understanding cross section concepts and view types

... Myanmar 51 Idem, paras 49 and 62 INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW: UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS AND TRACKING INNOVATIONS – ISBN 978-92-64-04202-5 – © OECD 2008 23 DEFINITION OF INVESTOR AND INVESTMENT IN INTERNATIONAL ... States and Nationals of Other States” (1972) 136, Recueil des Cours de l’Académie de Droit International, 331 at 358-9 and 361 34 INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW: UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS AND TRACKING ... an Italian, German, French, and two Pakistani companies, and Impregilo was selected to act as “leader” of the JV INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW: UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS AND TRACKING INNOVATIONS –...

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... Comments on their Origin, Purposes, and General Treatment Standards” in 11 Int’l Tax and Bus L 105 at 111 (1986) 112 INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW: UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS AND TRACKING INNOVATIONS – ISBN ... Antigua and Barbuda (1998); Bosnia and Herzegovina (2001) [not in force]; Lebanon (1997); Nigeria (2000); Philippines (1997); Thailand (2002) INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW: UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS AND ... France-Mexico BIT 1998, Mexico-Switzerland BIT 1995, Mexico-Austria BIT, Belgium and Luxembourg-Mexico BIT 1998 110 INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW: UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS AND TRACKING INNOVATIONS – ISBN...

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... 3.A2, section 2.1) and Annex 3.A2 section for the following FTAs: Canada-Chile, Canada-Costa Rica, Chile-China, Chile-Panama and all US FTAs INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW: UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS AND ... the most-favoured-nation standard and the minimum treatment standard (including “fair and equitable” treatment) INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW: UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS AND TRACKING INNOVATIONS – ... Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW: UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS AND TRACKING...

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... circles of the cross section, respectively, 2c is height of the cylinder, L1, L2 are heights of cross section segments, respectively, R0 is the intersection point of the circles and X-axes The ... function amplitude [see (10)] on cross section parameters of QD is canceled In other words, the electron and hole wave functions’ overlap integral in the falciform cross section plane is always nonzero, ... confinement effect Finally, in Figs and comparisons are given of the AE values or the falciform cross section with parameters L1 ă and L2 in the cases when parabolic and modified PoschlTeller potential...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 01:20

