PATELLAR DISLOCATIONS AND SUBLUXATIONS
47. Does the use of prophylactic foot orthoses have any effect on the incidence
It appears the use of a foot orthotic may not reduce the incidence of weight-bearing–induced low back pain in military recruits with no prior history of low back pain. Thus the use of an orthotic (custom soft or semirigid biomechanical) as a preventative measure does not appear to be of any benefit.
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A A band, 3, 4
A-VO2.SeeArteriovenous oxygen difference.
Abdominal quadrants, 209 Abdominal reflex, 166 Abducens nerve, 162 Abduction of hip joint, 520 Abduction pillow, 357
Abductor digiti minimi muscle, 417 Abductor muscles of hip, 520 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle, 417
weakness of, 440
Abductor pollicis longus muscle, 411 Above-knee amputation, 521 Abrasion drilling, 28-29 Absolute angle, 14 Absolute refractory period, 75 Absolute risk reduction, 178 Acceleration, 15
Acceptable numbers, 170 Accessory bone of foot, 604 Accessory collateral ligament, 386 Accessory nerve, 163
Accommodation, 84-85 Acetabular fracture, 536 Acetabular index, 315
Acetabular labrum injury, 530-531 Acetabulum, 519
Acetaminophen, 126, 131-132 for migraine, 262 for osteoarthritis, 135-136 Acetic acid, delayed healing and, 241 Acetylcholine, excitation-contraction coupling
and, 8 Achilles tendon
foot ulcer and, 242 palpation of, 606 pes cavus and, 601 rupture of, 285, 607-608
tendonosis and tendonitis of, 606-607 Achilles tendon allograft, 574 Achilles tendon reflex, 161
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome immunologic signs and symptoms in, 218 transmission of, 187
Acromioclavicular joint injuries of, 359-363
loose-packed versusclose-packed position of, 110 stabilizers of, 329
Acromioclavicular ligament, 329, 359-360 Acromion, 331
Acromioplasty, 332, 339 Acronyms
anatomic, 268-272 for shoulder instability, 343 Actin, 3, 5
α-Actinin, 3, 5 Action potential, 75
excitation-contraction coupling and, 8 Active compression test, 348
Active insufficiency, 7-8 Active straight leg raise, 514 Activities of daily living, 293
cervical spine range of motion and, 450 hip joint reactive forces and, 539 Actonel.SeeRisedronate.
Acute compartment syndrome, 247-248 Acute low back pain, 250, 457 Acute pancreatitis, 142 Acute pleuritis, 202 Acute sports injury, 186 Acute synovitis, 453 Adam’s test, 474
Addiction to opioid analgesics, 129 Addison’s disease, 215-216 Adduction of hip joint, 520 Adductor muscles of hip, 520, 521 Adductor pollicis muscle, 417 Adenosine triphosphate, exercise and, 40 Adhesive capsulitis, 349-352
Adrenocortical suppression, glucocorticoid-induced, 134 Adson maneuver, 379
Advil.SeeIbuprofen.
Aerobic exercise after pregnancy, 232 cardiovascular responses to, 298 guidelines for, 42-43 for migraine, 261 older adult and, 297
Aerobic metabolism, exercise and, 40, 41
avulsion of tibial tubercle and, 586 cervical spine range of motion and, 450 distal femoral fracture and, 584 muscle and tendon extensibility and, 101 rotator cuff tear and, 334
walking velocity and, 119 Aging effects, 188-189
on bone, 31 on collagen, 22 on intervertebral disk, 447 on musculoskeletal system, 295-296 on sacroiliac joint, 508-509 on soft tissue repair process, 27
AIDS.SeeAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Akinesia, 64
Alanine aminotransferase, 141-142 Alar ligament, 446
Albumin, 140-141
Alcohol, calcium absorption and, 33 Alendronate, 237
Alfred E. Newman sign, 434 Alginate dressing, 243
Alignment, reading radiograph and, 303 Alkaline phosphatase, 141
Allen test, 379, 422
Allergic disorders, systemic involvement in, 197 Allis’ sign, 226
Allodynia, 61 Allograft
in anterior cruciate ligament repair, 570-571 factors affecting strength of, 29
α-actinin, 3, 5 ALPSA acronym, 343
ALT.SeeAlanine aminotransferase.
