Industrial utility vehicles normally include industrial forklifts, airport tugs, golf carts, and vehicles used inside factories and airports for internal transportation. Some of them indeed qualify as off‐road vehicles as well, but we will specifically reserve the name off‐road vehicles for relatively heavy‐duty vehicles such as mining vehicles, refuse trucks, and excavators. In a more specific way, in many instances, industrial utility vehicles are used within relatively confined spaces compared to off‐road vehicles. Hence their propulsion systems sometimes use propane or other gas (including liquefied gas) to fuel their ICEs. The intent is to avoid exhaust‐type pollution within a confined or closed space without adequate ventilation.
However, to prevent noise pollution, in many cases propulsion is purely electrical.
So, the question arises: where do these vehicles appear within the scope of HEVs?
First, let us note that the main motivation behind HEVs is fuel economy and overall size reduction of transmission gearboxes, if possible. Of these, fuel economy is more
Figure 6.27 Picture of a large diesel‐electric locomotive by Siemens. Courtesy Siemens AG.
Special Hybrid Vehicles 173
important in the case of passenger vehicles, whereas the issue of transmission size reduction plays an important role in off‐road vehicles, locomotives, and so on. It is generally true that if the size of the gearbox and other components can be reduced, a concomitant fuel economy will take place. This is beside the fact that locomotives, for example, will also get better fuel economy by running the ICE at its most efficient point.
In an industrial utility vehicle, fuel economy is an issue, but noise reduction, pollution control, and reliability are more important. To that end, purely electric propulsion seems more attractive, which suggests a plug‐in electric vehicle. This is generally suit- able for indoor applications because, almost always, electricity will be available for charging the batteries of the vehicle for such applications. Therefore, multipropulsion HEVs are not particularly attractive for industrial utility vehicles that are operated within confined spaces and short drive cycles.
References
1 Masrur, M.A. (2008) Penalty for fuel economy – system level perspectives on the reliability of hybrid electric vehicles during normal and graceful degradation operation.
IEEE Systems Journal, 2 (4), 476–483.
2 Kargul, J.J. (2007) Hydraulic hybrids – demonstration for port yard hostlers. EPA Presentation, July 11, 2007, http://www.epa.gov/otaq/presentations/diesel/hydraulic‐
hybrid‐hostler.pdf (accessed February 2011).
Main inverter
Auxiliary inverter
HEP inverter
Coach loads
Traction motors
Auxiliary
rectifier Auxiliary system
Motor blowers
Air compressor
Locomotive cooling fans Main
rectifier Diesel
generator
Propulsion battery Ultracapacitor
Figure 6.28 Electrical and propulsion system architecture for a diesel‐electric locomotive including regenerative braking capability.
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3 US EPA (2004) Clean automotive technology – innovation that works. World’s First Full Hydraulic Hybrid SUV, Presented at 2004 SAE World Congress, http://www.epa.gov/
oms/technology/420f04019.pdf (accessed February 2011).
4 Rexroth‐Bosch Group, Axial Piston Fixed Displacement Motor AA2FM (A2FM), Bosch product brochure.
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documents/techsupport/ed_pcim_97.pdf (accessed February 2011)
6 Wang, D., Pan, S., Lin, S., and Guan, C. Design of Energy Storage Unit for Hybrid Excavator Power Management, IEEE VPPC Conf., Sep 2008.
7 SINM (Studio di Ingegneria Navale e Meccanica) (2004) Focus on Propulsion Pods.
Report 060/2004.
8 Hebner, R.E. (2005) Electric ship power system – research at the University of Texas at Austin. IEEE Electric Ship Technology Symposium, July.
9 ABB, The World’s First Azimuthing Electric Propulsion Drive, http://www04.abb.com/
global/seitp/seitp202.nsf/0/589ea2a5cd61753ec12570c002ab1d1/$file/AzipodNew.pdf (accessed February 2011).
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12 Yoo, S., An, S., Park, C., and Kim, N. Design and Control of Hybrid Electric Power System for a Hydraulically Actuated Excavator, SAE Paper #: 2009–0102927.
13 Kagoshima, M. The Development of an 8 tonne Class Hybrid Hydraulic Excavator SK80H, Kobelco Technology Review, no. 31, Jan 2013.
Further Reading
Caterpillar, http://catsays.blogspot.com/2005/01/caterpillar‐797b‐mining‐truck.html (accessed February 2011).
Comparing Battery Power, www.batteryuniversity.com/parttwo‐53.htm (accessed February 2011).
Hungarians in the History of Transport, www.itdh.com/resource.aspx?ResourceID=GREAT21 (accessed February 2011).
Komatsu, http://www.komatsuamerica.com/default.aspx?p=equipment&f1=view&prdt_id=947 (accessed February 2011).
Komatsu. http://www.komatsu.com/CompanyInfo/press http://www.epa.gov/oms/
standards/light‐duty/udds.htm (accessed February 2011).
Wikimedia, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Liebherr_T282.jpg (accessed February 2011).
http://sections.asme.org/Fairfield/FEBRUARY%2023,%202005%20FAIRFIELD,
%20DOLAN%20SCHOOL%20OF%20BUSINESS.htm
http://www.copyrightfreecontent.com/auto/prius‐of‐the‐skies/(accessed February 2011).
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Helios_Prototype_on_Lakebed_‐_GPN‐2000‐000198.jpg (accessed February 2011).
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Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives, Second Edition. Chris Mi and M. Abul Masrur.
© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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