8-9 clear glass, TARvalues 5-88 to 5-89 climate, comfort temperatures and 1-16 climate change 1-12; 2-43 to 2-47; 5-8
Climate Change Scenarios for the United Kingdom 2-45
climate classes 7-7 to 7-8 climatic data 5-12, 5-96
see also weather data; wind data clo 1-2, 1-5, 1-6
clothing
moisture content 8-3
operative temperature and 1-5, 1-6 predicted percentage dissatisfied and 1-7 shortwave radiation absorptance 1-15 surface temperature formula 1-35 thermal comfort 1-5, 1-16
thermal insulation 1-2, 1-5 to 1-6; 8-3 see also dress codes
Code for lighting 1-21 to 1-22, 1-24, 1-25; 8-11 cold floors 1-3
cold-season temperatures 2-15 cold stress 8-2 to 8-3
cold water supply 8-1
cold weather, humidity and 1-4 cold weather data 2-1, 2-2 to 2-6 colour 1-13, 1-25
colour rendering index (CRI) 1-25
combined calculation method, bridged layers 3-9, 3-30
comfort 1-1, 1-3 to 1-4, 1-12, 1-13; 5-7 see also air quality; thermal comfort comfort criteria 1-8 to 1-10
comfort temperature 1-11, 1-16, 1-17 to 1-18;
5-1, 5-7
Committee on Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP) 8-7
complementary mixed mode ventilation 4-4 computational fluid dynamics (CFD) 4-19;
5-27, 5-29, 5-36 computers 6-1, 6-5 to 6-6
see also office equipment; software condensation 7-1 to 7-16
health issues 8-3
heavyweight structures 2-5 to 2-6; 7-5 humidity and 1-4
latent cooling loads 5-35 prediction 3-1, 3-7
surface temperatures and 1-4; 7-5, 7-14 warm fronts 2-5 to 2-6
see also dew-point temperature; moulds condensation planes 7-11
conductive heat gains 5-23, 5-73, 5-82; 6-5, 6-6 conservation of energy, view factor calculation
5-61
contact lenses, relative humidity and 8-4
CONTAMairflow model 4-19 contamination see air quality; pollution continuous heating 5-32, 5-33 contrast, lighting and 1-21, 1-22 to 1-23 control
condensation and mould growth 7-14 to 7-15
lighting 1-22; 6-4; 8-13 pollutants 1-18 to 1-20 summer comfort 1-12, 1-13 see also occupant control
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1994 1-18; 8-6 control temperature
air temperature and 5-1
cooling load calculation 5-22, 5-23 fluctuations 5-34, 5-35
Reference Model 5-59 controlled storage systems 5-33 convection, thermal response and 5-13 convective component 5-27, 5-63
convective cooling 5-22 to 5-27, 5-34 to 5-35, 5-36, 5-74
convective heat balance 5-59, 5-97
convective heat gains
admittance method 5-13, 5-73 cooling load calculation 5-23 lighting 6-5
office equipment 6-6
Reference (dynamic) Model 5-97 convective heat input, Simple (steady-state)
Model 5-74
convective heat proportions, heat emitters 5-11
convective heat transfer 3-7; 5-96, 5-97 see also air node
convective heat transfer coefficient 3-7; 5-4, 5-27, 5-97; 7-3
cooking equipment 6-7 to 6-8, 6-10 to 6-12;
8-9 cooling
Simple (cyclic) Model 5-36
ventilation and 4-3, 4-4, 4-11; 5-22, 5-24 to 5-27, 5-81
see also convective cooling; heat gains;
intermittent cooling
cooling degree-days/degree-hours 2-12 to 2-15 cooling and heating load calculation principles
5-55
cooling load calculation 5-22 to 5-27, 5-34 to 5-35, 5-55 to 5-56, 5-73 to 5-76 admittance method 5-9 to 5-10, 5-12 to
5-13, 5-34, 5-77 to 5-84 correction 5-35, 5-77 to 5-78
see also air node correction factor European Standard 5-1
internal heat gains 5-22, 5-23, 5-77, 5-82;
6-5