Alternating current, 77-80 AMBRI acronym, 343 Ambulation
deep venous thrombosis and, 137 in lumbar spinal stenosis, 464 Amenorrhea, 236
athletic, 42, 189 Amerge.SeeSumatriptan.
American Heart Association dietary guidelines, 276-277 Aminotransferases, 141-142
Amitriptyline
for chronic pain, 132, 253 for migraine, 260, 262 Ampere, 76
Amplitude
of action potential, 151 of waveform, 80-81 Amputation
above-knee, 521 gait and, 124-125 Amylase, 142
Anabolic-androgenic steroid use, 189-190 Analgesics
for arthritis, 49 for bald trochanter, 524 bone healing and, 35
for complex regional pain syndromes, 62 for gout, 53
for heterotopic ossification, 138 long-term use of, 130-131
in masking of posttraumatic compartment syndrome, 247-248
for muscle strain, 526
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, 128-131 opioid, 126-127, 129-130
for osteoarthritis, 135-136 phonophoresis and, 94-95 physiologic effects on collagen, 22 preemptive, 247
primary effects of, 130 for rheumatoid arthritis, 136 for SLAP lesions, 348 soft tissue healing and, 29 topical and transdermal, 132 for trochanteric bursitis, 527 Analysis of variance, 169-170, 173-174 Anaprox.SeeNaproxen.
ANAs.SeeAntinuclear antibodies.
Anatomic barrier, 103 Anatomy mnemonics, 268-272 Anconeus muscle, 388 Anemia, 214 Anesthesia, 164
deep venous thrombosis and, 56 local, 136, 251, 253
regional, 251 Angina, 299
Angina pectoris, 199, 201 Angle of Gissane, 619 Angle of kyphosis, 467-468 Angle of torsion of femur, 519 Angle-specific torque, 285 Angle trunk rotation, 474 Anhidrosis, 165 Anisotropic response, 18 Ankle
Achilles tendon rupture and, 607-608 Achilles tendonitis and tendonosis and, 606-607 anatomic mnemonic for, 272
claw toes and, 615 forefoot disorders and, 615 fractures and dislocations of, 617-624
avascular necrosis and, 621 calcaneal, 619, 620-621
Charcot neuroarthropathy and, 622 classification of, 617-618
compartment syndrome and, 623-624 Jones, 622
Lisfranc joint injury and, 621-622 pilon, 620
radiography of, 618 stress, 620
surgical management of, 618 talar, 619, 622-623 functional anatomy of, 599-605 fusion of, 123, 601
Ankle—cont’d
gastrocnemius stretching and, 101 hallux rigidus and limitus and, 614 hammertoes and, 615
healing time after surgery, 285 heel pain and, 610-611 metatarsalgia and, 615 muscular activity in gait, 120, 121 neuroma of, 615-616
normative isokinetic data for, 287 peroneal tendon subluxation and, 609-610 posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction and, 608-609 sesamoiditis and, 615
shin splints and, 613 sinus tarsi syndrome and, 614 sports-related injuries of, 188 sprain of, 611-613, 620 tarsal tunnel syndrome and, 608 windlass mechanism of, 614-615 Ankle-foot orthosis, 125 Ankylosing spondylitis, 52-53
effects on sacroiliac joint, 514 HLA-B27 and, 148 signs and symptoms of, 219 of thoracic spine, 482 Annular ligament, 386 Annular pulleys, 413 Anococcygeal nerve, 507 Anode, 78
Anorexia nervosa, 189 Ansaid.SeeFlurbiprofen.
