the voice and data communications handbook fourth edition

... between the reference and the last value which has been compared, the following distances are computed: distance between the value and the first value of the inter- val, and distance between the value ... between the value and the last value of the interval. If the former is lower than the latter, the qualitative value assigned is the one corresponding to the first value. Otherwise, the qualitative ... n is the size of the sample; ˆ μ n and ˆ σ n are the estimated mean and standard deviation of the target distribution based on the sample; α n denotes the confidence coefficient following the correction

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... of the data set; the type of the outliers; the proportion of outliers in the dataset; and the outliers’ degree of contamination (outlyingness). The study motivated the authors to recommend the ... instances skews the mean and the covariance estimates toward it and away from other non- outlying instances, and the resulting distance from these instances to the mean is large, making them look like ... (measuring the location) and the variance-covariance (measuring the shape) are the two most commonly used statistics for data analysis in the presence of outliers (Rousseeuw and Leory, 1987). The use

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... distribution in the labeled space The bounds are expressed in terms of the size of the training set and the VC-dimension of the inducer Trang 9138 Lior Rokach and Oded MaimonTheorem 1 The bound on the generalization ... between the training error and the confidence assigned to the training error as a predictor for the generalization error, measured by the difference between the generalization and training errors The ... models describe and explain phenom-ena, which are hidden in the dataset and can be used for predicting the value of the target attribute knowing the values of the input attributes The supervised

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... on the induction method and much less on the specific domain considered. On the other hand, the dependence of error metrics on a specific domain cannot be neglected. 8.6 Scalability to Large Datasets ... corresponds to the label of the bag and all other instances within the bag are just noises. Note that in “multiple-instance” problem the ambiguity comes from the instances within the bag. Supervised ... 131–158. Rokach, L. and Maimon, O., Clustering methods, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook, pp. 321–352, 2005, Springer. Rokach, L. and Maimon, O., Data mining for improving the quality of

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... the rule: “If customer age is is less than or equal to or equal to 30, and the gender of the cus-tomer is “Male” – then the cuscus-tomer will respond to the mail” The resulting rule set can then ... using the training set and evaluated on the pruning set On the other hand, if the given dataset is not large enough, they propose to use cross–validation methodology, despite the computational complexity ... Note that if the probability vector has a component of 1 (the variable x gets only one value), then the variable is defined as pure On the other hand, if all components are equal, the level of

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... of the tree T on the training set S. Z is the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution and α is the desired significance level. Let subtree(T,t) denote the subtree rooted by the ... assumptions about the space distribution and the classifier structure. On the other hand, decision trees have such disadvantages as: 1. Most of the algorithms (like ID3 and C4.5) require that the target ... from the entire dataset. However, this method also has an upper limit for the largest dataset that can be processed, because it uses a data structure that scales with the dataset size and this data

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... verbal and a human understandable description of the system and to efficiently store and handle this distribution, which grows exponentially with the number of variables in the domain The second ... acyclic graph and lists the three Markov properties that are represented by the graph in the middle The panel on the right describes the global Markov property and lists three of the seven global ... arise from the combination of graph theory and probability theory and their success rests on their ability to handle complex probabilistic models by decomposing them into smaller, amenable components

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... about the parameters of the model M h The likelihood function, on the other hand, encodes the knowledge about the mechanism underlying the data generation In our framework, the data generation mechanism ... binary The two tables on the right describe a simple database of seven cases, and the frequencies n 3 jk The full joint distribution is defined by the parametersθ3 jk, and the parametersθ1kandθ2k ... extracted from data There are two main approaches to model validation: one addresses the goodness of fit of the network selected from data and the other assesses the predictive accuracy of the network

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... computed with the model induced from data, and y ih is the value of Y i in the hth case of the test set. The score s ih will be 0 when the model predicts y ih with certainty, and increases as the probability ... reproducing the data and can be summarized to compute the error rate for fit. Because these residuals measure the difference between the observed and fit- ted values, anomalies in the residuals ... Abad, and Marco F. Ramoni distribution over the classes via Bayes’ Theorem and assigns the case to the class with the highest posterior probability. When the attributes are all continuous and modelled

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... On the other hand, the wealth rating of donors living in rural neighborhood has the op- posite effect: the higher the wealth rating, the smaller the probability that the donor responds, and the ... the head of the household and the number of adult females make all the other variables independent of the ethnic group. Thus, the extracted model supports the hypothesis that differences in the ... at most a function of the observed values in the database and, in all other cases, data are IM. The received view is that, when data are either MCAR or MAR, the missing data mechanism is ignorable

