the mathematical theory of elasticity

... energy?This is the deep problem of the approach to equilibrium , having its origins in the Second Law of Thermodynamics We will see how rather generally the balance of energy plus a statement of the Second ... (F ) = ˜ W (C) then (H2) holds. Thus frame-indifference reduces the dependence of W on the 9 elements of F to the 6 elements of U or C. Trang 34Material SymmetryIn addition, if the material has ... Navier, special case of linear elasticity via molecular model (Dalton’s atomic theory was 1807) 1822 Cauchy, stress, nonlinear and linear elasticity For a long time the nonlinear theory was ignored/forgotten.

Ngày tải lên: 18/05/2017, 15:41

... connected theory of the electromagnetic field includes the special theory of relativity, so the latter has been taken as the basis of the presentation As the starting point of the derivation of the ... discussion of the question of symmetry of the Christoffel symbols in the theory of gravitation The sign has been changed in the definition of the electromagnetic field stress tensor (In the present ... These formulas determine the transformation of velocities They describe the law of composition of velocities in the theory of relativity In the limiting case of c > ©, they go over into the

Ngày tải lên: 30/12/2013, 10:45

... calculate the integral (36) by taking the residues of the singularities outside of the contour, rather than the N poles enclosed by this contour There are two of them outside; one is ñ(z) and the other ... generalisations of ensembles of random matrices in which the Hamil tonian H is the sum of a deterministic part Hy and of a Gaussian random potential V The standard methods of the theory of random matrices, ... denote the elements of the basis of reduced elements of TLa(g) by the corresponding arch configurations a of order n where ¢(a) is precisely the number of connected components of the closure of a

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 14:36

... this result trivial by the simplicity of the argument The hard work of the proof is, of course, in the proof of asymptotic completeness In particular, an essential element of the present argument ... to the former Second, there are the single-channel and multichannel parts of the theory And third, there are the time-dependent and time-independent parts These divisions have determined the ... which there is just one channel Two examples of such single-channel processes are the low-energy scattering of electrons off _ protons or of neutrons off « particles In either of these processes the

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 14:44

... being thoseportions of the liquid in which there is vortex motion.The simplicityofthe assumptionsofthe vortex atom theory are, however, somewhat dearly purchased atthe costof themathematical difficulties ... when-be the constitution of the atom, we have direct experi-mental proof ofthe existence ofthese corpuscles, andI will begin the discussion of the corpuscular theory with a description of the discovery ... independent of the kind of electrodes we use and Trang 1610 THE COEPUSCULAE THEOEY OF MATTEE.also of the kind of gas inthe tube The particleswhichform thecathode rays must comeeitherfrom the gas inthetube

Ngày tải lên: 04/06/2014, 12:43

... Alternatives to the Property Theory 59 1 The Triadic View of Belief 59 2 How the Property Theory and the Triadic 3 Dyadic Propositionalism Reconsidered 79Chapter 4 Arguments against the Property Theory ... main rivals to the property theory of content and evaluate each of them with respect to the prop-erty theory The chapter is largely devoted to only two rival views, but each of them comes in several ... where their subjects do not exist; the property theory has trouble accounting for the communication of our thoughts to others; and the property theory cannot account adequately for the validity of

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 00:53

... demonstrated for the case of the war in Vietnam with theunbridgeable gap between the people, the army, and the government ofthe USA Notwithstanding the possibility of applying these examples ofuse, there ... advancethe outcome of the campaign and of the Battle of Waterloo In terms of foreign policy, the French army was confronted—as in the Battle ofLeipzig—by a coalition of the leading states of Europe ... befound there The sight of Moscow in flames is seen as a symbol of thevanity of the hope that peace could be found there, regardless of whetherthe Russian government planned to set fire to the city

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 00:57

... prospects and other pertinent variables, and the ages at which these differences unfold These questions are at the heart of resolving the “annuity puzzle”: Contrary to theoretical predictions, the market ... Trang 2The Economic Theory of AnnuitiesTrang 3iiTrang 4The Economic Theoryof Annuities Eytan Sheshinski p r i n c e t o n u n i v e r s ... debts I studied at MIT during the “golden age” of the 1960s The “explosive exuberance” of the lectures by Paul Samuelson, Robert Solow, and their colleagues, and the discussions (sometimes night-long)

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... tends to mitigate the effects of adverse selection because, when bundled, the negative correlation between the costs of these products reduces the overall variation of the costs of the bundle with ... of medical insurance, for example, depend on the health characteristics of the insured Of course, the value of such insurance to the purchaser depends on the same characteristics Similarly, the ... percent compared to the cost of these products when purchased sepa-rately They also found that bundling increases significantly the number of people who purchase the insurance, thereby reducing

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... but the positive effect of higher survival probability on expected utility dominates The effect on the welfare of other individuals facing only resource redistribution depends on the shape of the ... There exists, however, a well-developed theory on the dependence of steady-state age density distributions on the underlying parameters (e.g., Coale, 1972) The analysis below builds on this theory ... information on the survival proba-bilities of individuals and a zero rate of interest, the price of a unit of second-period consumption, c 2h, is equal to the survival probability of each annuitant