Antagonist contraction, 100 Anterior cord syndrome, 487 Anterior cruciate ligament, 548-549
injury of, 569-575
electrotherapy for, 85-86, 88 epidemiology of, 571-572 in female athlete, 188 healing time in, 285
isokinetic testing and exercise for, 290-291 magnetic resonance imaging of, 317 Anterior drawer stress radiograph, 611 Anterior humeral line, 310
Anterior interosseous nerve injury, 441 Anterior interosseous syndrome, 404-405 Anterior knee pain disorders, 555-556 Anterior longitudinal ligament, 446 Anterior release test, 343 Anterior sacroiliac ligament, 506 Anterior shoulder dislocation, 342, 345-346
axillary nerve injury in, 377 radiography of, 316 Anterior slide test, 348
Anterior soft tissue impingement, 612 Anterior talofibular ligament, 605 Anterior talus impingement, 603 Anterior tarsal tunnel, 593
Anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, 591, 593-594 Anterior tibial stress syndrome, 613 Anterior translation, 344 Anteriorly displaced disk, 498 Anteromedial rotary instability, 572
Anteroposterior view in radiography, 303 Anterosuperior shoulder pain, 324 Anti-TNF therapy for arthritis, 49 Anticoagulants, 137
Anticonvulsants for chronic pain, 253
for complex regional pain syndromes, 62 Antidepressants
for chronic pain, 132, 253
for complex regional pain syndromes, 62 increased risk of falling and, 294 Antihypertensives
for chronic pain, 253 increased risk of falling and, 294 Antiinflammatory drugs
categories of, 132 glucocorticoids, 133-134 nonsteroidal, 128-131
acetaminophen versus, 131-132 for arthritis, 49
for bald trochanter, 524 bone healing and, 35 for chronic pain, 253
for complex regional pain syndromes, 62 glucocorticoids versus, 133
for gout, 53
for heterotopic ossification, 138 long-term use of, 130-131 for muscle strain, 526 for osteoarthritis, 135-136 phonophoresis and, 94-95 physiologic effects on collagen, 22 primary effects of, 130 for rheumatoid arthritis, 136 for SLAP lesions, 348 soft tissue healing and, 29 for trochanteric bursitis, 527 Antimalarials for arthritis, 49 Antinuclear antibodies, 51, 142, 150 Antioxidant supplements, 275
Antipsychotics for complex regional pain syndromes, 62 Antispasm medications, 135
Antispasticity drugs, 135 Apical ligament, 446 Apley test, 565 Apoptosis, 11 Applied research, 169 Apprehension test, 343
Aquatic exercise for low back pain, 281 Arch of orthotic shell, 628
Arches of foot, 601 Arcuate complex, 548 Aredia.SeePamidronate.
Aristocort.SeeTriamcinolone.
Arixtra.SeeFondaparinux.
Arterial supply to elbow, 388
to extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon, 389 to femoral head, 522
to hand, 412 to humeral head, 326 to knee, 550, 564
to scaphoid, 416 Arterial ulcer, 241
Arteriovenous oxygen difference, exercise and, 39-40 Artery of ligamentum teres, 522
Arthritis, 49-55 back pain and, 453
following pilon ankle fracture, 620 laser therapy for, 95
medications for, 49 older adult and, 293 total meniscectomy and, 566 Arthrodesis
ankle, 601 hip, 522 sacroiliac joint, 515 Arthrofibrosis, 578 Arthrogram
magnetic resonance, 304 in rotator cuff tear, 337
in temporomandibular joint dysfunction, 499 x-ray versus, 302
Arthrographic distention, 351 Arthrokinematics, 12
of elbow, 387 of hip, 520 Arthroplasty
deep venous thrombosis after, 56 elbow, 406-407
hip, 124, 539-543 knee, 576-581 prosthetic infection in, 54 shoulder, 353-358
Arthroscopic acromioplasty, 328, 332, 339 Arthroscopy
in adhesive capsulitis, 351 in meniscal injury, 566 Arthrosis, midfoot, 605 Articular cartilage, 550
repair of, 28-29 sacral, 505
Ascending cervical branches, 522 Asomatognosia, 64
Aspartate aminotransferase, 141-142 Aspirin, 128
for deep venous thrombosis prevention, 58, 137 for migraine, 262
Assistive device, gait and, 123-124 AST.SeeAspartate aminotransferase.
