variation in solar radiation received by earth

... Cover design by Zosia Dzier˙zawska Printed by ITC Printing Department Trang 3QUANTIFYING SOLAR RADIATIONAT THE EARTH SURFACE WITH METEOROLOGICAL AND SATELLITE DATA DISSERTATION to obtainthe degree ... 4.3 Methods 69 4.3.1 Estimating solar radiation from sunshine hours 69 4.3.2 Estimating solar radiation from cloud coverage 70 4.3.3 Estimating solar radiation from air temperature ... Synthesis 119 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Improvements in solar radiation modelling 120 6.3 Accuracy of satellite-derived solar radiation 122 6.4 Merging solar radiation datasets

Ngày tải lên: 03/03/2017, 10:10

... and the thinning intensity I were retained for this study Thin-ning intensity I is defined in terms of basal area, being equal to the ratio of absolute G variation (∆G = G0 – G) against initial ... values in order to remain in the experimental range of extinction coefficient b values). A qualitative analysis of the influences of time since last thinning (τ) and thinning intensity (I) on extinction ... time since last thinning and the intensity of this thinning: (6) p, u and v being fitted from data Scots pine stands were not included in this model assessment as no data was available on thinning

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 01:22

... grinding processes37 To understand if there were differences in the atomic order within crystals, the plotted curves of C gallina were compared with grinding curves of other calcifying marine ... little information is known on varying OM content and composition in relation to envi-ronmental parameters As indicated by all micro and nanoscale analyses, the biomineral remained the same in all ... samples, indicating that the “building blocks” produced by the biomineralization process are substantially unaffected by the SR and SST variations among the different populations along the latitudinal

Ngày tải lên: 04/12/2022, 16:13

... lighter skin increased in frequency in populations expanding into lower UVR regions, possibly to increase the potential for vitamin D synthesis [15, 21] Skin pigmentation is primarily determined by ... Abstract Background: Variation in human skin pigmentation evolved in response to the selective pressure of ultra-violet radiation (UVR) Selection to maintain darker skin in high UVR environments ... an increase in the activity of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme of melanogenesis, as well as increased levels of tyrosinase-related proteins (TRP)-1 and −2 [34, 35], ultimately resulting in

Ngày tải lên: 27/03/2023, 05:14

... one In both cases, the Ca2+ concentration increased gradually from the beginning of leaching, decreased after a peak, and then increased and decreased again This behavior indicates that the initial ... and Cl- in a column were investigated by using a tensiometer and a four-electrode sensor, and the amounts of these salts in soil and leachate were measured by ICP-MS Moreover, by taking the water ... evapotranspiration in test fields in China into consideration, salt leaching in fields could be predicted using the results of the soil column experiment MATERIALS AND METHODS Soil sampling and soil

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 09:38

... LANGUAGE TEACHING CODE: 60.14.10 MASTER THESIS IN EDUCATION VINH - 2011 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY --------------- ***** ------------- LE THI LE HA COMMON ERRORS IN USING MODAL ... MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY --------------- ***** ------------- LE THI LE HA COMMON ERRORS IN USING MODAL V ERBS BY 2 ND -YEAR NON- ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS OF OFFICE ADMINISTRATION ... Mother tongue interference 20 2.4.2. Interlingual interference 22 2.4.3. Intralingual Interference

Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2013, 19:50

... this earth life was beautiful and interesting that men had the right tolive and enjoy everything on the earth 1.1.2.3 Renaissance in the awakening s mind, the awakening of individual’ Trang 8In ... effort high determination by working hard, they overcome difficulty and challenge in the life as finding anew suitable method applying on producing agriculture, or inventing some engines for production ... to printing machine invention, the number of readers ofancient writers increased greatly and the reading and studying of Greek, Romanliteratures became more interested in the amount of printed

Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2013, 21:45

... touched by the Revolution with James Watt’sinvention of steam engine Since then, the application of new inventions anddiscoveries into many aspects created a major change in producing method.Machines ... bloomingdevelopment.The leading principles of Enlightenment centered round the following ideas: 1 Reason is a principle tool for all humans to think and to act correctly 2 Man is good by nature In ... seemed capable of explaining everything in the universeand it was also the basic principle of Enlighteners In the field of philosophy, thinkers, especially Rousseau and Voltaire inFrance, praised

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 09:36

... Rev J.T Pinfold, D.D., representing Wellington Ministers' Association Canon T Feilden Taylor, appointed by the Bishop of Wellington Major Winton, Salvation Army Mr W Beck, Officer in Charge ... Attendance; Locality of Clinics; Hours of Attendance; Lady Doctors; Supply of Apparatus and Drugs for certain Cases; Advertising Clinics; Extension of Clinics; Training at Clinics for Nurses, Students, ... attend the sittings of the Committee since the middle of August The remaining members have been present at all sittings of the Committee, details of which are appended in the following table:—

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 07:20

... Trang 1ACCOUNTING FOR POPULATION AGEING IN TAX MICROSIMULATION MODELLING BY SURVEY REWEIGHTING* LIXIN CAI, JOHN CREEDY and GUYONNE KALB University of Melbourne This paper investigates the ... sees the largest increase, in line with the ageing population and a smaller increase is observed for the Disability Support Pension, which also tends to be received by older individuals When ... expenditure obtained directly from the SIHC when aggregated using the ABS weights and when 8 This is probably caused by the fact that the SIHC excludes people in institutions or people living in remote