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... is constructed The larger the “window” or “span,” the larger the proportion of observations included, and the smoother the fit Proportions between 25 and 75 are common because they seem to provide ... than the second break point and 0 otherwise We let x abe the value of x at the first break point and x bbe the value of x at the second break point The mean function is then3 ¯y|x =β0+β1x+β2(x − ... exercise is to superimpose the fitted values on the a scatter plot of the data so that the relationship between y and x can be visualized The relevant output is the picture The regression coefficients

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... as a “test” data set. 15 Some measure of the quality of the fit is computed with these data. Then, the values of a given explanatory variable in the test data are randomly shuffled, and a second ... illustration. The full data set is contained in the root node. The final partitions are 11 Regression Framework 223 subsets of the data placed in the terminal nodes. The internal nodes contain subsets of data ... in the majority category. The left hand number is the count of inmates in the minority category. For example, in the terminal node at the far right side, there are 332 inmates. Because 183 of the

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... computing the class of a new point by checking the angle between two vectors - the vector con-necting the two cluster means and the vector concon-necting the mid-point on that line with the new ... for the class of hyperplanes, the capacity of the function can be bounded in terms of another quantity, the margin (Figure 12.1) The margin is defined as the minimal distance of a sample to the ... C, i = 1, ,n , ∑n The only difference from the separable case is the upper bound C on the Lagrange multipliersαi The solution remains sparse and the decision function retains the same form as

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... Tamassia Preface to the Fourth Edition This fourth edition is designed to provide an introduction to data structures and algorithms, including their design, analysis, and implementation. In ... contributed to the development of the Java code examples in this book and to the initial design, implementation, and testing of the net.datastructures library of data structures and algorithms ... Vesselin Arnaudov and ike Shim for testing the current version of net.datastructures Many students and instructors have used the two previous editions of this book and their experiences and responses...

Ngày tải lên: 28/04/2014, 15:41

... know the data is is a very important part of Data Mining, and many data visualization facilities and data preprocessing tools are provided. All algorithms and methods take their input in the form ... of the data, to retrieve the exact record underlying a particular data point, and so on. The Explorer interface does not allow for incremental learning, because the Preprocess panel loads the dataset ... specified. Explanations of these options and their legal values are available as built-in help in the graphi- cal user interfaces. They can also be listed from the command line. Additional information and pointers...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... enterprises. Thus, we have first hand experience in the needs of the KDD/DM community in research and practice. This handbook evolved from these experiences. The first edition of the handbook, which was published ... include the new advances in the field in a second edition of the handbook. About half of the book is new in this edition. This second edition aims to refresh the previous material in the fundamental areas, ... abundance of data. Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) is the process of identifying valid, novel, useful, and understandable patterns from large datasets. Data Mining (DM) is the mathematical...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... Multimedia Data Mining 58 Data Mining in Medicine Nada Lavra ˇ c, Bla ˇ z Zupan 1111 59 Learning Information Patterns in Biological Databases - Stochastic Data Mining Gautam B. Singh 1137 60 Data Mining ... Kovalerchuk, Evgenii Vityaev 1153 61 Data Mining for Intrusion Detection Anoop Singhal, Sushil Jajodia 1171 62 Data Mining for CRM Kurt Thearling 1181 63 Data Mining for Target Marketing Nissan ... Rokach 959 51 Data Mining using Decomposition Methods Lior Rokach, Oded Maimon 981 52 Information Fusion - Methods and Aggregation Operators Vicenc¸ Torra 999 53 Parallel And Grid-Based Data Mining...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... does the understanding and the automation of the nine steps and their interrelation. For this to happen we need better characterization of the KDD problem spectrum and definition. The terms KDD and ... unknown patterns. The model is used for understanding phenomena from the data, analysis and prediction. The accessibility and abundance of data today makes Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining a matter ... DM Trends 6. The Organization of the Handbook 7. New to This Edition The special recent aspects of data availability that are promoting the rapid develop- ment of KDD and DM are the electronically...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... tools and techniques, Morgan Kaufmann Pub, 2005. Wu, X. and Kumar, V. and Ross Quinlan, J. and Ghosh, J. and Yang, Q. and Motoda, H. and McLachlan, G.J. and Ng, A. and Liu, B. and Yu, P.S. and others, ... (Steps 3, 4 of the KDD process). The Data Mining methods are presented in the second part with the introduction and the very often-used supervised methods. The third part of the handbook considers Part ... of the two emerging areas: mul- timedia and data mining. Instead, the multimedia data mining research focuses on the theme of merging multimedia and data mining research together to exploit the...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21