Asthma, exercise-induced, 192-193 Athlete, 185-194
acute sports injury in, 186
anabolic-androgenic steroid use and, 189-190 ankle injuries and, 188
anterior cruciate ligament injuries and, 186-187, 188 athletic tape and, 189
brachial plexus lesion and, 185 chronic compartment syndrome and, 191 collapse of, 191-192
concussion and, 192 contusion and, 187
female athlete triad and, 189
femoral neck stress fracture and, 187-188 glucosamine and chondroitin supplements and, 191 heat exhaustion and heat stroke and, 190 hepatitis and HIV transmission and, 187 hip contusion in, 528
malalignment of lower extremity and, 186 physiologic changes with aging and, 188-189 pitching sequence recommendations for, 390 protein needs of, 190-191
sprain and, 185 weight lifting and, 185
youth strength training program and, 185-186 Athletic amenorrhea, 42
Athletic brace, 189 Athletic shoes, 632 Athletic tape, 189 Atkins diet, 274 Atlantoaxial facet joint, 447 Atlantodental interval, 309 Atlas fracture, 491 Atorvastatin, 138 Atrophy
consequences of, 10 disease-associated, 11 myofibrils and, 6 Auriculotemporal nerve, 499 Austin-Moore hemiarthroplasty, 534
Autograft in anterior cruciate ligament repair, 570-571 Autoimmune disorders, 218, 219
Autolytic debridement, 240-241 Autonomic dysreflexia, 494
Autonomic instability in complex regional pain syndromes, 60
Avascular necrosis, risk in foot fracture, 621 Aventyl.SeeNortriptyline.
Average power, isokinetic parameter, 285 Avulsion fracture, 31
collateral ligament, 434 of coronoid, 400
of greater and lesser tuberosities, 535 of lateral tibial plateau, 570 of navicular, 619 of tibial tubercle, 586 Axial carpal instability, 433 Axial loading injury, 187 Axillary nerve, 326-327
injury of
in anterior shoulder dislocation, 342 in proximal humerus fracture, 372 Axis of rotation, 13
of temporomandibular joint, 497 Axonotmesis, 154-155
Azathioprine,
B
Babinski, Felix Francois, 166-167 Babinski’s sign, 165
Back pain, 452-460 in ankylosing spondylitis, 52
Back pain—cont’d antidepressants for, 132
articular receptor distribution and, 454 disk herniation and, 454-456 exercise for, 457
intervertebral disk and, 452 leg length difference and, 458 low
chronic, 250 diskogenic, 453 foot orthotics for, 633 home heat wrap for, 73 in lumbar spinal stenosis, 461 lumbar spine muscle kinematics in, 450 manual therapy for, 105
muscle pain and, 454
sacroiliac joint dysfunction and, 510-516 thoracic spinal dysfunction and, 483
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for, 87 mechanical dysfunction of facet joint and, 453 multifidus muscle and, 458, 459
during pregnancy, 231 role of bed rest for, 452
spinal exercise programs for, 279-283 Backrest, 448
Baclofen, 135 for chronic pain, 253 for spasticity, 227 Bacterial arthritis, 219
Balance changes during pregnancy, 231 Bald trochanter, 524
Ballistic stretching, 99 Ballottement test, 434 Bankart lesion, 325, 344, 347, 348 Bankart repair, 346
Barbiturates for migraine, 262 Barlow disease, 226 Barton’s fracture, 432 Basal lamina, 5 Baseball finger, 430 Basement membrane, 5 Basic objective measurements, 289 Basic research, 169
Basilar invagination, 309 Basophil, 145, 150 Bayes theorems, 181 Bayley II test, 224 Bazedoxifene, 237
Beam nonuniformity ratio, 92 Beattie test, 531
Becaplermin gel, 245-246 Bed rest
for acute back pain, 452 physiologic effects of, 294-295 Bell curve, 171
Belladonna, 262 Bending force, 18-19 Bennett’s fracture, 431
Beta-adrenergic blockers, exercise and, 138, 298 Betamethasone, 133
Between-subjects design, 170 Bextra.SeeValdecoxib.