... number followed by section number and, sometimes, subsection number Therefore, Section 6.3 refers to Section in Chapter 6, and Section 13.8.3 refers to Subsection of Section in Chapter 13 By always ... special-topics courses, and it should serve as a general reference My focus on cross section and panel data methods—in particular, what is often dubbed microeconometrics—is novel, and it recognizes ... semiparametric and nonparametric methods are available in Volume of the Handbook of Econometrics—see Powell (1994) and Hardle and Linton (1994)as well as in ă Volume 11 of the Handbook of Statistics—see...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... matrices Because we will rely heavily on random sampling, it is important to know what it allows and what it rules out Random sampling is often reasonable for cross section data, where, at a given point ... exclude cases of some interest for cross section analysis For example, the identical distribution assumption is unlikely to hold for a pooled cross section, where random samples are obtained from ... the cross section dimension gets large while the time series dimension is fixed 1.3 Some Examples In this section we provide two examples to emphasize some of the concepts from the previous sections...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... x2 , x1 x2 has zero mean and is uncorrelated with x1 and x2 ) d Why is equation (2.47) generally more useful than equation (2.48)? 2.4 For random scalars u and v and a random vector x, suppose ... Conditional Expectations Definition and Examples Let y be a random variable, which we refer to in this section as the explained variable, and let x ðx1 ; x2 ; ; xK Þ be a  K random vector of explanatory ... Expectations and Related Concepts in Econometrics 19 If we only assume equation (2.18), then u can be correlated with nonlinear functions of x1 and x2 , such as quadratics, interactions, and so on...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... Estimators and Test Statistics In this section, we apply the previous concepts to sequences of estimators Because estimators depend on the random outcomes of data, they are properly viewed as random ... ẳ Op 1ị and op 1ị op 1ị ẳ op 1ị All of the previous definitions apply element by element to sequences of random vectors or matrices For example, if fxN g is a sequence of random K Â random p ... g converges in distribution to the continuous random vector x if and only if for any K Â nond d random vector c such that c c ¼ 1, c xN ! c x, and we write xN ! x d When x @ Normalðm; VÞ the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... (4.29) (except ability, of course) Find y1 and its ^ standard error; find y2 and its standard error when Deduc ¼ 4.2 a Show that, under random sampling and the zero conditional mean as^ sumption ... that a1 and a2 appear directly (Note that m1 and m2 will also appear.) c Given a random sample, what regression would you run to estimate a1 and a2 directly? What if you not know m1 and m2 ? ... x1 ¼ educ, and x2 ¼ exper (You will have to plug in the sample averages of educ and exper.) Compare coe‰cients and standard errors when the interaction term is educÁexper instead, and discuss...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... ðy1 À y0 Þ=ðx1 À x0 Þ where y0 and x0 are the sample averages of yi and xi over the part of the sample with zi ¼ 0, and y1 and x1 are the sample averages of yi and xi over the part of the sample ... equation (5.1) and use the IV estimator from the previous subsection Since the dj and yj are popà ulation parameters, xK is not a usable instrument However, as long as we make the standard assumption ... zịẵEz zị1 Ez xị and this matrix is nonsingular if and only if Eðz xÞ has rank K; that is, if and only if Assumption 2SLS.2b holds If 2SLS.2b fails, then Eðx à xÞ is singular and b is not identified...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... pure cross section analysis can be applied to pooled cross sections, including corrections for heteroskedasticity, specification testing, instrumental variables, and so on But in using pooled cross ... of OLS and 2SLS has been explicitly for the case of random samples In this section we briefly discuss some issues that arise for other sampling schemes that are sometimes assumed for cross section ... that educ and u1 may be correlated The instruments for educ are parents’ education and husband’s education So, we first regress educ on 1, exper, exper , motheduc, fatheduc, and huseduc and obtain...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... observations pooled across i and t We mentioned this estimator in the context of independent cross sections in Section 6.3 The estimator in equation (7.17) is for the same cross section units sampled ... between males and females in both earnings and benets But what about between whites and nonwhites, and married and unmarried people? The F-type statistic for joint significance of married and white ... in Section 7.2, and many others, as special cases Assume that we have independent, identically distributed cross section observations fXi ; yi ị: i ẳ 1; 2; ; Ng, where Xi is a G Â K matrix and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... can change across g, and sgh ẳ Covug ; uh ị can diÔer across g and h The system homoskedasticity assumption (8.37) necessarily holds when the instruments Zi are treated as nonrandom and Varðu i ... allow this generality is that we fix the row dimension of Zi and u i and let N ! y Therefore, we are assuming that N, the size of the cross section, is large enough relative to T to make fixed T asymptotics ... equations yi ẳ X i b ỵ u i where i indexes the cross section observation, yi and u i are G Â 1, Xi is G Â K, Zi is the G Â L matrix of instruments, and b is K Â Let W ¼ Eðu i ui0 Þ Make the following...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... w is the dummy argument in the labor supply and labor demand functions We assume that observed hours, h, and observed wage, w, equate supply and demand: Simultaneous Equations Models 213 h ¼ h ... (9.38), and applying nonlinear GMM estimation See Lahiri and Schmidt (1978) and Hausman, Newey, and Taylor (1987) Simultaneous Equations Models 9.4.3 229 Subtleties Concerning Identification and ... discovered independently by Hansen (1982) and White (1982b), and it follows from the discussion in Section 8.6 Expanding the IV list to arbitrary functions of z and applying full GMM is not used very...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... where the time dimension, T, is fixed and the cross section dimension, N, grows without bound With large-N asymptotics it is convenient to view the cross section observations as independent, identically ... ð10:11Þ where x it is  K and can contain observable variables that change across t but not i, variables that change across i but not t, and variables that change across i and t In addition to unobserved ... ci is called a random eÔect when it is treated as a random variable and a xed eÔect when it is treated as a parameter to be estimated for each cross section observation i Our view is that discussions...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... standard errors and test statistics for heteroskedasticity or serial correlation might be warranted With a large cross section, a GMM system procedure that exploits general heteroskedasticity and ... that is not available with a single cross section or independently pooled à cross sections Under assumption (11.36), rit is uncorrelated with wis for all t and s Thus, if we assume that the measurement ... results in a single cross section on the seconddiÔerenced data, so that if the second-diÔerence error is homoskedastic conditional on xi , the standard OLS analysis on the cross section of second...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... we would like to estimate them Generic candidates for yo1 and yo2 are labeled y1 and y2 , and, without further information, y1 is any positive number and y2 is any real number: the parameter ... initially seem It covers cross section models with many equations, and it also covers panel data settings with small time series dimension The extension to independently pooled cross sections is almost ... for example, Davidson and MacKinnon (1993), Bera and McKenzie (1986), Orme (1990), and Chesher and Spady (1991) PN ~ ~ The Hessian form of the LM statistic uses M ¼ i¼1 Hi , and it has a few drawbacks:...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... settings with large cross sections and relatively small time periods are encompassed, since the appropriate asymptotic analysis is with the time dimension fixed and the cross section dimension tending ... to understand that the subsequent results apply any time we have random sampling in the cross section dimension Thus, the general theory applies to system estimation, as in Chapters and 9, provided ... i , and not just one of many candidates It will be useful to let X H RK denote the possible values for x i and Y denote the possible values of yi ; X and Y are called the supports of the random...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... a linear demand and supply system for G attributes of a good or service (see Epple, 1987; Kahn and Lang, 1988; and Wooldridge, 1996) The demand and supply system is written as demandg ẳ h1g ỵ ... struc- Generalized Method of Moments and Minimum Distance Estimation 433 tural demand and supply functions, we can use these as instruments in both the demand and supply equations Specifically, we ... Montgomery, Shaw, and Benedict, 1992; Hagy, 1998), where the assumption is that the demand and supply functions not change across region or industry but the type of matching does, and therefore pi...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... typically called the random eÔects probit estimator, and the theory in Section 13.9 can be applied directly to obtain asymptotic standard errors and test statistics Since b and sc can be estimated, ... yi0 ; z i Þ and with a and sa replacing c and sc , respectively Conveniently, this result means that we can use standard random eÔects probit software to estimate c, d, r, x0 , x, and sa2 : we ... the LPM model on one hand, and the logit and probit models on the other, is that the LPM assumes constant marginal eÔects for educ, kidslt6, and so on, while the logit and probit models imply...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20