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... dynamics out of equilibrium, we follow the standard assumption that the sign of the price of each good changes in the opposite direction to the sign of profits from sales of this good The following ... description of the motivation for and the stipulations of these annuities from a textbook for actuaries: These are usually effected to avoid the disappointment that is often felt in the event of the ... of annuity is sold at a common price available to all potential buyers In this kind of pooling equilibrium, the price of each type of annuity is equal to the average longevity of the buyers of

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... < T The pooling rate of return on annuities, reflecting adverse selection in the purchase of annuities in equilibrium, is lower than the rate of return on annuities purchased prior to the realization ... selection Two, adverse selection causes the prices of annuities to exceed the present values of expected average actuarial payouts The empirical importance of adverse selection is widely debated ... (1 − p)F2(z) is the rate of return on annuities purchased prior to age M Hence the last term on the right hand side of (9.8) is equal to F (M)a(M) = M F (z)(w(z) − c) dz Thus, the no-arbitrage

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... probabilities The reason for this inefficiency is that individuals disregard the effect of their actions on the equilibrium rate of return on annuities The impact of individuals disregarding their actions ... class experiences a loss for the opposite reason Another important implication of the fact that in equilibrium con-sumption is independent of the state of nature is the following From (8.20) it ... (8.26) The future instantaneous rate of return at any age z ≥ M on long-term annuities held at age M is a weighted average of the risk-class rates of return, the weights being the fraction of each

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... age, its rate of decline being equal to the product of the inverse of the coefficient of relative risk aversion and the hazard rate Optimum retirement age, ˆR , is determined by the same condition ... consumption in the second period The second term is the sum of the expected utilities of two surviving individuals, while the third is the expected utility of one survivor The budget constraint is 2c0+ ... market, the analysis of individual behavior in the absence of such a market cannot readily be carried over to analyze market equilibrium The reason is that in the absence of perfect pooling of longevity

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... equilibrium is characterized by the purchase of long-term annuities, short sale of some of these annuities later on, or the purchase of additional short-term annuities. Since the competitive equilibrium ... desire of individuals for flexibility, the model should allow for short sales of annuities purchased early or the purchase of additional short-term annuities when so desired. The first part of this ... States the average age of annuity purchasers is 62). A recent survey in the United Kingdom (Gardner and Wadsworth, 2004) reports that half of the individuals in the sample would, given the option,

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... Averting the Old Age Crisis: Policies to Protect the Old and Promote Growth Oxford: Oxford University Press. Yaari, M 1965 Uncertain lifetime, life insurance and the theory of the consumer. Review of ... variable annuity benefit designs Transactions of the Society of Actuaries, Part I 21(61): 495–517. Bodie, Z 2003 Thoughts on the future: Life-cycle investing in theory and practice Financial Analysts ... 304–351. Coale, A J 1972 The Growth and Structure of Human Populations: A Mathematical Investigation Princeton: Princeton University Press. Cutler, D M 2004 Are the benefits of medicine worth what

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... that the market will provide annuities with a payout profile that matches these consumption plans On the other hand, we devote much attention in this book to the impact of information on the functioning ... Uncertainty about the age of death poses for individuals a difficult problem of how to allocate their lifetime resources if they have no access to insurance markets On the one hand, if they consume ... particular, the age of the purchaser.1 The demand for annuities is primarily based on the desire of individu-als to insure a flow of income during retirement against longevity risks In the United States

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 00:20

... Calculus of DeductiveReasoning, are most fully set forth What may be the final estimate of the value of the system, I haveneither the wish nor the right to anticipate The estimation of a theory ... which the investigation of Truth demands; thesecond is, that their judgment of the system as a whole shall not be foundedeither upon the examination of only a part of it, or upon the measure of ... upon the importance of its subject, and the extent of its applications; beyond which somethingmust still be left to the arbitrariness of human Opinion If the utility ofthe application of Mathematical

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 19:20

... structures of the molecules. These structures are therefore not of immediate concern in the kinetic theory of gases; they determine the exterior fields of force, which form the outworks of the molecule, ... quantum theory of collisions (so far as it affects the theory of the transport phenomena in gases), and on the theory of conduction and diffusion in ionized gases, in the presence of electric ... extent from these usual or normal conditions. These results of statistical mechanics, and others of a like kind, illustrate the use made of probability in the kinetic theory of gases. The results...

Ngày tải lên: 13/02/2014, 23:20

... predicted on the basis of the Nambu equations of motion, and anti-rigid if the correction terms act to enhance the curvature of the world sheet. Numerical simulation of the collapse of a circular loop of ... assume their false vacuum values (n and 1 respectively) on the axis of symmetry, and fall off exponentially with the cylindrical radius ρ. The centre of the string is, therefore, the set of points ... detail). However, in the case of an infinite string in the shape of an oscillating helix, the effect of the corrections is to increase the curvature at some points on the world sheet and reduce it at others....

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 14:48