Bias, clinical reasoning and, 221-222 Biceps brachii muscle, 322, 388 Biceps muscle
elbow and, 388 labral origin of, 325 long head of, 324 Biceps reflex, 161
Bicipital groove, anterosuperior shoulder pain and, 324 Bifurcate ligament, 602
Bigliani classification of acromion, 331 Biliary disorders, 212-213
Bilirubin, 142-143 Bimalleolar fracture, 617
Bioabsorbable screw in meniscal repair, 568 Bioelectric stimulation, fracture healing and, 35 Biomechanics, 12-25
angles in, 14 axis of rotation in, 13 cartilage and, 22 convex-concave rule in, 13 creep and, 20
external fixation and, 23-24 force and, 15-16 force-velocity curve and, 17 friction and, 23
hysteresis and, 21 injury prevention and, 18 joint implant and, 23
length-tension relationship of muscle and, 21 moment and, 16
muscle actions and, 16-17
muscle force-producing capability and, 14 net joint moment and, 16, 17
pressure and, 18, 19 spinal, 445
spurt versusshunt muscle and, 23 stress-strain curve and, 19-20
tendon and ligament properties and, 21-22 terminology in, 12, 15
tissue response to stress and, 18-19 Bipartite patella, 556, 582
Bipartite sesamoid, 619 Bipennate muscle, 7 Bipolar hemiarthroplasty, 534
Bipolar neuromuscular electrical stimulation, 83 Bisphosphonates, 137, 237
Bladder disorders, 210 Blood flow
cold application and, 70 exercise in hot environment and, 46 heat application and, 72 massage and, 113 Virchow’s triad and, 55
Blood glucose, effects of exercise on, 44 Blood lactate threshold, 38
Blood pressure exercise and, 39, 44 salt intake and, 275 Blood pressure cuff test, 440 Blood supply
to elbow, 388
to extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon, 389
to hand, 412 to humeral head, 326 to knee, 550, 564 to sacroiliac joint, 509 to scaphoid, 416 Blood urea nitrogen, 143 Blood vessels
exercise and, 39
response to inflammation, 26 Blood volume, endurance training and, 40 Blumenthal’s line, 317
Board-lasting athletic shoes, 632 Bohler’s angle, 619
Bone, 30-37
alkaline phosphatase elevation and, 141 calcium in, 143
complex regional pain syndromes and, 61 components of, 30-31
effects of aging on, 31 female athlete triad and, 189 fracture of, 31.See alsoFracture.
guidelines for exercise program for, 43 healing of, 31-36, 131
metal and, 24
myositis ossificans and, 28 osteoporosis and, 31, 217, 236-238
in complex regional pain syndromes, 61 exercise machine and, 300
female athlete triad and, 189 medications for, 137-138, 237 radiology in, 307
of thoracic spine, 481-482
vertebral compression fracture and, 495 transplantation of, 36
Bone mineral density, 237 calcium supplementation and, 276 reading radiograph and, 303 Bone morphogenic proteins
bone healing and, 36 soft tissue healing and, 29 Bone-patellar tendon-bone graft, 570 Bone scan, 305
in hip fracture, 535 in spondylolisthesis, 471 Bone spur, scapular, 369 Boniva.SeeIbandronate.
Boot, 630 Boston brace
for isthmic spondylolisthesis, 470 for scoliosis, 476
Botox.SeeBotulinum toxin.
Botulinum toxin, 135, 227 Boundary lubrication, 23 Boutonniére deformity, 415, 424 Boxer’s fracture, 430 Brachial plexus, 327-328
anatomic mnemonic for, 272 compression of, 164 humeral shaft fracture and, 374 injury of, 378
Pancoast’s tumor and, 380 rucksack palsy and, 377 Brachial plexus palsy, 226-227 Brachialis muscle, 387, 388 Brachioradialis muscle
elbow and, 388
superficial radial nerve compression and, 405 Brachioradialis reflex, 161
Bracing
for humeral shaft fracture, 374 for lumbar spinal stenosis, 465 for patellofemoral pain, 562 for sacroiliac pain, 515 for scoliosis, 475-476 for spondylolisthesis, 470, 471 Bradykinesia, 64
Bradykinin, 26 Breast disorders, 197 Brisement technique, 351 Broden’s view, 619
Brown-Séquard syndrome, 487 Bruiniks-Oseretsky test, 224 Bucket-handle meniscal tear, 565 Bulbocavernous reflex, 166 Bulimia nervosa, 189 BUN.SeeBlood urea nitrogen.