London heat island 2-48 safety margins 5-28
solar gain 5-22, 5-81, 5-85 to 5-95 voids 5-28
see also room cooling load calculation;
solar cooling loads copiers, heat gains 6-6
correlated colour temperature (CCT) 1-25 corrosion 7-1
COSHH Regulations 1-18; 8-6
cumulative frequency data, illuminance 2-35 to 2-37
curtain walling, thermal transmittance 3-8 curtains see blinds
customary thermal environments 1-16 cyclic model, definition 5-5
cyclic models 5-10, 5-12
see also admittance method (Simple (cyclic, or dynamic) Model)
daily personal noise exposure 1-29; 8-14 daylight 1-20, 1-22, 1-23 to 1-24, 1-25; 2-35
see also illuminance daylight factor 1-23 to 1-24 dBA measurements 1-26, 1-27
declared values, thermal insulation 3-4 to 3-5 declination angle calculation 5-78
decrement factor
admittance method 5-13, 5-14 building materials 5-9 calculation 3-31 to 3-32 cooling load calculation 5-23 definition 3-25; 5-4
heat gain swing calculation 5-18 deep-body temperature 1-6 degree-days 2-12 to 2-15, 2-50 degree-hours 2-12 to 2-15
dehumidification, design conditions 2-16 density, building materials 5-9
depressions, climate change and 2-45 design calculations, quality assurance 5-6 to
5-7
design conditions 1-7 to 1-13; 2-21 to 2-22;
5-7 to 5-8; 7-7 to 7-9 see also design temperatures design guides, airflow modelling 5-27 design mean radiant temperature 5-59 design parameters 5-7 to 5-9
Design Summer Years (DSYs) 1-12; 2-1, 2-2;
5-8, 5-34 design temperatures
altitude and 2-3, 2-5 approximate method 2-11 design parameter selection 5-7 heat islands 2-3, 2-48 ranges 1-8 to 1-10 source 2-1
see also external design temperatures;
operative temperature; summer design temperatures; winter design temperatures
design values, thermal insulation 3-4 to 3-5 deviation see swings
dew-point temperature 2-5, 2-15, 2-16, 2-21;
7-4 to 7-5
see also condensation; weather data DfES Building Bulletin BB87 1-12 differential sensitivity analysis (DSA) 5-51 diffuse solar radiation 2-23 to 2-29 diffuse transmittances, glazing 1-23 diffusion, moisture 7-3 to 7-4 dimensions
buildings/rooms 5-28, 5-77 heat loss calculations 3-3 to 3-4 thermal properties of building materials
3-11
direct radiation, heat emitters 5-30 direct solar gain 5-85, 5-97
directional effects, light 1-22 to 1-23, 1-25 disability glare 1-23
disabled people, thermal comfort 1-13 discomfort glare 1-25
displacement ventilation 1-20; 5-13 display screens see visual display units distribution systems, heat gains/losses 5-32,
5-35 diversity
central plant 5-32 to 5-33, 5-35 heat gains 6-1, 6-6
documentation, software quality assurance 5-53
DOE Technical Booklets 4-1 domestic buildings see dwellings doors 3-24; 4-6
double glazing 5-91 draught rating (DR) 1-4 draughts 1-3
see also air movement dress codes 1-12, 1-13, 1-16
see also clothing
drift, temperatures 1-16, 1-17 driving forces
air infiltration and natural ventilation 4-7 to 4-11
see also stack-driven ventilation; wind- driven ventilation
dry bulb temperatures
climate change predictions 2-46 cooling load calculation 5-77, 5-80 data 2-6 to 2-11
design parameter selection 5-7 dew-point temperature and 2-5 heat emitter sizing calculations 5-30 Reference (dynamic) Model 5-96 wind data 2-38
worldwide data 2-15, 2-16, 2-21
‘dry cup’ values, vapour resistivity 7-4