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 10:20

... Mg-independent The isothermal increase in oxkwith increasing [Mg2+] was thus interpreted in terms of a simple model of screening of the negative charges on phosphate groups by Mg2+ ions, lowering ... case of TpT, intramolecular stack-ing of thymine residues brstack-ings the two C(5)¼C(6) bonds in close proximity, thereby increasing the prob-ability of their attack by MnO4 and decreasing the effect ... effect increases progressively as the temperature falls (Table 1), which may be due to increased binding of Mg2+ This point is dealt with further in the Discus-sion Oxidation of thymine in thymidine

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 18:20

... be included or excluded in ways similar to those for earnings in kind For example, employing sweeping definitions of in-kind transfers, but unduly limiting types of in-kind income included in ... part by government when purchased by households in the market place Again, there is a good case in principle for including such transfers in recipients' incomes and in practice for drawing the line ... Security administrative record In-kind income, including imputed wages and imputed farm income, was distributed by a variety of methods, using information already in the EM-SM file, as well as information

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 21:20

... between acetylcholinesterases of kid-ney and erythrocytes in the extent of binding with the lectins concanavalin A, Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA), and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA) (Fig 3), ... explain their wide distribution in tissues and cells [16], including stem cells [17] Increasing evidence links these noncatalytic actions with the binding of cholinesterases to several protein ... 7.0) containing the antiproteinases benzamidine (2 mm), pepsta-tin A (10 lgÆmL)1), leupeptin (20 lgÆmL)1), aprotinin (20 UÆmL)1), soybean trypsin inhibitor (0.1 mgÆmL)1), and bacitracin (1 mgÆmL)1)

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 22:21

... heme-binding protein [16] Physiologic studies showed that the production of HbpS is positively influenced by hemin in S reticuli; this correlated with increased hemin resistance Interestingly, ... frag-ments lacking either binding site II, binding site III or both showed that each of them is necessary for speci-fic targeting by SenR Further single replacements within each binding site (I, ... within SenScand SenR have been investigated Bandshift and footprinting analyses have allowed the characterization of the DNA-binding properties in response to phosphoryla-tion by the sensorkinase

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 10:20

... proteins was also reflected as decreases in b-oxidation activities of cultured fibroblasts with increas-ing temperatures, indicatincreas-ing that this effect is observable in intact cells Interestingly, ... by increasing the amount of chaperonins or by lowering the culture temperature when the recombinant protein is expressed in Escherichia coli [21,22] Similarly, many of the other disease-causing ... confirming that the folding change is irreversible One could thus envisage that by increasing the stress placed on the MCAD tetramer, i.e by increasing the temperature, the tetramer has an increased

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 16:20

... Schimmel Typesetting: LE-TeX Jelonek, Schmidt & Vöckler GbR, Leipzig Printing: Mercedes-Druck, Berlin Binding: Stein +Lehmann, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper 32/3141/as 5 4 3 2 1 0 2 Solar Radiation in ... book. The following main types ofradiation(andtheir energy) are distinguished in radiation transferring thr oughout the atmosphere: direct radiation (radiation coming to the point immediately ... within different spectral ranges. As is seen from above, it is possible to divide all radiation int o solar and self (heat) radiation. In this book, we are considering only solar radiation in...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... are taking into account that the enhancing of emitted energy within the elementary volume could occur also owing to the scattering of external radiation coming to the 28 Solar Radiation in the ... within the radiation field. In general case both the extinction and the enhancing of energy of radiation passing through this volume are taking place (Fig. 1.6). Let I be the radiance incoming ... condition accepted in Sect. 1.1 we are considering solar radiation incoming to the plane atmosphere top as an incident solar parallel flux F 0 from direction (ϑ 0 , ϕ 0 ). Then, deducing the intensity...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... main partofthesolardownwellingirradianceinaclearsky.Thepitchinfluenceon the accounting of direct radiation in the measured irradiance was obviously owing to the deviation of the angle of the solar ... We are neglecting the radiation scattering in the optically thin clear atmosphere between the cloud layers and in the underlying clear layer and assuming that the lower layer adjoins the ground surface ... will concentrate on it. By the beginning of the 1980th, instruments for radiation observations were united in a complex: an information-measuring system (Vasilyev O et al. 1987). The measuring part of the...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... irradiance: solar radiation decreases owing to the radiation extinction in the atmosphere. For the upwelling irradiancethis effect pointstothe predominanceofscattering processes over absorption processes in ... indicates the decreasing of both upwelling and downwelling irradiances with the increasing of the atmospheric pressure in all cases. This behavior is evident for the downwelling irradiance: solar ... experiment planning and data processing was the minimization of the random uncertainty of the results and correction of the systematic uncertainty during instrument calibration. Increasing the measurement...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... exists and it is mostly evinced in the shortwave spectral region. The main result of the study by Minnet (1999) is the following: solar zenith angle is critical in determining whether clouds heat ... Isakov VYu (1990) Radiation – hydrooptics experiments in lakes. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian) Kondratyev KYa, Binenko VI, Melnikova IN (1996) Cloudiness absorption of solar radiation in visual spectral ... spectrometer for inves- tigation of short-wav e radiation field in the atmosphere. In: Pr oblems o f Atmospheric Physics. 6:Leningrad University Press, Leningrad, pp 175–181 (in Russian) Minin IN (1988)...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21