Bunnell-Littler test, 421 Bupivacaine
for chronic pain, 136 for snapping scapula, 369-370 Burned hand, 428
Burner, 164, 380 Bursitis
iliopectineal, 527-528 iliopsoas, 527-528 ischial tuberosity, 528 olecranon, 393 prepatellar, 557-558 trochanteric, 526-527 Burst fracture, 493 Butorphanol, 126 Buttonhole deformity, 424
C C curve, 498 C protein, 3
C-reactive protein, 148, 150 C2 sensory nerve root, 257 C5 root lesion, 378 C6 root lesion, 378 Cachexia, 11 Cadence in gait, 119
Cafergot.SeeErgotamine tartrate.
Caffeine
analgesic rebound and, 260 cervicogenic headache and, 259 for migraine, 262
Calcaneonavicular ligament, 602 Calcaneus
eversion of, 626-627
Calcaneus—cont’d fracture of, 619, 620-621 Sever’s disease of, 611 Calcific tendonitis, 93 Calcitonin, 31
for complex regional pain syndromes, 62 for osteoporosis, 137, 238
Calcium
bone healing and, 33
excitation-contraction coupling and, 8 laboratory tests of, 143-144 supplementation of, 138
for osteoporosis, 238
for postmenopausal women, 276 Calcium phosphate, 31
Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, 54 Calf weakness, ankle function during gait
and, 122 Callus formation, 32 Camptodactyly, 428 Canale’s view, 619 Cancer
exercise and, 301 older adult and, 293 omega-3 fatty acids and, 276 thoracic spine pain in, 483 Cane, 522
gait and, 123-124 Capacitive impedance, 79 Capitate, 415
Capitellar fracture, 398 Capitolunate angle, 311, 312 Capsaicin
for chronic pain, 253
for complex regional pain syndromes, 62 Capsular pattern, 109
Capsular shift, 346 Carbamazepine, 262
Carbohydrates, daily-recommended percentages during heavy training, 277
Cardiac output, 38
Cardiovascular disorders, 198-202 nutrition and, 275-277 older adult and, 293 pain in, 199-201 signs and symptoms of, 201 systemic involvement in, 197 Cardiovascular medications
exercise and, 138, 298 increased risk of falling and, 294 Cardiovascular system
of athlete versussedentary individual, 38 effects of immobility on, 294-295 endurance training and, 40 exercise in hot environment and, 46 physiologic changes during pregnancy, 231 physiologic changes with aging, 188, 298-299 Carisoprodol, 135
Carpal arcs, 313-314 Carpal bones, 415
anatomic mnemonic for, 269-270 articular relationships of, 313-314
Carpal canal, 418 Carpal instability, 433 Carpal ligaments, 415 Carpal scaphoid fracture, 34 Carpal tunnel, 412, 418
Carpal tunnel syndrome, 405, 406, 438-442 diagnostic tests for, 439-441
laser therapy for, 95 during pregnancy, 233 therapeutic ultrasound for, 93 Carpometacarpal joint, 110 Cartilage, 22
articular, 550
reading radiograph and, 303 repair of, 28-29
Case-control study, 180 Case series, 180
Catabolism, glucocorticoids and, 134 Catapres.SeeClonidine.
Categorical variable, 169 Cathode, 78
Cauda equina syndrome, 252 Causalgia, 60, 248 Cave chest, 229
CBC.SeeComplete blood count.
Celebrex.SeeCelecoxib.
Celecoxib, 131, 253 Celestone.SeeBetamethasone.
Cell membrane depolarization, 77 Cell membrane potential, 75 Cellulitis, 207
Central cervical stenosis, 465 Central cord syndrome, 487 Central nervous system
effects of immobility on, 295 physiologic changes with aging, 189 role in chronic pain, 247 Central neuropathic pain, 65 Ceramic-on-ceramic hip prosthesis, 542 Cerebral palsy, 227
Cervical headache, 255-258 Cervical lymph node resection, 369 Cervical myelopathy, 465
Cervical nerve root compression injury, 164 Cervical quadriplegia, 187
Cervical radiculopathy, 115-116, 160, 161 Cervical ribs, sacralization and, 509 Cervical rotation lateral flexion test, 480 Cervical spinal curve, 445
Cervical spine
basilar invagination of, 309 disk herniation of, 456
dural movement with flexion and extension, 450 facet joints of, 447
fractures and dislocations of, 486-495 burst fracture in, 493
compression injuries and, 488, 490, 493 distractive flexion injuries and, 490 Ferguson-Allen classification of, 489 flexion teardrop fracture in, 490 hangman’s fracture in, 491 Jefferson fracture in, 491
odontoid fracture in, 490-491 pediatric spine and, 487 radiography in, 487-488 seat-belt injury and, 493 surgical management of, 494-495 whiplash and, 491-492 functional anatomy of, 445-451 ligaments of, 446
loose-packed versusclose-packed position of, 109 radiologic evaluation of, 307, 308
range of motion of, 445
ratio of disk height to vertebral body height of, 449 referred pain in thoracic region and, 484 spinal nerve roots and, 448
stenosis of, 465-466 Cervical spondylosis, 455 Cervical traction, 115-116 Cervicogenic headache, 255-257
cervical traction for, 116 manual therapy for, 106 Cesarean section, exercise after, 233 Chamberlain’s line, 309 Chance fracture, 493 Charcot joint, 242, 622 Charleston bending brace, 476 Chauffeur’s fracture, 432 Cheiralgia paresthesia, 405 Chemotaxis, 6, 26 Chest pain
musculoskeletal versusischemic, 298-299 in pulmonary disorders, 204
Chest wall pain, 299 Chi-square, 173-174 Child, 223-230
brachial plexus palsy in, 226-227 cerebral palsy in, 227 clubfoot in, 226
complex regional pain syndromes in, 61 deformational plagiocephaly in, 225 developmental dysplasia of hip in, 225-226 developmental milestones of, 223 fracture in, 34
condylar, 397 distal femoral, 585-586 femoral shaft, 535 growth plate, 229-230 proximal tibial physeal, 586-587 radial head, 400-401 spinal, 487 supracondylar, 396 Gower’s maneuver in, 225 growing pains and, 229 heel pain in, 611
isthmic spondylolisthesis in, 470 Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in, 228 orthotic posting strategies for, 628 Osgood-Schlatter disease in, 228 osteochondritis dissecans in, 227-228 pectus excavatum in, 229
slipped capital femoral epiphysis in, 229
Sprengel’s deformity in, 228 standardized tests for, 224 torticollis in, 225 wheelchair and, 223-224 Chin halter, 116 Cholecystitis, 482
Chondroitin supplements, 136, 191 Chondromalacia, 553
Chondroplasty, 28-29 Chopart’s joint, 602 Chronic burner syndrome, 380 Chronic compartment syndrome, 191 Chronic emphysema, 202
Chronic injury, cold application for, 71 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 44 Chronic pain, 247-254
antidepressants for, 132, 253 central nervous system role in, 247 diskogenic nonradicular, 252 exercise programs for, 252 inflammatory cascade and, 249 local anesthetics for, 136, 251, 253 low back, 250
medications for, 253 nerve blocks for, 250 neuropathic, 248
trigger points and, 248-249, 250-251 in whiplash, 491-492
Chronic renal failure, 210 Chronic tension headache, 113 Chronic venous insufficiency, 57 Chvostek’s sign, 144
Ciprofloxacin, 134 Classic migraine, 260 Claudication, neurogenic, 462 Clavicle, 326
acromioclavicular joint injuries and, 359-363 fracture of, 371
Mumford procedure and, 333 sternoclavicular injuries and, 363-365 Claw toes, 615
Cleland’s ligament, 423 Climara.SeeEstrogen.
Clinical prediction rule, 184 Clinical reasoning, 220-222 Clinical research, 168-178
definitions of, 168-169 descriptive statistics in, 170 design of, 170
identification of best clinical tests in, 174-175 inferential statistics in, 172-173
judging effectiveness of treatment in, 178 measurement accuracy and reliability in, 160 measurement validity in, 170
normal distribution, bell curve, and gaussian distribution in, 171
parametric versusnonparametric statistical procedures in, 174
prevalence and incidence in, 176-177 risk ratios and odds ratios in, 177
Clinical research—cont’d
selection of statistical test in, 173-174
sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value in, 175-176 skewed distribution in, 171-172 statistical procedures in, 169-170 variable and, 160
Clinodactyly, 428 Clinoril.SeeSulindac.
Clog, 630 Clonazepam, 253 Clonidine
for chronic pain, 253
for complex regional pain syndromes, 62 for migraine, 262
Close-packed position in manual therapy, 109-111 Closed-chain exercises
anterior cruciate ligament and, 573 for patellofemoral pain, 561 of upper extremity, 387 Closed fracture, 31
Closed kinetic chain isokinetic testing, 289 Closed lock, 498
Closed reduction, 33 Clubfoot, 226 Clunk test, 348 Cluster headache, 256 Cobb angle, 307, 308 Cobb method, 307 Cochrane Collaboration, 181 Codeine, 126, 262 Cognitive function
exercise and, 301
folic acid and vitamin B12supplementation and, 276 Cohort study, 180
Colchicine, 49 Cold application, 69-74 Cold environment, exercise and, 45 Collagen, 31
changes with aging, 22, 295-296 Collateral ligament avulsion fracture, 434 Collateral ligament injury, 574 Colles’ fracture, 432 Colon disorders, 208 Colorectal cancer, 276
Colton classification of olecranon fractures, 399 Combination-lasting athletic shoes, 632 Comminuted fracture, 31
Common fibular neuropathy, 591 Common iliac artery, 509 Common migraine, 260 Compartment syndrome, 247-248
chronic, 191
foot and ankle fractures and, 623-624 Complete blood count, 144
Complete cord syndrome, 487 Completely randomized design, 170 Completely randomized factorial design, 170 Complex regional pain syndromes, 60-65, 248
thoracic spine dysfunction and, 484 Compound fracture, 31
Compression-flexion injury, 490
Compression injury cervical nerve root, 164 L5/S1 nerve root, 161 lower extremity, 590-595 spinal, 488, 490, 493, 495 Compressive cervical myelopathy, 482 Compressive extension injury, 490 Compressive force, 18
Computed tomography, 303 in lumbar spinal stenosis, 463 in sacroiliac joint pain, 515 in spondylolisthesis, 471 Concussion, 192 Conduction velocity, 76 Conductor, 77 Condylar fracture, 397
proximal tibial, 586 Confounding variable, 169 Congenital dislocation of hip, 225-226 Congenital flatfoot, 601
Congenital scoliosis, 474-478 Congenital spondylolisthesis, 469 Congruence angle, 559
Conjugated estrogens for osteoporosis, 237 Connective tissue healing, 26
Connective tissue matrix, 26 Constipation, opioid-induced, 129
Constrained total shoulder arthroplasty, 353-354 Continuous passive motion machine, 576 Continuous variables, 169
Contractile proteins, 3 Contracture
Dupuytren’s, 423 hip, 123
in infrapatellar contracture syndrome, 563 knee, 122-123
oblique retinacular ligament, 421 scar, 428
Contusion, 187 hip, 528-529 quadriceps muscle, 529 Convex-concave rule, 13, 109
COPD.SeeChronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Coracoacromial arch, 331 Coracoacromial ligament, 328
coracoacromial arch and, 331 subacromial decompression and, 332 Coracobrachialis muscle, 322 Coracohumeral ligament, 323 adhesive capsulitis and, 350 Coronary ligament, 548
Coronoid process fracture, 399-400, 401 Correlation coefficient, 173
Corset
for lumbar spinal stenosis, 465 lumbosacral, 449
Cortef.SeeHydrocortisone.
Corticosteroids
delay in healing and, 249 for lateral epicondylitis, 391-392 for migraine, 262
physiologic effects on collagen, 22